Deck 12: Personality

Question 1

A stable, enduring quality that a person shows in most situations is

A)self-esteem.
B)a personality type.
C)a personality trait.
D)a somatotype.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Personality traits are inferred from past behavior and allow us to do which of the following regarding behavior in future situations?

A)explain
B)learn from
C)justify
D)predict

Answer 2

D

Question 3

One problem psychologists have with personality types is they

A)are hereditary constructs.
B)oversimplify personality.
C)describe character, not personality.
D)are not observable or measurable.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Carl Jung's concepts of introversion and extroversion represent

A)personality types.
B)somatotypic profiles.
C)character groupings.
D)situational determinants.

Question 5

Informally, we tend to place people into categories, such as the "executive type," the "athletic type," and the "motherly type." If you tried to define these informal types, you would probably

A)evaluate them on their character.
B)use subclinical traits to describe them.
C)describe their temperaments.
D)list a different collection of traits for each category.

Question 6

A personality trait is

A)a style of personality defined by a group of related qualities.
B)a stable, enduring quality that a person shows in most situations.
C)the hereditary aspect of a person's personality.
D)the subjective evaluation of a character.

Question 7

Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung proposed that people are either

A)Type A or Type B personalities.
B)ectomorphic, mesomorphic, or endomorphic.
C)introverts or extroverts.
D)congruent or incongruent.

Question 8

The consistency of who you are, have been, and will become as well as the special blend of talents, values, hopes, loves, hates, and habits that makes you a unique person are referred to as your

A)personality.
B)character.
C)somatotype.
D)temperament.

Question 9

In our culture, it is deemed good for people to be friendly, outgoing, and upstanding, while in other cultures being fierce, warlike, and cruel are deemed favorable. These differences illustrate how different cultures assess

A)temperament.
B)personality.
C)character.
D)superego.

Question 10

The psychiatrist who proposed that people are either introverts or extroverts was

A)Abraham Maslow.
B)Carl Jung.
C)Sigmund Freud.
D)B. F. Skinner.

Question 11

The term character refers to

A)the hereditary aspects of one's emotional nature.
B)unique and enduring behavior patterns.
C)favorable and unfavorable personal characteristics.
D)one's temperament.

Question 12

Because two categories (or even several)are often inadequate to fully capture differences in personality, which of the following tends to be more informative than classifying persons into two or three types?

A)rating people on a list of traits
B)determining their archetype
C)determining their actualization potential
D)analyzing fixations through psychoanalytic techniques

Question 13

When desirable or undesirable characteristics of personality are evaluated, we are assessing

A)temperament.
B)character.
C)personality types.
D)popular stereotypes.

Question 14

Regarding personality traits, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Personality traits are inferred from one's behavior.
B)We are less likely to predict that a person will be successful if he or she has the personality trait of conscientiousness.
C)If we observe a person who is outgoing, we are likely to predict that this person will be sociable at school and at work.
D)Personality traits can influence our health as well as our marital and occupational success.

Question 15

A personality type is

A)a style of personality defined by a group of related qualities.
B)a stable, enduring quality that a person shows in most situations.
C)the hereditary aspect of a person's personality.
D)the subjective evaluation of a character.

Question 16

According to Carl Jung, a bold, outgoing person whose attention is directed outward is referred to as a(n)

A)introvert.
B)Type A personality.
C)perceptive type.
D)extrovert.

Question 17

According to Carl Jung, a shy, reserved person whose attention is focused inward is referred to as a(n)

A)introvert.
B)Type B personality.
C)feeling type.
D)extrovert.

Question 18

The description of a person's character implies

A)the use of rating scales.
B)the use of multiple observers.
C)the use of situational testing.
D)judgment about the desirability of traits.

Question 19

A subjective evaluation of a person is referred to as

A)personality.
B)character.
C)temperament.
D)a trait critique.

Question 20

An individual's unique and enduring patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving are called

A)personality.
B)character.
C)somatotype.
D)phenotype.

Question 21

C.K. misses two goals in soccer and greatly criticizes himself after the game because he believes that by correcting his personal faults he can add to the well-being of the team. C.K. is most likely a member of which culture?

A)Asian
B)European
C)North American
D)none of these

Question 22

Japan and other Asian cultures place a greater emphasis on which of the following than do cultures, such as the United States?

A)self-concept
B)collectivism
C)being independent
D)a person's outstanding performance

Question 23

The "mental picture" you have of your own personality that is creatively built out of your daily experiences is called your

A)ideal self.
B)ego ideal.
C)self-concept.
D)self-esteem.

Question 24

M.J. misses two free throws that cost his team the basketball game. His teammates blame M.J. for the loss. In the previous game, M.J. performed admirably and was the hero for his team as he hit the game winning shot. These types of reactions are most likely to occur in

A)Japan.
B)China.
C)both Japan and China.
D)the United States.

Question 25

Virginia is insecure, anxious, lacking in confidence, and overly self-critical. Virginia is experiencing

A)low self-esteem.
B)organismic valuing.
C)a congruent self.
D)all of these.

Question 26

Genuine self-esteem is based on which type of appraisal of your strengths and weaknesses?

A)modest
B)balanced
C)accurate
D)high positive

Question 27

A positive self-evaluation that is not securely held

A)may seem confident at first.
B)becomes defensive when challenged.
C)is unhealthy.
D)is characterized by all of these.

Question 28

A person who is competent and effective and who is loved and admired will almost always have

A)low self-efficacy.
B)low self-awareness.
C)high self-esteem.
D)a high degree of arrogance.

Question 29

In cultures like the United States, self-esteem is based on

A)a person's outstanding performance.
B)interdependence.
C)collectivism.
D)group membership.

Question 30

The dependent personality and the antisocial personality are each defined by specific collections of traits that

A)are not adaptive.
B)increase the person's risk of having a heart attack.
C)include being introverted, cautious, and agreeable.
D)include being sociable, nurturing, and conscientious.

Question 31

The paranoid personality, the dependent personality, and the antisocial personality are examples of __________ personality types.

A)introverted
B)extroverted
C)unhealthy
D)Type A

Question 32

Regarding self-esteem, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Self-esteem buffers us against negative experiences.
B)A person with low self-esteem suffers from poor self-knowledge with their self-concepts being inconsistent, inaccurate, and confused.
C)People with high self-esteem that is securely held tend to become defensive when challenged.
D)The success that helps create high self-esteem is viewed differently by different cultures.

Question 33

We each have a perception of our own personality traits with this perception strongly influencing our behavior. Psychologists call this perception our

A)self-evaluation.
B)inner concept.
C)self-concept.
D)self-esteem.

Question 34

Regarding cultural differences in self-esteem, which of the following statements is TRUE?

A)People from Asian cultures tend to downplay their faults and failures.
B)The self-esteem for people from Western cultures is based on a secure sense of belonging to social groups.
C)For people from Western cultures, the path to higher self-esteem lies in self-enhancement.
D)People in Western cultures are more apt to engage in self-criticism.

Question 35

All your ideas, perceptions, and feelings about who you are make up your

A)ideal self.
B)ego ideal.
C)possible selves.
D)self-concept.

Question 36

Evaluating your worth as a person creates either a high or low

A)ideal self.
B)temperament.
C)character.
D)self-esteem.

Question 37

Which of the following is a shorthand way of labeling people who have several key traits in common?

A)archetype
B)actualization potential
C)types
D)character profile

Question 38

Janet is a college student and thinks that she is stupid, worthless, and a failure, despite getting good grades and being an excellent part-time employee. Janet

A)has an inaccurate self-concept and will most likely experience depression.
B)is an introverted person who is soliciting sympathy from others.
C)will experience neurotic anxiety due to a failure to resolve the Electra complex.
D)is exhibiting organismic valuing due to unresolved conditions of worth.

Question 39

Grace has a positive self-evaluation that is not securely held. We can predict that she will

A)show a lack of confidence initially and in all of her interactions with others.
B)at first seem confident but will quickly become defensive when challenged.
C)be angry and defensive in all her interactions with others.
D)at first show a lack of confidence but will gradually show more confidence as she interacts with others.

Question 40

Roberto is confident, proud, and self-respecting. He is competent and effective in his job and is loved and admired by his family and friends. Roberto

A)will have difficulty dealing with negative experiences.
B)has poor self-knowledge and an inconsistent, confused self-concept.
C)has high self-esteem.
D)has all of these characteristics.

Question 41

Although recognized in all personality theories, the role of the environment tends to be maximized in

A)the trait theories.
B)the psychoanalytic theory.
C)the humanistic and behaviorist\social learning theories.
D)none of these theories.

Question 42

Which of the following theories focus on the inner workings of personality, especially internal conflicts and struggles?

A)humanistic theories
B)psychodynamic theories
C)behaviorist theories
D)trait theories

Question 43

Dr. Wahid attributes differences in personality primarily to such factors as culture, mental processes, and one's expectations about environmental situations. Dr. Wahid emphasizes which theories of personality?

A)behaviorist theories
B)trait theories
C)humanistic theories
D)social learning theories

Question 44

Regarding the theories of personality, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Each theory has added to our understanding by providing a sort of lens through which human behavior can be viewed.
B)The best way to judge a theory is in terms of its usefulness.
C)Theories cannot be fully proved or disproved.
D)Since theories are neither true nor false, their implications or predictions should be considered faulty and unreliable.

Question 45

A personality theory must include

A)connotative meanings.
B)somatotypic guidelines.
C)statistical assessment techniques.
D)concepts, assumptions, ideas, and principles.

Question 46

Michael's psychologist believes that Michael's depression is due to internal conflicts and struggles he is experiencing over the relationship he had as a child with his hypercritical but overprotective mother. Michael's psychologist emphasizes which theory of personality?

A)humanistic theory
B)psychodynamic theory
C)behaviorist theory
D)social learning

Question 47

The theories that attempt to learn what characteristics make up personality and how they relate to actual behavior are the __________ theories.

A)trait
B)humanistic
C)social learning
D)behaviorist

Question 48

The theories that place importance on the external environment and on the effects of conditioning and learning are the

A)humanistic theories.
B)psychodynamic theories.
C)behaviorist theories.
D)trait theories.

Question 49

A system of concepts, assumptions, ideas, and principles proposed to explain people's unique and relatively stable behavior patterns is called

A)the law of inherited temperaments.
B)somatotypic guidelines.
C)a personality theory.
D)a semantic differential.

Question 50

To understand personality, trait theorists attempt to

A)discover how the various traits were learned in early childhood.
B)increase the number of basic traits that have been identified.
C)classify traits and discover how they are related to actual behavior.
D)reduce source traits to subclinical traits.

Question 51

In evaluating a new theory, a psychologist asks the questions "Does the theory adequately explain behavior? Does the theory stimulate new research? Does the theory suggest how to treat psychological disorders?" This psychologist is judging this theory by its

A)truthfulness.
B)usefulness.
C)concreteness.
D)reliability.

Question 52

Which theories of personality stress private, subjective experience and personal growth?

A)trait theories
B)humanistic theories
C)behaviorist theories
D)psychodynamic theories

Question 53

In working with his clients and in his lectures at the university, Dr. Ferris tends to explain personality and various psychological disorders in terms of a person's responses being reinforced or punished as they were growing up. Dr. Ferris places the most importance on which theories of personality?

A)humanistic theories
B)psychodynamic theories
C)behaviorist theories
D)trait theories

Question 54

A personality theory is a(n)

A)category used to describe continuums within personality.
B)interrelated system of concepts, ideas, and principles used to explain personality.
C)relatively permanent set of behavior patterns.
D)subjective evaluation of a person.

Question 55

Which of the following theories maximizes the role of inheritance in personality?

A)humanistic theories
B)social learning theories
C)behaviorist theories
D)trait theories

Question 56

The four approaches to personality covered by the text include all following EXCEPT

A)psychodynamic.
B)humanistic.
C)transactional analysis.
D)trait.

Question 57

Behaviorists are to the external environment as humanists are to

A)stress.
B)personal growth.
C)trait analysis.
D)internal conflicts.

Question 58

The theories that attribute differences in personality to one's culture, expectations, and mental processes are the __________ theories.

A)trait
B)humanistic
C)psychodynamic
D)social learning

Question 59

Although recognized in all personality theories, the role of the environment tends to be maximized in

A)the trait theories.
B)the psychoanalytic theory.
C)the humanistic theories.
D)none of these theories.

Question 60

Which of the following theories stresses the role of genetics in personality?

A)psychoanalytic theory
B)humanistic theories
C)behaviorist theory
D)social learning theories

Question 61

At one time or another, you may have noticed that when you say, "I think people feel...," you may be expressing your own feelings. This is similar to which type of measure used in psychological assessment?

A)observation
B)projection
C)interview
D)questionnaire

Question 62

Jon is in the office of a potential employer. The conversation with his potential boss is informal with topics being taken up freely as they arise. Jon is undergoing a(n)

A)situational test.
B)behavioral assessment.
C)unstructured interview.
D)structured interview.

Question 63

At one time or another, you have probably "sized up" a potential date, friend, or roommate by engaging them in conversation, which would be similar to which type of measure used in psychological assessment?

A)interview
B)projection
C)simulated testing
D)objective questionnaire

Question 64

Formal personality measures

A)are no more accurate than the casual ways we use to judge people.
B)are refinements of the more casual ways we use to judge people.
C)include only tests, such as projective tests.
D)include only tests, such as objective questionnaires.

Question 65

Which two of the following theories have the opposite view of human nature with one viewing human nature as inherently good and the other theory viewing human nature as inherently bad?

A)psychoanalytic and behaviorist
B)humanistic and psychoanalytic
C)behaviorist and humanistic
D)trait and behaviorist

Question 66

At one time or another, you have probably asked a friend, "When I am delayed I get angry. Do you?" This interaction is similar to which type of measure used in psychological assessment?

A)direct observation
B)projection
C)simulated testing
D)questionnaire

Question 67

Regarding the four major theories of personality, the challenge now facing personality theorists is to determine

A)which one of the four major perspectives can best explain and predict behaviors.
B)which of the four major perspectives can be scientifically validated.
C)how each theory can be used to assess personality and to make changes in maladaptive behaviors.
D)how to integrate these four major perspectives into a unified, systematic explanation of personality.

Question 68

To assess personality, psychologists tend to use

A)interviews.
B)observation.
C)questionnaires and projective tests.
D)all of these in combination.

Question 69

Which of the following theories minimize the role of the unconscious and\or view it as practically nonexistent?

A)trait
B)behaviorist
C)humanistic
D)all of these theories

Question 70

In an unstructured interview,

A)conversation is informal.
B)information is obtained by asking a series of pre-planned questions.
C)the interviewer determines what subjects are discussed.
D)situational tests are employed.

Question 71

Information about personality is obtained by asking a pre-planned set of questions in

A)a structured interview.
B)structured observations.
C)a structured rating scale.
D)a projective interview.

Question 72

In humanistic theories, the developmental emphasis involves

A)psychosexual and psychosocial stages.
B)the development of the self-image.
C)critical learning situations.
D)identification and imitation.

Question 73

Which of the following involves direct questioning to learn about a person's life history, personality traits, or current mental state?

A)situational test
B)interview
C)behavioral assessment
D)personality questionnaire assessment

Question 74

The behaviorists and the social learning theorists believe that the structure of the personality consists of

A)traits.
B)habits and expectancies.
C)the id, ego, and superego.
D)the ideal self and the real self.

Question 75

By measuring personality at work, at school, and in therapy, we are able to

A)describe only the immediate behaviors being shown.
B)predict how people will behave.
C)understand and explain specifically how and why people behave in a particular way.
D)control and change people's personality traits.

Question 76

At one time or another, you have watched your professors when they are angry or embarrassed and learned what they are "really" like when they're caught off-guard. This is similar to which type of measure used in psychological assessment?

A)observation
B)interview
C)projection
D)questionnaire

Question 77

Psychoanalytic theorists believe that the structure of the personality consists of

A)traits.
B)habits and expectancies.
C)the id, ego, and superego.
D)the ideal self and the real self.

Question 78

Which of the following theories stress(es)that people have free will regarding their behavior rather than their behavior being determined?

A)humanistic theories
B)psychoanalytic theory
C)behaviorist and social learning theories
D)trait theories

Question 79

According to behaviorist theorists, barriers to personal growth include which of the following?

A)unhealthy traits
B)conditions of worth
C)maladaptive habits
D)unconscious conflicts

Question 80

The developmental emphasis in psychoanalytic theory is the

A)development of the self-image.
B)psychosexual stages.
C)combined effects of heredity and environment.
D)critical learning situations.