Deck 8: Water and Minerals

Question 1

Which of the following makes up about 60 percent of an adult's body weight?

A)Major minerals
B)Protein
C)Water
D)Trace minerals
E)Gastrointestinal tract

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Sodium, the principal mineral of soft water, may aggravate hypertension.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Sodium ions are associated with the transmission of nerve impulses.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

The bioavailability of calcium in calcium-fortified orange juice is comparable to that of milk.

Question 5

Which of the following properties of water is used during dialysis?

A)Universal solvent
B)Cleansing agent
C)Lubricant
D)Coolant
E)Cushioning agent

Question 6

The kidneys and the brain regulate the water balance of the body.

Question 7

Which of the following foods has the lowest percentage of water?

A)Chinese cabbage
B)Fresh apple
C)Pretzel
D)Lean steak
E)Margarine

Question 8

Bone loss is a calcium-deficiency disease similar to iron-deficiency anemia.

Question 9

High salt intake can temporarily increase the water content of the body.

Question 10

The main sources of iodine in the central parts of the United States are plants grown in iodine-rich soil.

Question 11

Water excretion is regulated by the brain and the:

A)bloodstream
B)kidneys
C)stomach
D)salivary glands
E)spleen

Question 12

The first sign of dehydration is:

A)headache
B)confusion
C)thirst
D)fatigue
E)stomachache

Question 13

Certain mineral salts found in the body act as buffers that maintain the correct pH to permit various physiological processes.

Question 14

The primary role of fluoride is to prevent dental caries throughout life.

Question 15

The recommended source of fluid for healthy U.S. adults is:

A)plain drinking water, because it is safe and noncaloric
B)carbonated beverages, because they have good flavor
C)tea or coffee, because caffeine helps maintain fluid in the body
D)fruit juice, because it has additional nutrients we need
E)soft tap water, because it is fluoridated

Question 16

What is the most accurate statement about the body's water balance?

A)The regular intake of caffeinated beverages leads to water intoxication.
B)All water must come from beverages because solid foods don't contain enough water.
C)The fluid needs of an individual remain the same every day.
D)Water intoxication can occur even with a few extra cups of water.
E)Metabolic water is generated in the tissues as a product of chemical reactions.

Question 17

Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH)is an eating pattern proven to help people reduce their sodium intake and control blood pressure .

Question 18

Hard water has high concentrations of:

A)sodium and chloride
B)calcium and fluoride
C)magnesium and sodium
D)sulfur and potassium
E)calcium and magnesium

Question 19

After age 25, regardless of calcium intake, bones begin to lose density.

Question 20

The loss of calcium from cortical bones is the primary cause of osteoporosis.

Question 21

What is the principal positively charged ion inside body cells?

A)Calcium
B)Sodium
C)Magnesium
D)Potassium
E)Chloride

Question 22

Sulfate is adequate in a diet that is rich in _____.

A)fat
B)protein
C)carbohydrate
D)vitamins
E)calcium

Question 23

Which agency is responsible for maintaining the safety standards of bottled water in the United States?

A)FDA
B)EPA
C)NHANES
D)WHO
E)USDA

Question 24

What is the most abundant mineral in the body?

A)Calcium
B)Phosphorus
C)Sodium
D)Iron
E)Potassium

Question 25

For men and women in the 19- to 50-year age range, the calcium DRI is _____ mg.

A)600
B)800
C)1,000
D)1,200
E)2,500

Question 26

Which of the following statements is true about groundwater as a source of drinking water?

A)It comes from deep, protected underground aquifers.
B)It is protected from industrial contaminants.
C)It is the purest form of water.
D)It is not available for domestic purposes.
E)It comes from lakes, rivers, and reservoirs.

Question 27

Calcium present in body fluids performs all of the following roles except :

A)regulating the transport of ions across cell membranes
B)maintaining high blood pressure
C)participating in blood clotting
D)facilitating muscle contraction
E)activating cellular enzymes

Question 28

Which of the following elements must be present for the synthesis of thyroxine?

A)Iron
B)Iodine
C)Zinc
D)Fluorine
E)Chlorine

Question 29

The chief ion used to maintain the volume of fluid outside cells is:

A)potassium
B)chloride
C)sodium
D)calcium
E)magnesium

Question 30

Which of the following substances inhibits iron absorption?

A)Heme
B)MFP factor
C)Vitamin C
D)Phytic acid
E)Sodium

Question 31

Which of the following substances helps prevent changes in the acid-base balance of body fluids?

A)Sugars
B)Vitamins
C)Cholesterols
D)Mineral salts
E)Tannins

Question 32

Breastfed infants absorb about _____ percent of the ingested calcium.

A)10
B)30
C)40
D)60
E)70

Question 33

Which of the following food sources provides the least amount of zinc?

A)Meat
B)Eggs
C)Legumes
D)Shellfish
E)Milk

Question 34

The best source of phosphorus is _____.

A)animal protein
B)fruit
C)vegetable protein
D)cereal
E)animal fat

Question 35

A person's ability to absorb calcium varies based on:

A)vitamin A status
B)protein intakes
C)gender
D)age or life stage
E)body composition

Question 36

The principal food source of chloride is:

A)salt
B)meat
C)sugar
D)cereal
E)dairy products

Question 37

Over half of the body's magnesium is stored in the:

A)muscles
B)liver
C)bones
D)blood
E)skin cells

Question 38

What is the DRI of iron for men and women over 51 years of age?

A)48 mg\day
B)1 mg\day
C)2 mg\day
D)18 mg\day
E)8 mg\day

Question 39

Adults in the United States consume an average of _____ mg of sodium per day.

A)500
B)1,200
C)2,400
D)3,500
E)6,000

Question 40

Which of the following food sources provides the highest amount of zinc?

A)Legume
B)Whole-grain bread
C)Shellfish
D)Spinach
E)Orange

Question 41

Which characteristic of water allows it to act as a potential lubricant?

A)Its ability to dissolve substances
B)Its incompressibility
C)Its heat-holding capacity
D)Its chemical reactivity
E)Its ability to bond with other substances

Question 42

When your body signals thirst, it is important to:

A)consider drinking fluids soon to prevent dehydration
B)ignore the signal because you just had a large glass of water.
C)drink fluids to avoid the condition of dehydration
D)drink plenty of plain water to prevent water intoxication
E)drink a sports beverage to restore electrolyte imbalance

Question 43

Water loss can be expressed as a percent age of body weight. If a 150-pound person loses 3 pounds of body fluids, what percentage of body weight has he lost?

A)One percent
B)Two percent
C)Three percent
D)Four percent
E)Five percent

Question 44

A friend of yours is planning to purchase a water softener. What is the most appropriate advice that you can give to your friend?

A)Hard water lathers better with less soap, so it is better for cleaning and bathing than soft water.
B)Soft water leaves a ring in the tub and a gray residue in the wash, which are undesirable.
C)Soft water appears to aggravate hypertension, which is undesirable.
D)Soft water has higher concentrations of calcium and magnesium than hard water, which is desirable.
E)Hard water dissolves contaminant metals more easily than soft water

Question 45

Which of the following individuals is likely to absorb the least amount of calcium?

A)A 42-year-old man
B)A 3-year-old girl
C)A 14-year-old boy
D)A 21-year-old pregnant woman
E)A breastfed infant

Question 46

High doses of zinc inhibit _____.

A)iron absorption
B)cholesterol synthesis
C)insulin action
D)bone calcification
E)chromium absorption

Question 47

Magnesium and calcium work together to:

A)cause bone demineralization
B)maintain the acid-base balance in body cells
C)control blood glucose levels
D)regulate the contraction and relaxation of muscles
E)transport proteins through the blood

Question 48

During outdoor physical activity, the body maintains its temperature by:

A)sweating to release body heat
B)urinating to remove excess body water
C)directing blood to the body's core for cooling
D)using metabolic water as a coolant
E)passing inhaled oxygen from the lungs to the blood

Question 49

Which of the following statements is true?

A)People achieve their peak bone mass after the first four decades of their life.
B)The skeleton no longer adds to bone density after 20 years of age.
C)The bones begin to lose density after 40 years of age regardless of calcium intake.
D)People do not need calcium throughout their life.
E)The bones of an individual actively grow until 30 years of age.

Question 50

Which of the following is a function of chromium?

A)Blood glucose regulation
B)Collagen synthesis
C)Neutralization of free radicals
D)Remineralization of bones
E)Iron absorption

Question 51

How does the body respond to low cellular fluid, concentrated blood particles, and low blood pressure ?

A)The cerebrum initiates the withdrawal of blood from all the organs to the bloodstream.
B)The hypothalamus initiates an immediate thirst response.
C)The kidney starts excreting the excess sodium ions present in the body.
D)The heart starts pumping blood rapidly throughout the body.
E)The liver starts metabolizing the excess fat stored in the adipose tissues.

Question 52

It is critical for body cells to maintain fluid and electrolyte balance. The body achieves this balance by:

A)increasing the intake of sodium when a person becomes dehydrated
B)allowing minerals to slip freely across the cell membranes
C)increasing the electrolyte concentrations inside the cells
D)keeping most of the water outside the cells
E)allowing minerals to follow the flow of water

Question 53

Which of the following is the correct definition of distilled water?

A)Water that has been treated with ozone to make it safe but not sterile
B)Water that is lightly flavored and enhanced with vitamins, supposedly to enhance athletic performance
C)W ater from a spring or well that contains at least 250 parts per million of naturally occurring minerals
D)Water that has been vaporized and recondensed, leaving it free of dissolved minerals
E)Water that has been treated by a water softener to replace calcium and magnesium with sodium

Question 54

Phosphorus is a critical constituent of cellular fluids because of its role:

A)as a buffer in maintaining the optimum body pH
B)in the synthesis of phospholipids to transport fats through the blood
C)in binding with calcium in the muscle tissues
D)as a sodium ion transporter in body cells
E)in the synthesis of amino acids

Question 55

Which of the following elements stabilizes bones and makes teeth resistant to decay?

A)Chromium
B)Chloride
C)Fluoride
D)Zinc
E)Selenium

Question 56

Why is medical supervision advised for a person suffering from chronic vomiting or diarrhea?

A)To prevent renal failure
B)To prevent fluid and electrolyte imbalance
C)To prevent aggravation of hypertension
D)To prevent internal hemorrhage
E)To prevent infection by opportunistic bacteria

Question 57

Which of the following statements is true of bottled water?

A)Bottled water is packaged spring water that is naturally pure.
B)Bottled water is filtered by the manufacturer to remove minerals.
C)Bottled water is flavored tap water.
D)Bottled water is treated and packaged tap water.
E)Using bottled water is a sound environmental decision.

Question 58

Which physiological change occurs in the body when the calcium intake is cut back suddenly?

A)The rate of calcium absorption decreases.
B)Calcium is absorbed from the bones.
C)The body weight increases.
D)The blood calcium level decreases significantly.
E)The calcium level in the urine increases.

Question 59

The best way to prevent calcium deficiency is to:

A)consume an adequate amount of spinach, rhubarb, and Swiss chard
B)consume an adequate amount of meat products
C)consume an adequate amount of milk, cheese, and yogurt
D)consume an adequate amount of almonds, beans, and sesame seeds
E)consume an adequate amount of calcium supplements

Question 60

How does the body respond to a sodium-rich diet?

A)It tightly controls water movement to prevent any fluctuations in the body weight.
B)It turns off the thirst signal to reduce additional intake of fluids.
C)It signals the kidneys to remove excess fluid from the body.
D)It shifts water back into the bloodstream to reduce the concentration of sodium.
E)It signals the brain for immediate thirst to offset the sodium intake.

Question 61

How does the body deal with a high intake of iron from food?

A)By initiating an inflammatory reaction
B)By trapping iron in the intestinal cells
C)By maintaining the feeling of satiety
D)By storing excess iron in liver cells
E)By excreting excess iron through the urine

Question 62

Which of the following calcium supplements is correctly matched with its definition?

A)An amino acid chelate is an acid-buffering agent used to counter excess acidity in the stomach.
B)Dolomite is the simplest form of purified calcium used as a calcium supplement.
C)Bone meal is a crushed or ground preparation intended to supply calcium to the diet.
D)An antacid is a product made from the powdered shells of oysters and used as a calcium supplement.
E)Oyster shell is a calcium mineral composed of calcium and magnesium salts.

Question 63

How much sodium is consumed by a person who eats two grams of salt?

A)400 mg
B)800 mg
C)1000 mg
D)1200 mg
E)2000 mg

Question 64

Which of the following statements about selenium is accurate?

A)High levels of selenium do not cause toxicity.
B)Selenium decreases the production of thyroid hormones.
C)Selenium supplements decrease the risk of heart disease.
D)Severe selenium toxicity causes muscle disorders with weakness and pain.
E)Selenium limits the formation of free radicals and prevents oxidative damage.

Question 65

How does a DASH diet effectively reduce blood sodium levels and blood pressure?

A)By reducing the intake of dairy products
B)By adding moderate amounts of salt to processed foods
C)By increasing the intake of potassium-rich fruits and vegetables
D)By eliminating grain products from the diet
E)By increasing the intake of high-fat foods

Question 66

What effect does zinc deficiency have on the body?

A)Decreased production of hemoglobin, leading to hypoxia
B)Impaired immune response, leading to more infections
C)Increased appetite, leading to weight gain
D)Decreased absorption of iron, leading to anemia
E)Increased production of red blood cells, leading to polycythemia

Question 67

Which of the following statements is true of copper?

A)It plays a key role in the formation of hemoglobin and collagen.
B)It inhibits the absorption and use of iron.
C)It enhances the activity of hormones such as insulin and glucagon.
D)It makes bones and teeth resistant to demineralization.
E)It regulates the production of thyroid hormones.

Question 68

When consuming adequate dietary iron, it is advisable to:

A)eat nonheme iron found only in plants because it is absorbed more efficiently
B)add supplements because they are better absorbed than iron in foods
C)include vitamin C-rich foods with nonheme iron sources to enhance absorption
D)avoid combining heme-iron-rich foods with nonheme-iron-rich foods in the same meal
E)combine zinc-rich foods with heme iron sources to increase absorption

Question 69

A person consumes 1000 mg of sodium from preservatives in processed foods along with an additional 2000 mg of salt. Does the sodium intake of the person fall within the limits established by the DRI committee?

A)No, the sodium intake of 3000 mg exceeds the UL.
B)Yes, the sodium intake of 3000 mg falls within the UL.
C)No, the sodium intake of 1800 mg exceeds the UL.
D)Yes, the sodium intake of 1800 mg falls within the UL.
E)Yes, the sodium intake of 1800 mg falls within the adequate level.

Question 70

Which of the following statements is true of chromium?

A)It plays a key role in the formation of hemoglobin and collagen.
B)It increases the resistance of bones and teeth against demineralization.
C)It limits the formation of free radicals and prevents oxidative damage.
D)It improves the cellular uptake of glucose by enhancing insulin activity.
E)It acts as a buffer to maintain the acid-base balance of cellular fluids.

Question 71

Which of the following nutrients is correctly matched with its role in bone development?

A)Vitamin C assists in the production of several bone salts.
B)Vitamin K maintains the concentration of collagen in the body.
C)Vitamin A plays a significant role in the bone-remodeling process.
D)Magnesium plays an important role in preserving bone integrity.
E)Omega-3 fatty acids maintain bone mineral density in the body.

Question 72

Which of the following is a nonmodifiable risk factor for osteoporosis?

A)Low body weight
B)Sedentary lifestyle
C)Cigarette smoking
D)Female gender
E)Caffeine intake

Question 73

Which of the following statements is true of fluoride?

A)It is usually deficient in public water supplies.
B)It promotes the formation of plaque by supporting bacterial metabolism.
C)Fluorosis caused by excessive fluoride intake is a temporary condition.
D)It increases the resistance of bones and teeth against demineralization.
E)Excessive fluoride intake causes bones to become thin.

Question 74

How can people between the ages of 31 and 50 years preserve their bone health?

A)By growing strong bones
B)By achieving peak bone mass
C)By maximizing bone retention
D)By minimizing physical activity
E)By decreasing calcium intake

Question 75

Which of the following statements is true of nondiet factors that affect bone health?

A)Genes influence the mechanisms for absorbing and employing vitamin D.
B)At maturity, men have a lower bone density than women.
C)The production of the female hormone progesterone has a direct impact on bone mass.
D)The fracture rate reduces by half for women who lose 20 percent of their body fat after menopause.
E)The bones of smokers are more dense than those of nonsmokers.

Question 76

A 24 year-old man is suffering from iron deficiency. His diet includes rich sources of zinc. Which of the following is a possible explanation for his iron-deficient condition?

A)Excessive zinc is inhibiting the uptake and absorption of iron in the digestive tract.
B)The liver is secreting too little hepcidin, so the small intestine is not absorbing iron
C)Iron absorption is at its lowest for people between the ages of 20 and 30.
D)Excessive zinc is inhibiting the production of hemoglobin.
E)The intestinal cells are trapping and holding excessive iron within their boundaries.

Question 77

What is a DEXA scan?

A)A scan to monitor the proper functioning of the heart
B)A scan to detect early stages of bone loss
C)A scan to measure total body fat
D)A scan to monitor optimum brain activity
E)A scan to assess simple and compound fractures

Question 78

What would you consume with an iron-rich diet in order to enhance iron absorption?

A)Tea and a soy protein hamburger
B)Tomato and meat, or eggs
C)Coffee and wheat-bran muffins
D)Calcium supplements and whole-wheat bread
E)High-fiber cereal and milk

Question 79

Your best friend complains that she is tired all the time and has a problem concentrating. In addition, she craves for ice. Based on her symptoms, which mineral deficiency does she have?

A)She has a potassium deficiency.
B)She has a zinc deficiency.
C)She has a magnesium deficiency.
D)She has an iron deficiency.
E)She has a sodium deficiency.

Question 80

Which of the following proteins acts as a matrix on which mineral crystals of bone form?

A)Keratin
B)Myoglobin
C)Trypsin
D)Collagen
E)Mucin