Deck 3: The Remarkable Body

Question 1

Frequent use of laxatives is an effective way to prevent constipation.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

The timing of meals is important because the digestive tract is unable to digest food at certain times.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Which of the following statements is true about the replacement of cells?

A)Muscle cells replace themselves every 120 days.
B)Liver cells do not reproduce at all.
C)Cells lining the digestive tract replace themselves only once every few years.
D)Skin cells replace themselves every 10 days.
E)Brain cells replace themselves once a week.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which of the following statements is true?

A)Each cell's nucleus contains DNA.
B)Cells do not need nutrients for their growth.
C)Long strands of human DNA coil into 10 pairs of chromosomes.
D)Most genes contain instructions for making fat molecules.
E)All cells need a highly acidic environment to function.

Question 5

Body fluids supply the tissues continuously with energy, oxygen, and nutrients, including water.

Question 6

In the mouth, chewing food adds water in the form of saliva to soften rough and sharp foods.

Question 7

The first principle of diet planning is that the foods we choose must provide energy and the essential nutrients, such as:

A)water
B)fiber
C)oxygen
D)carbon dioxide
E)hydrogen

Question 8

Which types of cells do not reproduce and, if damaged by injury or disease, are lost forever?

A)Skin cells
B)Red blood cells
C)Muscle cells
D)Liver cells
E)Brain cells

Question 9

Cells lining the digestive tract replace themselves every:

A)3 days
B)10 days
C)2 weeks
D)4 months
E)12 months

Question 10

Cells need only water and no nutrients to function properly.

Question 11

Chewing food for an extended time after it has been mashed and moistened provides additional advantages to digestion.

Question 12

The hypothalamus in the brain monitors many body conditions, including the availability of nutrients and water.

Question 13

Which of the following statements is true of cells?

A)The human body is composed of nearly 1,000 cells.
B)They are the essential macronutrients in foods.
C)They are self-contained living entities.
D)They can make essential nutrients for themselves.
E)They are the largest units of life.

Question 14

The blood exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide in the:

A)heart
B)liver
C)digestive system
D)lungs
E)mouth

Question 15

The pancreas releases glucagon to remove glucose from blood and store it in the muscles.

Question 16

Which types of cells normally replace themselves once every few years?

A)Muscle cells
B)Skin cells
C)Digestive tract cells
D)Red blood cells
E)Brain cells

Question 17

Some vitamins are stored in the body without limit, even if they reach toxic levels.

Question 18

The body's circulating fluids are:

A)the plasma and fat cells
B)the enzymes and the plasma
C)the lymph and fat cells
D)the blood and nutrients
E)the blood and the lymph

Question 19

Waste materials dissolved in water are collected by the kidneys and become concentrated as urine.

Question 20

Cells are organized into tissues that perform specialized tasks, and these tissues, in turn, are grouped together to form whole organs.

Question 21

The liver converts excess energy-yielding nutrients into _____ for storage.

A)starch and glycogen
B)protein and glucose
C)protein and fat
D)glycogen and protein
E)glycogen and fat

Question 22

The purpose of the villi and microvilli in the intestinal tract is to:

A)move food components through the intestinal tract for their removal from the body
B)reduce the absorbing surface of the intestines
C)trap the nutrient particles and absorb them into the cells
D)prevent nutrients from being absorbed
E)secrete digestive enzymes

Question 23

What is the function of the enzymes secreted from the small intestine and the pancreas?

A)They emulsify fats.
B)They help maintain an acidic pH level in the small intestine.
C)They split protein fragments into smaller fragments or free amino acids.
D)They maintain a neutral pH level in the digestive tract.
E)They inhibit starch digestion.

Question 24

Which of the following organs stores and releases nutrients to meet the cells' needs between meals?

A)Liver
B)Kidney
C)Stomach
D)Pancreas
E)Small intestine

Question 25

Which of the following is a characteristic of glycogen?

A)It is stored for the body's amino acid needs.
B)It is not released from the liver in any case.
C)It represents a three-day supply of glucose.
D)It helps sustain the body's cellular activities.
E)It is stored in adipose cells.

Question 26

In cases of severe undernutrition, the small intestine will react by:

A)shrinking to a much smaller surface
B)expanding to a much larger surface
C)increasing intestinal muscle activity
D)increasing the amount of nutrients absorbed
E)increasing the secretion of digestive enzymes

Question 27

Blood leaving the digestive system is routed directly to the _____.

A)liver
B)kidneys
C)gallbladder
D)heart
E)lungs

Question 28

Which of the following organs stores bile juice?

A)Gallbladder
B)Liver
C)Small intestine
D)Large intestine
E)Esophagus

Question 29

Which of the following is the most acidic?

A)Vinegar
B)Orange juice
C)Gastric juice
D)Battery acid
E)Blood

Question 30

Which of the following hormones is released from the pancreas when the blood glucose level is low?

A)Adrenaline
B)Norepinephrine
C)Insulin
D)Glucagon
E)Epinephrine

Question 31

Hormones are secreted and released directly into the blood by organs known as _____.

A)nerves
B)ducts
C)glands
D)arteries
E)capillaries

Question 32

The kidneys are waste- and _____-removal specialists.

A)fat
B)carbohydrate
C)water
D)blood
E)protein

Question 33

The bones provide reserves of:

A)vitamins
B)calcium
C)glycogen
D)fat
E)both glycogen and fat

Question 34

Pancreatic juice has a pH value of _____.

A)14
B)8
C)2
D)10
E)1

Question 35

Which of the following does not occur as part of the stress response?

A)The muscles tense up.
B)The liver pours forth glucose from its stores.
C)The digestive system speeds up.
D)The fat cells release fat.
E)The heart rate increases.

Question 36

What is the function of the saliva secreted by the salivary glands?

A)It moistens and lubricates food.
B)It breaks down glucose into starch.
C)It helps maintain an alkaline environment in the mouth.
D)It splits protein fragments into free amino acids.
E)It helps absorb minerals from food.

Question 37

The nervous system's role in hunger regulation is coordinated by the:

A)pancreas
B)brain
C)digestive tract
D)spinal cord
E)stomach

Question 38

Without food to replenish it, the liver's glycogen supply can be depleted within:

A)as few as 1-2 hours
B)as few as 3-6 hours
C)8-10 hours at most
D)1 day with extreme exertion
E)only 3 days

Question 39

The wavelike muscular squeezing of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine that pushes their contents along is called _____. chewing

A)emulsification
B)absorption
C)peristalsis
D)chewing
E)reflux

Question 40

Which of the following pancreatic hormones lowers the blood glucose level?

A)Epinephrine
B)Insulin
C)Norepinephrine
D)Glucagon
E)Adrenaline

Question 41

Which organ completes the absorption process of digestion?

A)Esophagus
B)Stomach
C)Small intestine
D)Large intestine
E)Mouth

Question 42

A person in an emergency situation is unable to eat for several weeks. Which of the following would provide most of the energy that this person would need to survive?

A)Fat
B)Liver glycogen
C)Bones
D)Muscle glycogen
E)Blood glucose

Question 43

The vast majority of fat digestion takes place in the:

A)mouth with lipases secreted in the saliva
B)stomach with proteases mixed with gastric juices
C)small intestine with lipases released by the pancreas
D)large intestine with lipases mixed with water
E)large intestine with microbial proteases

Question 44

Which of the following statements is true?

A)The microvilli absorb nutrients into the lymphatic system.
B)The microvilli trap nutrients so the villi cells can absorb them.
C)The villi block toxins from being absorbed into the blood.
D)The villi complete the breakdown of foods into nutrients.
E)The microvilli facilitate the digestion of a large percentage of deficient nutrients.

Question 45

If you are taking medications to treat the discomfort caused by heartburn, it is important to know that:

A)antacids will only temporarily relieve pain by neutralizing stomach acid for a while
B)acid reducers are effective for neutralizing acid already present in the stomach
C)antacids are a good treatment for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
D)heartburn medicines work best if taken with a large glass of liquid during a meal
E)fiber-rich foods should be avoided when taking antacids

Question 46

Which of the following determines the acidity of a substance?

A)The concentration of hydroxide particles
B)The concentration of carbon particles
C)The concentration of oxygen particles
D)The concentration of hydrogen particles
E)The concentration of glucose particles

Question 47

What of the following statements is true of a microbiome?

A)It refers to the collective genes of a specific bacterial sample.
B)It is a collection of disease-causing bacteria.
C)It is a group of protein-digesting fungi.
D)It is a group of fat-digesting bacteria.
E)It is a group of fat-digesting bacteria.

Question 48

The importance of the lungs in the circulatory system is that they are responsible for:

A)adding oxygen to the blood
B)removing glucose from the blood
C)adding nutrients to the blood
D)removing extra water from the blood
E)removing glucose from the blood

Question 49

Which of the following food constituents is not digested in the stomach?

A)Sugar
B)Starch
C)Fat
D)Fiber
E)Protein

Question 50

Which strategy should be used by someone experiencing heartburn?

A)Drink plenty of liquids during meals.
B)Wear tight clothing.
C)Lie down after meals.
D)Eat smaller meals.
E)Put on weight.

Question 51

A person can eat when hunger is absent because:

A)the glands start supplying epinephrine to the brain
B)the conscious mind of the cortex can override the body's signals
C)the digestive tract sends messages to the hypothalamus
D)the stomach intensifies its contractions and creates hunger pangs
E)the hypothalamus signals the availability of food in the environment

Question 52

The digestion of macronutrients begins in the mouth with enzyme action on:

A)carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
B)proteins
C)fats
D)fats and starch
E)fiber

Question 53

Immediately after digestion, nutrients delivered from the intestines into the circulatory system are:

A)transported to other organs where they are broken down into their elemental constituents
B)transported to the heart, which then delivers them to the individual cells in the body
C)transported to the kidneys, which send them to the cells in the body
D)transported through the lymph system to the heart for distribution
E)transported through the blood to the liver for necessary chemical alterations

Question 54

Which of the following statements is true of a solution with respect to its pH?

A)The lower the pH, the more basic the solution.
B)The lower the pH, the more acidic the solution.
C)The higher the pH, the more acidic the solution.
D)The higher the pH, the less basic the solution.
E)The pH is the same for an acidic and a basic solution.

Question 55

What advice would you give to a friend suffering from constipation?

A)Consume plenty of mineral oil.
B)Drink  moderate amounts of alcohol.
C)Take a high dose of laxatives daily.
D)Consume foods with adequate fiber.
E)Self-medicate with peppermint oil.

Question 56

Glycogen is stored in the body for future use. If it is drawn upon, it will:

A)be readily available because it is stored in unlimited amounts in the muscles
B)be depleted from the liver after several days
C)provide energy for cellular activities during extended meal intervals
D)be replaced easily by protein eaten once a day
E)provide fat for oxidation when glucose is unavailable

Question 57

The digestion of food includes the mechanical actions of:

A)chewing to allow some nutrients to be absorbed into the body through the tongue
B)peristalsis waves to move the food down through the digestive tract
C)the stomach to gently release the food into the small intestine
D)the small intestine to absorb water and create the paste that forms feces
E)the large intestine, which releases gas that facilitates fecal transport

Question 58

The main function of the kidneys is to:

A)pump oxygenated blood to other organs
B)remove carbon dioxide from the blood
C)remove everyday wastes and excess water from the body
D)store extra glycogen for use in emergencies by the body
E)transform nutrients and metabolize toxins

Question 59

A gene variation in the cells can occasionally cause an inborn error of metabolism. If this is discovered by a healthcare provider, the advice would be to:

A)not worry because this is a temporary condition
B)eat a special diet that will minimize potential harm to the body
C)obtain a tissue transplant that will introduce functional tissues to the body
D)avoid all fat-containing foods
E)avoid diets that provide vitamin A

Question 60

During the fight-or-flight reaction, the body reacts by:

A)temporarily shutting down metabolism
B)slowing down breathing to conserve oxygen
C)releasing stored glucose from the liver
D)speeding up the work of the digestive system
E)slowing the heart rate to conserve blood

Question 61

Explain why thiamin and folate deficiencies are an inevitable consequence of alcohol abuse and how they occur.

Question 62

Which of the following organs is the main site for alcohol breakdown?

A)Heart
B)Pancreas
C)Liver
D)Spleen
E)Kidney

Question 63

Describe the chemical aspect of digestion in the mouth.

Question 64

You are concerned about a classmate who binge drinks regularly. You want to let him know of the long-term consequences of his habit. What would you tell him to convince him to cut back on drinking?

A)Alcohol increases the heart rate, so you are at a greater risk of dying from stroke.
B)Alcohol slows down fat metabolism, so you need to eat more fat in your diet, which will make you obese.
C)Excessive alcohol intake can lead to the deterioration of skeletal and heart muscles.
D)Binge drinking leads to thiamin toxicity as alcohol causes the body to store excess thiamin.
E)Alcohol contains some phytochemicals that can accelerate the process of aging.

Question 65

Compare the consequences of the stress response for people living in the modern world versus ancient times.

Question 66

Describe what happens to the small intestine in cases of severe undernutrition.

Question 67

Use the tabel below to answer the following question. 
For an individual with high blood pressure, drinking several margaritas made using the margarita mix and tequila in a single evening is:

A)inadvisable because alcohol in large amounts raises blood pressure
B)fine because the Nutrition Facts label shows that the mix is low in sodium
C)allowed as long as salt is not added to the rim of the glass
D)not recommended unless no alcoholic beverages have been consumed earlier in the week
E)safe if the person has a low alcohol tolerance

Question 68

List three ways in which hormones affect nutrition.

Question 69

Which of the following statements is a truth concerning alcohol?

A)Alcohol depresses the brain's activity.
B)A shot of alcohol warms you up.
C)Wine and beer do not lead to addiction.
D)Alcohol is a stimulant.
E)As alcohol is legal, it is not a drug.

Question 70

Use the tabel below to answer the following question. How many calories are present in a cocktail made of 4 fluid ounces of the margarita mix and 2 fluid ounces of rum? Note that a 1.5-fluid-ounce drink of rum has 105 calories.

A)117
B)120.5
C)110
D)250
E)315

Question 71

Explain the hormonal homeostasis of normal blood glucose.

Question 72

What is hard liquor?

A)A beverage made by distilling fermented products such as wine or beer
B)A beverage that is a mixture of a carbonated drink and an alcoholic drink
C)A carbonated drink that contains a small percentage of alcohol
D)A non-carbonated drink that contains a small percentage of alcohol
E)A dilute alcoholic beverage that is made of wine or beer

Question 73

Use the table below to answer the following question. A woman who is pregnant wants to drink a margarita made from the mix and tequila to relax after a long work week. What would be the best recommendation for her?

A)If she limits her intake to one drink, she will be fine.
B)She should avoid the alcohol and make a nonalcoholic version with only the mix.
C)She should have the drink with a meal to slow the absorption of the alcohol.
D)One or two drinks would be a good way to relax and reduce tension.
E)She should use rum instead of tequila to reduce the risk to her child.

Question 74

Which of the following alcoholic beverage servings delivers a little over half an ounce of ethanol?

A)8 ounces of wine
B)6 ounces of hard liquor
C)12 ounces of wine cooler
D)3 ounces of alcoholic lemonade
E)12 ounces of beer

Question 75

If you do not eat on a regular basis throughout the day, the effect on the body will be:

A)extremely fatal because you need to provide calories from food on a regular basis to the cells
B)minimal because you have unlimited stores of glycogen in your muscles to provide energy for the whole body
C)a coordinated effort that draws stored energy from various parts of the body
D)a shortage of all vitamins because the cells cannot store them adequately
E)diminished brain function because the brain relies solely on immediately available glucose

Question 76

A rapid drinker can become intoxicated almost immediately when drinking, especially if:

A)the stomach is empty
B)drinks are consumed slowly
C)carbohydrate-rich snacks are consumed at the same time
D)the drink is diluted with water
E)the drink has a little less than half an ounce of alcohol

Question 77

Which of the following is a consequence of alcohol abuse?

A)Stomach cells undersecrete acid and histamine.
B)Cells of the eye's retina process retinol instead of ethanol.
C)The kidneys reduce the excretion of magnesium, calcium, potassium, and zinc.
D)The liver expels folate into the blood for excretion by the kidneys.
E)The body absorbs and stores excess thiamin.

Question 78

Describe the hormonal and nervous systems' response to stress or physical danger.

Question 79

Describe and differentiate the mechanical and chemical aspects of digestion.

Question 80

Use the tabel below to answer the following question  How many calories are present in a cocktail made of 4 fluid ounces of the margarita mix and 6 fluid ounces of light beer? Note that a 12-fluid-ounce drink of light beer has 100 calories.

A)280
B)350
C)160
D)110
E)100