Deck 5: Social Reaction, Social Conflict, and Delinquency

Question 1

People often interpret symbolic gestures from others, but rarely incorporate them in their self-image.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Social reaction theory is also commonly called critical theory.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Globalization has allowed criminal gangs, but not individual offenders, to gain tremendous operational benefits while reducing risks of apprehension and punishment. ​

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Youths who were in trouble and arrested at an early age are more likely to lose their jobs and have spotty employment records as adults.

Question 5

Conflict theorists suggest that the justice system is effective in limiting delinquency.

Question 6

In some cases, youthful offenders fight back against their negative labels.

Question 7

In the long run it is less damaging to be falsely accused than to be a secret deviant.

Question 8

While some judges feel sympathetic toward White defendants, they never help them avoid delinquent labels.

Question 9

Secondary deviance produces a deviance amplification effect.

Question 10

Research efforts have generally shown that BARJ (Balanced and Restorative Justice) programs have little to no success in reducing offender recidivism rates. ​

Question 11

To drive home the point that the youthful suspect is an outcast who should be shunned by society, the justice system relies on a degradation ceremony. ​

Question 12

Shame is a powerful tool of formal social control.

Question 13

Both positive and negative labels involve objective interpretation of behavior.

Question 14

Embarrassment is the feeling we get when we do not meet the standards we have set for ourselves or that significant others have set for us. ​

Question 15

Being institutionalized as a juvenile will hit girls particularly hard.

Question 16

The fear of shame can backfire or be neutralized.

Question 17

The concept of restorative justice has its roots in symbolic interaction theory.

Question 18

Control theory centers on a view of society in which an elite class uses the law as a means of meeting threats to its status.

Question 19

According to social conflict theory, those who hold power in contemporary society set the rules, control the law, and decide who is deviant, delinquent, and/or criminal. ​

Question 20

There has been an ongoing effort to reduce the conflict created by the application of harsh punishments to offenders, many of whom are powerless social outcasts. ​

Question 21

What two concepts do social reaction theorists indicate apply to labeling?

A)Interaction, stigmatizing
B)Interpretation, symbolic interaction
C)Stigmatizing, interpretation
D)Interaction, interpretation

Question 22

Alicia shoplifted in a boutique known for its trendy clothes.  Alicia is caught with a $200.00 purse and a $75.00 tank top.  After the charges are read aloud in court, Alicia is severely scolded by the judge who states that Alicia's actions were greedy and tells Alicia it is obvious that she is self-absorbed. Alicia is adjudicated delinquent. What process is exemplified by Alicia's encounter with the juvenile justice system? ​

A)Dramatization of evil
B)Strategic labeling
C)Degradation ceremony
D)Reintegrative shaming

Question 23

Labeling alienates parents from their children and negative labels reduce children's self-image and increase delinquency.  What is this process called?

A)Stigmatization
B)Dramatization of evil
C)Reintegrative shaming
D)Reflected appraisals

Question 24

In addition to assuring reintegration of the offender, what is the intended process of restorative programs?

A)Repair injuries suffered by the victim
B)Repair injuries suffered by the victim and the community
C)Repair injuries suffered by the community
D)Repair injuries suffered by the victim and repay the justice system

Question 25

Roscoe stole a Match-Box car to give to his cousin who is in the hospital.  Roscoe is not caught and his cousin, who is dying from cancer, is happy for a short period of time.  Why type of deviance applies in this situation?

A)Primary
B)Covert
C)Overt
D)Secondary

Question 26

Alice is considered introverted.  She has never engaged in any type of delinquent activities.  A student at Sabre High School, her social skills are not commensurate with her age, prompting classmates to call her stupid.  Her manner of dress is viewed by her peers as "weird."  She is shunned in the cafeteria and is never chosen for group assignments or as a lab partner.  As a result of Alice's social condemnation by her classmates, she begins to commit minor and then more serious acts of delinquency.  The process experienced by Alice is best associated with which of the following theories?

A)Social conflict
B)Labeling
C)Social control
D)Differential association

Question 27

Labels become the basis of personal identity; as the labels become more and more negatively enforced by feedback from significant persons in the youth's life, the youth's identity transforms. What is this process called?

A)Dramatization of evil
B)Labeled deviant
C)Reintegrative shaming
D)Self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 28

Lizzy is 16 years old; she was recently waived to adult court, charged with stabbing her father 60 times and her mother 61 times.  Friends and neighbors said they always knew something "wasn't right with that girl."  NCC ran a week's worth of debates on their various discussion formats dissecting Lizzy's past behaviors and current situation with their legal analysts.  What is this discussion concerning the link between Lizzy's past and present behaviors called?

A)Self-fulfilling prophecy
B)Retrospective reading
C)Reintegrative shaming
D)Degradation ceremony

Question 29

If you were to investigate a theory that views sustained delinquent behavior resulting from destructive social interactions and encounters, which of the following should you choose?

A)Conflict
B)Social control
C)Social reaction
D)Critical

Question 30

Jack is researching delinquency and capitalism; specifically, that delinquency is a normal response to the conditions created by capitalism.  What theory should Jack be researching?

A)Social control
B)Social reaction
C)Social conflict
D)Law and justice

Question 31

What theorists view the law and justice system as vehicles for controlling the have-not members of society?

A)Symbolic interaction
B)Social control
C)Social conflict
D)Labeling

Question 32

Jill is interested in understanding the theory that focuses on power in contemporary society.  What theory should Jill investigate?

A)Social conflict
B)Social reaction
C)Social control
D)Differential association

Question 33

What source of labeling is extremely damaging because it may cause adolescents to seek deviant peers whose behavior amplifies the effect of the label?

A)Parental
B)Peer
C)Community
D)Judicial

Question 34

Jack is captain of the football team, the criminal justice student association president, and has an outstanding GPA.  He was just notified that he had received a full-ride scholarship to an Ivy League university.  The week before the big playoff game, it was discovered that Jack had cheated on his history exam.  Upon review of several of his essays, it was also discovered that he had plagiarized a lot of the material included in the papers.  Everyone was shocked when Jack's academic dishonesty became known throughout the school.  Jack was removed as president of the student organization as well as captain of the football team, he could not participate in the playoff game, and worst of all, he was stripped of the scholarship.  Jack dropped out of high school rather than return and face everyone; he eventually wound up a petty thief who was in and out of prison.  Jack's academic dishonesty essentially created a new identity for Jack; this is what type of labeling?

A)Primary deviance
B)Labeling
C)Secondary deviance
D)Shaming

Question 35

King has been in and out of the juvenile court for a variety of minor offenses.  Some within the court refer to the court as King's revolving door as adjudication does not appear to inhibit his delinquent behaviors.  His court-appointed counselor has suggested that the justice system may actually be sustaining rather than inhibiting King's behavior. What theory aligns with the court counselor's view?

A)Symbolic interaction
B)Social control
C)Labeling
D)Social conflict

Question 36

If someone were interested in researching the theory that holds the view that society is in a constant state of internal conflict as different groups strive to impose their will on others, what theory would best fit their research interest?

A)Social control
B)Social conflict
C)Labeling
D)Symbolic interaction

Question 37

What term refers to the use of humanistic, nonpunitive strategies to right wrongs and restore social harmony?

A)Neutralization
B)Restorative justice
C)Balanced justice
D)Deinstitutionalization

Question 38

Youths who engage in delinquency and get caught and labeled are referred to as pure deviants, whereas youths who continually break rules and avoid labeling are referred to as secret deviants.  What models of labeling would best fit these descriptions?

A)Conformists, pure deviants,
B)Secret deviants, conformists
C)Pure deviants, secret deviants
D)Falsely accused, secret deviants

Question 39

What leads to a damaged self-image and an increase in antisocial behaviors?

A)Reintegrative shaming
B)Self-fulfilling prophecy
C)Degradation ceremonies
D)Dramatization of evil

Question 40

The roots of social reaction theory can be found in what branch of sociology?

A)Symbolic interaction
B)Functionalism
C)Conflict
D)Deviance

Question 41

What is the process of removing juveniles from adult jails and placing them in community-based programs to avoid the stigma attached to these facilities?

Question 42

What helps socialize youth into the wider society, instilling in them such desirable values as discipline, caring, and respect for others? ​

Question 43

What is the peacemaking technique in which offenders, victims, and other community members are brought together in an effort to formulate a sanction that addresses the needs of all concerned parties?

A)Community restitution
B)Reintegrative shaming
C)Sentencing circles
D)Intermediate sanctions

Question 44

Jack lives with both biological parents in a middle-class neighborhood.  Jack was caught with alcohol in his locker at school and ended up in juvenile court.  What theory acknowledges middle-class delinquency?

A)Social conflict
B)Restorative justice
C)Social control
D)Social reaction

Question 45

Stigmatized as troublemakers, youth may begin to incorporate the label into their own self-image.  What is the consequence of labeling called?

A)Self-rejecting attitude
B)Personal reassessment
C)Degradation ceremony
D)Self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 46

According to social conflict theory, what happens to society as different groups strive to impose their will on others?

Question 47

What occurs when a deviant event comes to the attention of significant others or social control agents who apply a negative label?

Question 48

Name the four possible outcomes developed by Becker in the relationship between labeling and delinquent or other deviant behavior. ​

Question 49

What important principle of social reaction theory states that those with economic and social power benefit while those who are powerless are penalized?

Question 50

What are significant predictors of serious delinquent behaviors?

Question 51

What is the process of creating a worldwide economy through transnational markets and political and legal systems and who is most affected? ​

Question 52

Techniques used to allow offenders to understand and recognize their wrongdoing and to shame themselves refers to what process?

A)Degradation ceremonies
B)Retrospective reinterpretation
C)Reintegrative shaming
D)Deinstitutionalization

Question 53

What refers to the reassessment of a person's past to fit a current generalized label?

Question 54

In what country does criminal prosecution proceed only when the normal process of public apology, compensation, and the victim's forgiveness breaks down?

A)Germany
B)Sweden
C)England
D)Japan

Question 55

What is seen as a set of principles, a philosophy, an alternate set of guiding questions, and questions that provide an alternative framework for thinking about wrongdoing?

A)Symbolic interaction
B)Intermediate sanctions
C)Community restoration
D)Restorative justice

Question 56

What is the policy that substitutes alternative, community-based sanctions for state training schools?

A)Deinstitutionalization
B)Treatment
C)Reintegration
D)Diversion

Question 57

By focusing attention on the social interactions and reactions that shape individual behavior, what does labeling theory recognize about delinquency?

A)Labeling a youth as delinquent does not matter
B)Delinquency is not a disease or pathological behavior
C)Understanding agencies or individuals charged with control over delinquents is not necessary
D)There is no distinction between delinquent acts

Question 58

What often involves conforming to group norms that conflict with those of conventional society?

Question 59

Which of the following theories supports the use of Family Group Conferencing in deciding the resolution of the delinquent/criminal act?

A)Social control
B)Social reaction
C)Reintegrative shaming
D)Restorative justice

Question 60

What process occurs when offenders begin to understand and recognize their wrongdoing?

Question 61

Explain differential labeling and the major premise of social reaction theory.  Explain your view on differential labeling.

Question 62

On what concept should restorative programs focus?

Question 63

Why do the meanings of concepts and symbols change over time?

Question 64

What is restorative justice?

Question 65

Conflict theorists view delinquency as a normal response to what conditions?

Question 66

Describe the relationship between class and delinquency. Explain why you agree or disagree that the capitalist system affects youth differently at the different class levels.

Question 67

Name two types of shaming.

Question 68

Identify and describe sources of labels and how labels from the juvenile justice system can be devastating.  Explain why you agree or disagree with this idea.

Question 69

Describe globalization and delinquency. Explain why you agree or disagree with the premise that globalization will have a profound influence on the future of indigent youth.

Question 70

Identify and describe the levels within our society where restorative justice is being utilized.  What is your view on restoration programs in these areas? Provide a rationale for your view.

Question 71

Describe the concept of symbolic interaction, including some examples.  Explain your view of this concept.

Question 72

Describe the concept of damaged identity. Explain why you agree or disagree with the idea that once labels are applied, they increase the likelihood of persistent offending.

Question 73

Describe the concept of primary and secondary deviance and explain how secondary deviance involves resocialization into a deviant role. Explain your view of this theory.

Question 74

Discuss Becker's Fourfold Model of Labeling as presented in the text.  Explain why you agree or disagree with Becker's theory. ​

Question 75

People communicate via symbols that stand for or represent something else. To what does this refer?

Question 76

What does "stigmatize" mean?

Question 77

What does labeling perspective identify as the role played by social control agents?

Question 78

Rather than a distributor of retribution and revenge, what does the justice system become under restoration?

Question 79

Describe Balanced and Restorative Justice (BARJ).  Explain why you agree or disagree that justice is best served when the victim, community, and offender are viewed as equal clients of the justice system.