Deck 7: Memory

Question 1

The three stages of memory include all of the following EXCEPT

A)short-term memory.
B)eidetic memory.
C)sensory memory.
D)long-term memory.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Sensory, short-term, and long-term are the three

A)stages of memory.
B)levels of Alzheimer's disease.
C)types of interference that occur during the process of forgetting.
D)types of amnesia.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the following is the active mental system that receives, stores, organizes, alters, and recovers information?

A)memory
B)suppression
C)repression
D)priming

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Memory is an active mental system that

A)stores and organizes information.
B)receives and recovers information.
C)alters information.
D)does all of these.

Question 5

The three basic processes of memory are

A)recognition, storage, retrieval.
B)encoding, storage, forgetting.
C)encoding, storage, retrieval.
D)maintenance, elaboration, forgetting.

Question 6

When you need information stored in computer files, you select the file and open it. When you need information from your long-term memory, you utilize the memory process known as

A)retrieval.
B)encoding.
C)iconic processing.
D)dishabituation.

Question 7

Regarding how a memory is stored, the three stages of memory IN ORDER are

A)short-term memory, sensory memory, long-term memory.
B)eidetic memory, sensory memory, long-term memory.
C)sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory.
D)short-term memory, working memory, long-term memory.

Question 8

Which of the following statements best characterizes the memory system?

A)an automatic and unchanging means of storing exact copies of experience
B)a vast storehouse from which specific facts can be retrieved when they are needed
C)a dusty archive in which interesting, but often irrelevant, relics are housed
D)an active mental system for manipulating information

Question 9

Before new incoming information can be stored, it must be first be

A)assimilated.
B)retrieved.
C)encoded.
D)habituated.

Question 10

To be stored for a long time, information must pass through all three stages of which model of memory?

A)Atkinson-Shiffrin
B)Hobson-McCarley
C)Melzack-Wall
D)Darley-Latané

Question 11

Memory is often characterized as being similar to a computer because

A)long-term memories are exact copies, like files on a hard drive.
B)memories are encoded, stored, and later retrieved.
C)the space available for memory storage is limited as is the storage capacity of a computer.
D)computers and the human mind both process information in a serial fashion.

Question 12

Which of the basic processes of memory is like typing data into a computer?

A)encoding
B)retrieval
C)consolidation
D)storage

Question 13

Sensory memory is the stage of memory that

A)holds small amounts of information when one is thinking or problem-solving.
B)holds an exact record of incoming information for a few seconds or less.
C)involves the permanent storage of meaningful information.
D)involves the storage of conditioned responses and learned skills.

Question 14

Information is initially converted into a form that can be retained. This conversion part of the memory process is known as

A)encoding.
B)retrieval.
C)consolidation.
D)storage.

Question 15

After information has been entered into memory, this information is held for later use through the memory process known as

A)retrieval.
B)encoding.
C)storage.
D)habituation.

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT one of the three basic processes of memory?

A)encoding
B)feedback
C)storage
D)retrieval

Question 17

You are taking a psychology test and are trying to remember what you studied. The memory process being used when you try to remember the psychology material is

A)encoding.
B)feedback.
C)storage rehearsal.
D)retrieval.

Question 18

The first stage of memory, which holds an exact record of incoming information for a few seconds or less is called __________ memory.

A)short-term
B)working
C)sensory
D)engram

Question 19

Sensory, short-term, and long-term are the three stages of the

A)Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory.
B)Hobson-McCarley memory model.
C)Melzack-Wall model of memory.
D)Darley-Latané memory model.

Question 20

The process of holding information in memory for later use is referred to as

A)retrieval.
B)encoding.
C)storage.
D)organization.

Question 21

If you are selectively attending to the terms you are trying to study, they will most likely be automatically

A)encoded into iconic memory.
B)stored in sensory memory.
C)retrieved from short-term memory and stored in working memory.
D)retrieved from sensory memory and encoded in short-term memory.

Question 22

A person is able to move information to the second memory stage by focusing on a selected portion of a sensory input, a process known as

A)selective attention
B)constructive processing.
C)priming.
D)consolidation.

Question 23

A brief continuation of sensory activity in the auditory system after a sound is first heard is referred to as __________ memory.

A)echoic
B)iconic
C)short-term
D)working

Question 24

Which stage of memory allows us to perceive motion pictures as seamless and connected images?

A)short-term memory
B)long-term memory
C)contextual memory
D)sensory memory

Question 25

Which memory stage are we largely unaware of but which holds information just long enough for it to be moved to the second memory stage?

A)short-term memory
B)procedural memory
C)sensory memory
D)episodic memory

Question 26

If you look at a flower and then quickly close your eyes, you will see a fleeting visual image for about one-half second that is referred to as

A)a flashbulb memory.
B)echoic memory.
C)iconic memory.
D)illusory imagery.

Question 27

The types of sensory memory include

A)declarative memory and semantic memory.
B)skill memory and fact memory.
C)procedural memory and episodic memory.
D)iconic memory and echoic memory.

Question 28

Which of the following determines what information moves from sensory memory to short-term memory?

A)consolidation
B)constructive processing
C)priming
D)selective attention

Question 29

As your friend reads her shopping list to you in her apartment, you are aware that the radio is playing in the background. The fact that you remember what your friend said and not what the announcer on the radio said can be attributed to

A)short-term memory.
B)redintegrative memory.
C)selective attention.
D)constructive processing.

Question 30

Working memory is a part of which memory system?

A)procedural memory
B)short-term memory
C)long-term memory
D)sensory memory

Question 31

Which of the following would be an example of short-term memory?

A)remembering the letters of the alphabet
B)looking up a phone number and remembering it while you dial
C)remembering your name
D)remembering how to ride a bicycle

Question 32

You quickly walk through your living room and hear a few words of a commercial coming from the television. An exact copy of these words will remain in your auditory system for about two seconds and are referred to as __________ memory.

A)iconic
B)echoic
C)short-term
D)flashbulb

Question 33

Another name for short-term memory, especially as it is used for thinking and problem-solving, is __________ memory.

A)working
B)eidetic
C)procedural
D)integrative

Question 34

You and a friend are seated in the large auditorium psychology class. There are two students seated right behind you talking about what they did last weekend. You have trouble concentrating on what the teacher is saying, but you picked up on a lot of campus gossip from the conversation going on behind you. At the end of class, you relate to your friend the latest gossip heard during class, but she does not remember hearing any gossip and is really worried about how she will complete the new assignment that the teacher discussed today. You think, "What new assignment?" This explains the difference in your and your friend's

A)short-term memory.
B)redintegrative memory.
C)selective attention.
D)procedural memory.

Question 35

Selective attention determines what information moves from

A)short-term memory to long-term memory.
B)sensory memory to short-term memory.
C)implicit memory to explicit memory.
D)episodic memory to semantic memory.

Question 36

As you pay attention to the psychology definitions you are reading, you become consciously aware of these definitions when they are encoded in __________ memory.

A)iconic
B)echoic
C)short-term
D)implicit

Question 37

Echoic memory involves a brief flurry of activity in the auditory system that lasts for up to __________ second(s).

A)one-half
B)two
C)six
D)10

Question 38

The memory system used to hold small amounts of information for relatively brief time periods of approximately a dozen seconds or so is called __________ memory.

A)episodic
B)short-term
C)long-term
D)procedural

Question 39

Visual sensory images that persist for about one-half second after being seen are referred to as

A)engrams.
B)echoic memory.
C)iconic memory.
D)illusions.

Question 40

Iconic memory involves fleeting visual images that persist for about __________ second(s).

A)one-half
B)two
C)four
D)six

Question 41

When discussing the relationship between short-term and long-term memory, the authors of your textbook use the analogy of short-term memory being like

A)a huge warehouse filled with desks and filing cabinets.
B)a small desk at the front of a huge warehouse filled with filing cabinets.
C)several large filing cabinets.
D)a laptop that has an unlimited number of files.

Question 42

When discussing the relationship between short-term and long-term memory, the authors of your textbook use the analogy of a warehouse with filing cabinets and a desk. As information enters the warehouse, it is first placed on the desk, which represents

A)iconic memory.
B)sensory memory.
C)short-term memory.
D)long-term memory.

Question 43

Which of the following types of memory is most often stored phonetically (by sound)?

A)eidetic
B)short-term
C)iconic
D)procedural

Question 44

In which memory system will information be quickly "dumped" unless the process of maintenance rehearsal takes place?

A)sensory memory
B)short-term memory
C)semantic memory
D)procedural memory

Question 45

Sydney would be described as having a wealth of knowledge. She is constantly reading about many diverse subjects. Heather has not read a book since her senior year in college and rarely watches the news to keep up with national or international events. Regarding the research on memory, we would expect

A)Sydney will find it easier than Heather to add new information to memory.
B)Heather will find it easier than Sydney to add new information to memory.
C)both will be able to add new information to memory equally well.
D)Sydney is more likely to develop Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia.

Question 46

Short-term memories can be prolonged by

A)counting aloud to prevent new input.
B)maintenance rehearsal.
C)brain stimulation.
D)proactive cueing.

Question 47

The more information you learn, the easier it becomes

A)to add new information to memory.
B)to forget previously learned information.
C)for interference and retrieval failure to occur.
D)for a person to develop Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia.

Question 48

You are introduced to Tim and Gina. Later when you see them, you cannot remember their names. If you try to guess their names, which of the following would most likely be your guess, considering how information is stored in short-term memory?

A)Thomas and Glenda
B)Tad and Gloria
C)Jim and Tina
D)George and Tanya

Question 49

You have gone for the first time to one of the campus computer labs to work on your psychology assignments. However, you forgot your first-day handout, which has the psychology website listed. You spot a person from your class, and he tells you the website. You walk back to your computer and type in the website. In the process of working through the assignment, you accidentally exit completely out of the system. You cannot remember the psychology website. This illustrates how which of the following types of memory operates?

A)sensory memory
B)iconic memory
C)short-term memory
D)procedural memory

Question 50

Short-term memories are most often stored

A)phonetically.
B)visually.
C)iconically.
D)episodically.

Question 51

When short-term memory (STM)is combined with other mental processes, it acts more like a "mental scratchpad" where we do much of our thinking. This aspect of STM is known as __________ memory.

A)working
B)eidetic
C)procedural
D)integrative

Question 52

Your roommate calls out ten items for you to get at the grocery store on your way back from class. Regarding how short-term memories are encoded, if you were asked to get ham and soap, you are most likely to mistakenly bring back

A)jam and soup.
B)roast beef and shampoo.
C)hot dogs and buns.
D)bologna and detergent.

Question 53

The critical factor determining whether information will move from short-term memory to long-term memory is its

A)length.
B)complexity.
C)meaning.
D)diversity.

Question 54

The storage capacity of long-term memory is best described as

A)a single item.
B)about seven items.
C)about seven volumes.
D)limitless.

Question 55

Keeping a short-term memory alive by silently repeating it is called

A)redintegration.
B)maintenance rehearsal.
C)chunking.
D)elaborative processing.

Question 56

When discussing the relationship between short-term and long-term memory, the authors of your textbook use the analogy of a warehouse with filing cabinets and a desk. As information enters the warehouse, it is first placed on the desk. Because the desk is small, it must be quickly cleared off to make room for new information. While unimportant items are simply tossed away, personally or culturally meaningful information is placed in the files, which represent

A)working memory.
B)sensory memory.
C)short-term memory.
D)long-term memory.

Question 57

Information in long-term memory can be retained for

A)30 minutes
B)one hour.
C)ten hours.
D)many years.

Question 58

Information that is important or meaningful is retrieved from

A)working memory and encoded in short-term memory.
B)short-term memory and encoded in long-term memory.
C)eidetic memory and encoded in implicit memory.
D)procedural memory and encoded in semantic memory.

Question 59

Information is quickly "dumped" from short-term memory and forever lost unless you silently say the information over and over to yourself through a process known as

A)verbal reorganization.
B)chunking.
C)maintenance rehearsal.
D)implicit priming.

Question 60

Regarding long-term memory (LTM), which of the following statements is TRUE?

A)LTM is often referred to as working memory.
B)LTM has an unlimited storage capacity.
C)LTM typically stores information phonetically.
D)The more you learn, the harder it is to add new information to LTM.

Question 61

Learning by simple repetition is known as

A)rote learning or rote rehearsal.
B)insight or discovery learning.
C)classical conditioning.
D)operant conditioning.

Question 62

You are able to remember your two computer passwords because they are the names of the city and state where you went on your honeymoon. This illustrates the use of which of the following?

A)elaborative processing
B)rote learning
C)eidetic imaging
D)maintenance rehearsal

Question 63

In order to briefly remember a shopping list, you silently say the items on the list over and over to yourself. You are able to maintain these items in your short-term memory through

A)maintenance rehearsal.
B)redintegration.
C)priming.
D)elaboration.

Question 64

Because this memory system can handle only small amounts of information, it is very difficult to do more than one task at a time in ___________ memory.

A)short-term
B)episodic
C)procedural
D)semantic

Question 65

Remembering your locker combination by relating it to your parents' and sister's birth dates illustrates the use of

A)elaborative processing.
B)eidetic imagery.
C)rote learning.
D)maintenance rehearsal.

Question 66

You are being assessed by a psychologist. On one of the tests, you are asked to correctly repeat a list of numbers that the psychologist calls out to you. You are being administered the __________ test.

A)eidetic memory
B)phonetic-space
C)implicit memory
D)digit-span

Question 67

Your instructor is lecturing in class when the dean knocks on the door. The instructor goes to the door, gets the note from the dean, and gives it to a student, who exits the classroom. The instructor looks at the class and asks, "Now where was I in the lecture notes?" This situation illustrates how short-term memory is affected by

A)dishabituation.
B)priming.
C)chunking.
D)displacement.

Question 68

To learn her psychology terms, Felesia just repeats the terms' definitions over and over again. This illustrates

A)eidetic imagery.
B)elaborative processing.
C)rote rehearsal.
D)redintegration.

Question 69

A common measure of attention and short-term memory is the __________ test.

A)eidetic memory
B)phonetic-space
C)implicit memory
D)digit-span

Question 70

Five-year-old Jaycee learned her "ABCs" by repeating them over and over again. Jaycee learned the alphabet through

A)rote learning.
B)insight learning.
C)classical conditioning.
D)respondent conditioning.

Question 71

Regarding short-term memory (STM), which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Although information can be stored phonetically in STM, it is most often stored in images.
B)In memory experiments, information in short-term memory is gone in 12 to 18 seconds without rehearsal.
C)It is very difficult to do more than one task at a time in STM.
D)STM is very sensitive to interruption, or displacement.

Question 72

Which of the following types of encoding links new information to memories and knowledge already in long-term memory, either at the time of the original encoding or on subsequent retrievals?

A)rote learning
B)eidetic imagery
C)maintenance rehearsal
D)elaborative processing

Question 73

Which of the following is the most effective way to transfer information from short-term memory to long-term memory?

A)eidetic imagery
B)elaborative processing
C)maintenance rehearsal
D)rote rehearsal

Question 74

Which of the following types of memory prevents our minds from collecting useless names, dates, telephone numbers, and other trivia?

A)sensory memory
B)short-term memory
C)procedural memory
D)implicit memory

Question 75

A short-term memory has a greater chance of being stored in long-term memory the more times it is

A)rehearsed.
B)primed.
C)proactively cued.
D)consolidated through eidetic imagery.

Question 76

As you read this chapter in psychology, you frequently ask yourself "why" questions, such as "Why would that be true?" as well as relating this new information with your own experiences involving your own "memory." You are using which of the following to help you remember the information in this chapter?

A)elaborative processing
B)chunking or recoding
C)rote rehearsal
D)maintenance rehearsal

Question 77

Rote learning is very similar to which of the following?

A)elaborative processing
B)maintenance rehearsal
C)chunking
D)the keyword method

Question 78

The experiment by Peterson and Peterson that required subjects to count backwards by threes after hearing a number demonstrates the

A)importance of rehearsal for short-term memory.
B)role of the relevance of information to memory.
C)superiority of short-term memory over long-term memory.
D)importance of chunking in memory.

Question 79

Regarding short-term memory (STM), which of the following statements is TRUE?

A)STM has an unlimited storage capacity and can hold information for at least 30 minutes.
B)It is very difficult to do more than one task at a time in STM.
C)Unlike long-term memory, STM is rarely affected by interruption, or displacement.
D)Although information can be stored phonetically in STM, it is most often stored in images.

Question 80

Regarding rehearsal and memory, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)The more times a short-term memory is rehearsed, the greater the chance of it being stored in long-term memory.
B)Rehearsing information allows you to "hear" the information many times, not just once.
C)Rote learning is a very effective way to study.
D)When you are studying, you will remember more if you try to relate new ideas to your own experiences.