Deck 11: Conceiving Children: Process and Choice

Question 1

Which of the following might be considered a disadvantage of having children?

A) Children only receive love; they do not give it.
B) Having children can increase the stress in a marriage.
C) The challenges of raising children often destroy self-esteem.
D) Having children typically makes life less meaningful.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following is an effective means of conceiving a child of a specific sex?

A) Timing intercourse to take place closer to ovulation for a boy and after ovulation for a girl
B) Using an alkaline douche to conceive a boy and an acidic douche to conceive a girl
C) Preimplantation genetic diagnosis
D) Altering hormone ratios prior to attempts at conception

Answer 2

C

Question 3

All of the following methods could help a couple increase the probability of conception by predicting the time of ovulation EXCEPT for the:

A) mucus method.
B) body temperature method.
C) calendar method.
D) multiple insertion method.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Matt and Sandra want very much to have a baby. To maximize the possibility of pregnancy, they should have intercourse:

A) frequently for five days following ovulation.
B) frequently within the six-day period ending on the day of ovulation.
C) once a day for several days beginning the third day of the menstrual cycle.
D) at least seven days a month in the morning.

Question 5

Some studies show that marriages without children:

A) are not as fulfilling and satisfying as marriages with children.
B) are more stressful than marriages with children.
C) are happier and more satisfying than marriages with children.
D) tend to last longer than marriages with children.

Question 6

Medications used to stimulate ovulation are associated with an increased risk of:

A) birth defects.
B) ectopic pregnancy.
C) uterine infection.
D) multiple births.

Question 7

A family in which part of the world would be MORE likely to selectively abort a female fetus?

A) Western Europe
B) Eastern Europe
C) East Asia
D) Middle East

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT a reason why male babies are preferred over females in some parts of Asia?

A) Sons are seen as better able to provide for their parents as the parents age.
B) It may be more difficult to find a mate for a daughter because the birth rate for males is so much lower.
C) In some religious traditions, only sons can light their parents' funeral pyres and pray to release the souls of dead parents.
D) Daughters are a financial liability to their families because they require the expense of a dowry when they marry.

Question 9

Seung really wants to become pregnant, but her doctor informs her she is ovulating very infrequently. Seung may benefit from:

A) artificial insemination.
B) ovulation-stimulating medications.
C) treatment involving human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG).
D) surgical removal of varicocele on her ovaries.

Question 10

At what age does a woman's fertility typically peak?

A) 16-18 years
B) 20-24 years
C) 25-35 years
D) After the age of 30

Question 11

Which of the following is TRUE with regard to laboratory techniques that separate X- from Y-bearing sperm?

A) This procedure is widely opposed by the public, even when used by couples at risk for passing on X-linked diseases.
B) This involves inserting the embryo of the desired sex into the woman's uterus.
C) This is of benefit to couples at risk of passing on an X-linked disease.
D) Success rates are nearly 100% for both male and female babies.

Question 12

Research indicates that couples with children:

A) tend to value leisure time more than couples who choose to remain childless.
B) rarely argue about who does what for the children.
C) most often agree that the rewards of being a parent are worth it, despite the costs and work it takes.
D) tend to have more time for themselves, more financial resources, and more spontaneity with regard to their recreational, social, and work patterns.

Question 13

Candace, who is 39, would like to become a mother. Candace's sister Rosalyn, who is 22, hopes to start a family as well. Both women are in good health. Compared to Rosalyn, Candace:

A) may have more difficulty conceiving.
B) is less likely to conceive a child with a chromosomal abnormality.
C) will be less likely to require a cesarean birth.
D) is likely to have better success with in vitro fertilization (IVF).

Question 14

Monique and Hassan purchase an over-the-counter test kit to determine when she is ovulating. This is accomplished by Monique measuring ____ with the test kit.

A) the level of LH (luteinizing hormone) in her urine prior to ovulation
B) the level of acidity in her vaginal secretions prior to ovulation
C) the level of follicle-stimulating hormone produced by her ovaries
D) her basal body temperature

Question 15

Most causes of male infertility are related to abnormalities in sperm ____ and shape.

A) temperature
B) motility
C) absorbency
D) viscosity

Question 16

The ____ measures the rise in LH in urine prior to ovulation.

A) mucus method test
B) ovulation-predictor test
C) rhythm method
D) body temperature method

Question 17

Which of the following would be LEAST likely to cause female fertility problems?

A) Being underweight
B) Smoking cigarettes
C) Severe vitamin deficiencies
D) Being overweight

Question 18

Which of the following statements regarding infertility is FALSE?

A) The emotional strain of infertility, combined with the procedures used to address it, often causes couples to experience sexual dissatisfaction and/or dysfunction.
B) Once a couple is able to conceive a child the first time, it is highly unlikely they will have fertility problems the second time.
C) Infertility can have a demoralizing effect on the infertile individual's sense of self and on the couple's sense of their integrity as a healthy unit.
D) Between 85% and 90% of infertility cases can be treated successfully with drug therapy or surgical procedures.

Question 19

Which of the following is FALSE with respect to remaining childless?

A) In general, childless marriages are less stressful.
B) Childless marriages leave more time for intimacy in an adult relationship.
C) Childless marriages often leave more opportunity for fulfillment in a professional life.
D) Ending the childless phase of a marriage by having a baby can often repair a troubled relationship.

Question 20

Tolu and Ahmed have been trying to conceive a child for about eight months. What advice would the authors of your book give them?

A) They should not worry, because most couples take at least a year to conceive.
B) Tolu should make an appointment with her physician, because infertility is usually due to a problem with the female.
C) Ahmed should make an appointment with his physician, because infertility is usually due to a problem with the male.
D) They should both be seen by their physicians, because either or both of them could be experiencing a problem.

Question 21

A method called ____ attempts to facilitate implantation by transferring fertilized ova to a fallopian tube.

A) ZIFT
B) IUF (in utero fertilization)
C) artificial insemination
D) GIFT

Question 22

Assisted reproductive techniques are:

A) inexpensive.
B) low-risk procedures as far as the mother is concerned.
C) expensive with varying success rates.
D) increasingly less expensive with each subsequent attempt.

Question 23

Which of the following is NOT a decision people make about what to do with the extra embryos collected from assisted reproductive technologies?

A) Some couples put their surplus embryos up for adoption.
B) Some women or couples donate their surplus embryos for stem cell research.
C) Most couples refuse to donate their surplus embryos for research.
D) Some couples request the surplus embryos to be destroyed.

Question 24

With IVF,

A) semen is mechanically introduced into a woman's vagina.
B) a woman's eggs are removed and fertilized in the laboratory by her partner's sperm and then introduced into her uterus.
C) semen is introduced into a woman's fallopian tube.
D) the sperm and ova are placed directly into the fallopian tube.

Question 25

All of the following affects male fertility EXCEPT:

A) smoking.
B) low percentage of body fat.
C) alcohol abuse.
D) environmental toxins.

Question 26

Marwan would like to be a father, but his doctor tells him he has a low sperm count. To increase his chance of causing a conception, Marwan should:

A) ejaculate at least twice a day to stimulate sperm production.
B) soak in a hot tub.
C) wear looser pants.
D) wait 10-15 years and try again, because male fertility increases with age.

Question 27

Nedu and Hannah are interested in conceiving a child through IVF. Nedu and Hannah should know that IVF:

A) leads to a successful pregnancy in over 90% of attempts.
B) is generally inexpensive and by law is covered by all insurance plans.
C) is associated with increased risk of multiple births.
D) involves inserting the semen of a partner or donor into the vagina, cervix, or uterus.

Question 28

A woman who is willing to be artificially inseminated by the male partner of a childless couple, carry the pregnancy to term, deliver the child, and give it to the couple for adoption is called a(n):

A) implantation host.
B) in vivo host.
C) surrogate mother.
D) substitute mother.

Question 29

Which of the following statements regarding a varicocele is TRUE?

A) It may be treated with hormone therapy.
B) It most commonly occurs during puberty.
C) It is a major cause of infertility in men.
D) It may inhibit ovulation in women.

Question 30

Common causes of miscarriage include all of the following EXCEPT:

A) maternal age younger than 30 years.
B) rejection of abnormal fetus.
C) maternal illness.
D) maternal smoking and/or tobacco use.

Question 31

Reva and Jonathan have decided to try ICSI as a method of becoming pregnant. This means that:

A) one of Jonathan's sperm cells will be injected into a harvested egg from Reva.
B) they will hire a surrogate mother certified by ICSI.
C) they will make sure to have intercourse at the time of ovulation.
D) a sperm and an egg will be implanted directly into Reva's fallopian tube.

Question 32

Semen from a woman's partner is mechanically introduced into her vagina, cervix, or uterus in order to facilitate conception. This procedure is called:

A) IVF.
B) GIFT (gamete intrafallopian transfer).
C) ZIFT.
D) artificial insemination.

Question 33

Which of the following statements regarding miscarriage is FALSE?

A) Many occur before the woman finds out that she is pregnant.
B) Later miscarriages might involve uncomfortable cramping and heavy bleeding.
C) Early miscarriages may appear as a heavier than usual menstrual flow.
D) At least 40% of known pregnancies end in miscarriage.

Question 34

Annette and Julianne, a lesbian couple, would both like to become pregnant. They visit a fertility specialist who assures them they both have well-functioning reproductive systems. Which of the following would be the most appropriate choice for Annette and Julianne?

A) Treatment involving ovulation-stimulating medications
B) IVF
C) Artificial insemination
D) ZIFT (zygote intrafallopian transfer)

Question 35

Which of the following is NOT a cause of low sperm count and motility?

A) Childhood measles
B) Varicocele
C) Smoking
D) Marijuana use

Question 36

Sensitive blood tests for HCG can detect pregnancy as early as ____ after conception.

A) 24 hours
B) two days
C) one week
D) three weeks

Question 37

Natalie's doctor has just told her that she is going to place two fertilized embryos in Natalie's uterus. Natalie really wants to become pregnant, but she is concerned about the possibility of multiple births. How should Natalie's doctor respond to her concern?

A) The doctor should place more than two fertilized embryos into Natalie's uterus to increase the chances that one will implant.
B) There is a risk of multiple births with this procedure, and multiple births do present health risks to mothers and babies.
C) Natalie does not need to be concerned about the possibility of multiple births, because these only rarely result in significant complications for either mothers or babies.
D) Natalie does not need to be concerned about the possibility of multiple births, because this rarely if ever occurs due to ART.

Question 38

Some tests for pregnancy are based on the fact that the blood and urine of a pregnant woman contain:

A) trophoblast hormone.
B) HCG.
C) follicle-stimulating hormone.
D) prostaglandins.

Question 39

Early signs of pregnancy can include all of the following EXCEPT:

A) a missed period or lighter than usual menstrual flow.
B) nausea/vomiting.
C) breast tenderness.
D) a normal period only a day or two late.

Question 40

Home pregnancy tests:

A) most often are completely inaccurate.
B) detect the presence of hormones associated with pregnancy in a woman's blood.
C) are available only by prescription.
D) can yield both false positive and false negative results.

Question 41

The Roe v. Wade decision:

A) legalized abortion only in cases of rape or incest or to save the mother's life.
B) legalized a woman's right to terminate her pregnancy before the fetus has reached the age of viability.
C) outlawed abortion for any reason after the 20th week of pregnancy.
D) resulted in a significant increase in the abortion-related death rate.

Question 42

Intact dilation and evacuation:

A) accounts for 90% of all abortions performed in the United States.
B) is performed in late pregnancy in cases of severe fetal abnormality and/or to protect the mother's health.
C) is generally performed in the first 12 weeks of pregnancy.
D) has no known side effects or risks.

Question 43

Medical abortion:

A) is generally performed after 13 weeks gestation.
B) presents a lower risk of serious side effects than surgical abortion.
C) is less controversial than other forms of abortion as it arguably can be considered contraception rather than a true abortion.
D) is legal in some European countries but not in the United States.

Question 44

Dilation and evacuation is:

A) the most commonly used termination technique for pregnancies up to 12 weeks.
B) the safest and most widely used technique.
C) more often performed on older women with more education than abortion techniques used at different points in pregnancy.
D) usually performed in a doctor's office using local anesthesia.

Question 45

Which of the following is NOT true regarding miscarriages?

A) Couples may benefit from giving themselves some time to grieve the loss of this baby before pursuing another pregnancy.
B) Having a miscarriage usually indicates a woman will never be able to carry to term.
C) Parents may find it important to have photos and footprints of the baby who was lost.
D) Some parents have found it helpful to have a memorial service following a miscarriage.

Question 46

Which of the following is true regarding historical attitudes toward abortion?

A) Abortion was illegal in all societies with law codes until the last half of the 20th century.
B) Abortion was legal throughout the United States until the 1950s.
C) Early American law allowed abortion until the pregnant woman felt movement of the fetus.
D) In the 13th century, St. Thomas Aquinas asserted that a new life acquired a soul at conception.

Question 47

A medical abortion is 99% effective in ending pregnancies of less than:

A) 7 weeks.
B) 9 weeks.
C) 13 weeks.
D) 20 weeks.

Question 48

The safest and most widely used technique for pregnancy termination between 13 and 21 weeks is:

A) suction curettage.
B) dilation and evacuation.
C) prostaglandin induction.
D) intact dilation and evacuation.

Question 49

Viability is a term used to describe the:

A) health of the infant in the first six months.
B) health of the mother postpartum.
C) ability of the fetus to survive independently of the woman's body.
D) integrity of the sperm upon ejaculation.

Question 50

American women who seek to abort a pregnancy:

A) in the large majority of cases are in the second trimester of pregnancy.
B) rarely if ever already have children.
C) commonly are younger than 25 and have limited financial resources.
D) experience much greater access to abortion services now than women seeking abortions 30 years ago.

Question 51

Across the world, the highest rates of abortion are found in countries that:

A) provide comprehensive sex education in public schools.
B) provide easy access to inexpensive or free birth control and emergency contraception.
C) assist mothers by providing maternity leave, health care, education and training, and an adequate minimum wage.
D) severely restrict abortion and provide fewer social services for mothers.

Question 52

Which of the following is NOT cited in your text as reasons for choosing abortion?

A) Women who already have one or more children cite their desire to be a good parent and the difficulties in meeting their current responsibilities as a mother.
B) Women without children often say they are unprepared for motherhood.
C) The family is not financially able to support the child.
D) Women use abortion as a form of birth control.

Question 53

Suction curettage:

A) is generally performed after 18 weeks gestation.
B) usually is performed under local anesthesia and takes about 10 minutes.
C) is performed in late pregnancy in cases of severe fetal abnormality and/or to protect the mother's health.
D) has no known side effects or risks.

Question 54

The abortion procedure called prostaglandin induction:

A) is usually performed in the first trimester of pregnancy.
B) has a lower rate of side effects than all abortion procedures other than medical abortion.
C) involves using a combination of suction equipment, special forceps, and a curette to remove the fetal tissue from the uterus.
D) involves introducing a hormone that causes uterine contractions, which then expel the fetus and associated tissues.

Question 55

Which of the following is FALSE regarding women's emotional reactions to abortion?

A) Very religious women report feeling more worried about judgment by others following an abortion than women who are not highly religious.
B) Ninety percent of women report ongoing feelings of sadness, guilt, regret, and depression following abortion.
C) Women who feel the abortion was not primarily their decision and do not feel supported after it are more likely to experience emotional distress following abortion.
D) Research indicates that overall, the risk of mental health problems is no greater for women who abort than for women who continue unwanted pregnancies.

Question 56

Illegal abortion:

A) tends not to present health risks, because terminating a pregnancy is fairly easy and rarely invasive.
B) is more common in countries in which people have less access to contraception.
C) tends to be more common in countries in which women have access to legal abortion, which can be seen as a reflection of more accepting attitude toward abortion.
D) is very uncommon in countries in which the majority of the population identifies as Catholic.

Question 57

According to research findings, which of the following does NOT increase the likelihood of taking contraceptive risks?

A) Feeling comfortable about having sex as opposed to guilty
B) Using drugs and alcohol
C) A history of abuse
D) The fear of alienating partner by asking for his cooperation in using birth control

Question 58

With respect to the extent of involvement in his partner's abortion, the male partner:

A) has a legal right to demand an abortion.
B) has a legal right to deny an abortion.
C) can help pay medical expenses as a way to support his partner.
D) most likely will oppose his partner's decision to abort.

Question 59

When a fetus dies after 20 weeks of pregnancy, it is sometimes referred to as a(n):

A) elective abortion.
B) stillbirth.
C) miscarriage.
D) spontaneous abortion.

Question 60

Abortions performed in the first trimester:

A) are less medically risky than in the past but still have a higher death rate than delivery at term.
B) most often use the intact dilation and evacuation technique.
C) represent 90% of the total number of abortions.
D) are associated with a higher risk of miscarriage and birth defects with future pregnancies.

Question 61

Joan would never have an abortion, but she believes all women should have the right to make that decision for themselves. Her position would BEST be described as:

A) pro-life.
B) anti-abortion.
C) pro-choice.
D) pro-abortion.

Question 62

Laws requiring minors to have parental consent for abortion:

A) tend to decrease abortion rates, especially abortions in the second trimester.
B) serve the very useful purpose of requiring teenage girls to discuss their pregnancies with their parents, which most would not do without this legal requirement.
C) tend to delay teenagers' access to abortion.
D) are strongly endorsed by the American Medical Association, the American Academy of Pediatrics, and the American Academy of Family Physicians.

Question 63

Prior to implantation, a fertilized ovum is called a(n):

A) blastocyst.
B) fetus.
C) zygote.
D) embryo.

Question 64

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the current status of abortion in the United States?

A) The majority of the U.S. population opposes access to abortion under any circumstance.
B) The availability of abortion services has increased since the 1980s.
C) The availability of abortion services has declined since the 1980s.
D) States with more restrictive abortion laws have made efforts to compensate by providing more social services to lower income mothers and children.

Question 65

To reduce the risk of a variety of birth defects such as spinal cord abnormalities, the U.S. government recommends that a woman should consume a minimum of 400 mcg of folic acid per day if she is:

A) trying to conceive a child.
B) in her first trimester of pregnancy.
C) in her second or third trimester of pregnancy.
D) of childbearing age, regardless of whether she is pregnant or trying to conceive.

Question 66

To reduce the risk her baby will suffer from a variety of birth defects and complications, a pregnant woman should be sure to consume plenty of:

A) folic acid.
B) melatonin.
C) ethanol.
D) thioglycolic acid.

Question 67

By the end of the ____, the internal organs of the fetus begin limited functioning.

A) first trimester
B) second trimester
C) third trimester
D) first month

Question 68

The sex of the fetus can often be distinguished by the:

A) first trimester.
B) second trimester.
C) third trimester.
D) first month.

Question 69

The Hyde Amendment:

A) restricted the use of federal Medicaid funds for abortion.
B) established that states are required to provide Medicaid funds for abortion.
C) defined viability at six months of pregnancy.
D) gave state legislatures the right to impose limitations on abortions.

Question 70

Juan just discovered that his wife is pregnant. Juan:

A) is very likely to experience psychosympathetic symptoms, such as the nausea or tiredness his wife is experiencing.
B) is much less likely than his wife to experience ambivalence about the pregnancy.
C) likely is concerned about the impending increase in financial responsibility.
D) most likely will not experience a significant emotional reaction until after his child is born.

Question 71

The multicellular descendant of the united sperm and ovum that implants on the wall of the uterus is known as the:

A) zygote.
B) blastocyst.
C) fetus.
D) placenta.

Question 72

In countries of the developing world:

A) infant and maternal mortality rates compare favorably with those in the United States and western Europe.
B) infant and maternal mortality rates have risen sharply in the last 20 years.
C) women tend to have more control over their reproductive choices than in developed nations.
D) more than 85% of women give birth with no medical help.

Question 73

What is the leading cause of developmental disabilities and birth defects in the United States?

A) Taking thalidomide during pregnancy
B) Maternal smoking during pregnancy
C) Fetal alcohol syndrome
D) Taking tetracycline during pregnancy

Question 74

Which of the following is true regarding sexuality during pregnancy?

A) Most research shows an increase in sexual interest and activity over the nine months of pregnancy.
B) In pregnancies with no risk factors, the woman can continue sexual activity and orgasm until the onset of labor.
C) Sexual interest tends to be highest for a woman during the first trimester of pregnancy.
D) Pregnancy does not affect sexual interest or behavior for most women.

Question 75

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of fetal alcohol syndrome?

A) Congenital heart defects
B) Excessive hair growth
C) Damage to the brain and nervous system
D) Below-normal IQ

Question 76

Adele, who is six weeks pregnant, just found out that a former male sexual partner is HIV positive. What should Adele do?

A) Seek out an abortion, because there is no way to prevent the spread of HIV to an unborn baby.
B) Get tested for HIV for her own sake, but she does not need to worry about her baby because HIV cannot be transmitted during pregnancy.
C) Not be concerned, because heterosexual HIV transmission is very rare in developed countries.
D) Get tested for HIV, because therapies are available to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV and to improve maternal and infant health.

Question 77

The vernix caseosa:

A) is a protective, waxy substance that covers the fetus.
B) implants on the wall of the uterus one week after fertilization.
C) is a reddish uterine discharge that is expelled after childbirth.
D) is a thick, yellowish fluid secreted by the breasts in late pregnancy.

Question 78

All of the following substances pass through the placenta EXCEPT for:

A) nutrients.
B) oxygen.
C) waste products.
D) maternal blood.

Question 79

During pregnancy:

A) most women feel only positive emotions.
B) most women feel only negative emotions.
C) a woman's degree of physical discomfort has little effect on her emotional state.
D) many women experience a mix of positive and negative emotions.

Question 80

Women who die in childbirth most often:

A) lived in countries other than the United States, which has one of the lowest maternal death rates in the world.
B) are of White rather than African American descent.
C) lived in sub-Saharan African or Southern Asia.
D) had access to prenatal care but chose not to use it.