Deck 9: Social Cognitive Theory

Question 1

Mr. Schreiber is called out of the classroom for several minutes. Before leaving, he tells his students to read the next ten pages in the text and answer the questions at the end of the chapter. A minute later, however, several students are talking about sports, other students, and what they're going to do after school. But Jada continues to read and formulate answers to the questions in the text. Jada's behavior is an example of

A) self-efficacy.
B) self-regulation.
C) self-control.
D) self-assessment.

Answer 1

self-control.

Question 2

Which of the following factors has not been shown to influence one's feelings about whether one can successfully complete a given task?

A) socioeconomic level
B) verbal persuasion
C) emotional reactions
D) observation of models

Answer 2

socioeconomic level

Question 3

Aubry, a sixth-grade student, remarks, "Analyzing fictional literature is too hard. I just can't do it." According to social cognitive theory, Aubry likely has low feelings of ______________ on tasks such as this.

A) self-esteem
B) self-description
C) self-efficacy
D) self-concept

Answer 3

self-efficacy

Question 4

Which of the following behaviors is indicative of a student in the forethought phase of Zimmerman's self-regulatory model?

A) focusing one's attention on the task
B) monitoring one's performance
C) thinking about the adequacy of one's performance
D) creating a strategy to achieve a goal

Question 5

A person's self-efficacy beliefs have been shown to affect all but which one of the following?

A) level of persistence
B) career aspirations
C) IQ scores
D) emotional state

Question 6

Roberto takes out his history book to read the assigned chapter for tomorrow's class. He ignores the music that is coming from his sister's room, thinks about how he will go about learning the material in the chapter, uses various note taking techniques, and records in his personal journal his level of satisfaction with the results. Roberto's behaviors reflect which part of Zimmerman's self-regulatory model?

A) self-reflection phase
B) forethought phase
C) performance phase
D) strategic planning phase

Question 7

Casey received a score of 88 on yesterday's exam and was quite pleased with the result because it was higher than the 79 she received on the last exam. After thinking about it for a while, she concluded that her improved performance was due to a more systematic use of study skills. Casey's behavior reflects which part of Zimmerman's self-regulatory model?

A) task analysis phase
B) self-reflection phase
C) forethought phase
D) performance phase

Question 8

Mari Jo is concerned about next week's social studies test and asks her best friend, Lindsay, to show her how to use concept mapping on a chapter of their textbook. Since Mari Jo thinks she and Lindsay are very much alike, she feels confident that she can learn to use this technique to improve her reading comprehension. Mari Jo's increased self-efficacy lowers her anxiety about next week's social studies test and motivates her to use concept mapping for her other subjects. This scenario demonstrates which of the following models of learning?

A) triadic reciprocal causation
B) reciprocal determinism
C) sociocultural causation
D) positive reinforcement

Question 9

Carmen feels very confident that she can put together a winning argument for the upcoming class debate on the pros and cons of preserving wilderness versus allowing it to be developed for commercial purposes. As a result, Carmen is likely to

A) prepare early by identifying and reading relevant articles.
B) wait until the last minute before preparing.
C) brag to her classmates that she knows she will be the winner of the debate.
D) try to find out what arguments her classmates will use.

Question 10

Which of the following is an example of a learning strategy?

A) constantly repeating a phone number to yourself in order to commit it to long-term memory
B) using the sentence "Every good boy does fine" to remember the notes of the lines on a treble staff (EGBDF)
C) looking through a chapter ahead of time, determining how to go about studying for the final, and thinking about how much time will be required for it
D) using elaborative rehearsal to master the concept of learning strategies

Question 11

Self-efficacy has been shown to affect which of the following?

A) persistence on a task
B) approaches to problem solving
C) career aspirations
D) All of these answers.

Question 12

Which of the following is not an example of a learning tactic?

A) Learning a social security number by breaking it into three chunks.
B) Organizing the first letters from the names of each of the Great Lakes into the word HOMES for easy recall.
C) Determining ahead of time how best to go about studying for the German exam you will have in three weeks.
D) Remembering the word "Mahalanobis" by thinking of your friend Hal riding on a bus (My Hal on a bus).

Question 13

Which of the following terms refers to how capable we feel we are, or how successful we feel we will be, when performing certain kinds of tasks?

A) self-description
B) self-esteem
C) self-efficacy
D) self-concept

Question 14

A student who tunes out distractions as the teacher explains a concept, thinks about how the information relates to real-life experiences, and makes a mental note of how well she understands the concept, is operating in which phase of Zimmerman's self-regulatory model?

A) performance phase
B) strategic-planning phase
C) self-reflection phase
D) forethought phase

Question 15

Because teachers expect students to become more independent as learners as they get older, students have to learn increasingly larger amounts of more complex material as they move through the grades, and students will have to be self-directed learners after they leave school in order to cope with the rapid pace of change, it is imperative that students acquire the skills of

A) self-regulation.
B) self-control.
C) self-awareness.
D) All of these answers.

Question 16

Which of the following students is exhibiting a characteristic of a self-regulated learner?

A) Julio works on the math problems at the end of the textbook chapter and ignores the conversation of his nearby classmates.
B) Roseanne tests her comprehension of the material she is reading by writing a short summary.
C) Winston is convinced that he can figure out how to do the chemistry experiment his teacher has just assigned.
D) All of these answers.

Question 17

Self-regulated learning refers to

A) creating a study environment that is conducive to meaningful learning.
B) formulating strategies and using tactics to meet the demands of a task.
C) believing that one has effective learning and problem-solving skills.
D) All of these answers.

Question 18

Cameron has set a goal of getting all A's on his report card for this term and has worked out a strategy that he thinks will achieve this goal. Which part of Zimmerman's self-regulatory model do these behaviors reflect?

A) self-reflection phase
B) forethought phase
C) performance phase
D) All of these answers.

Question 19

Which of the following statements is true of learning tactics?

A) They specify what must be done to achieve a long-term goal.
B) They are general learning techniques.
C) They are specific learning techniques.
D) They require a great deal of advance planning.

Question 20

Within social cognitive theory, the concept of self-regulation refers to

A) consistently using self-control skills in new situations.
B) controlling one's actions in the absence of external reinforcement or punishment.
C) how capable one feels one is to carry out a particular task.
D) the ability to accurately evaluate the effect of one's behaviors on achieving a goal.

Question 21

Note taking and reviewing notes are believed to improve learning because

A) they lead to better recognition and comprehension of new material.
B) they maximize the effects of maintenance rehearsal.
C) comprehension and retention of noted material is improved.
D) students who take notes tend to study for longer spans of time.

Question 22

If you take the first letter of each state that borders one of the Great Lakes and create the words IM NO WIMP to help you recall the names of those states, you are using a(n) _______________ mnemonic.

A) acronym
B) acrostic
C) method of loci
D) keyword

Question 23

Which of the following does not illustrate an emulation effect?

A) An underage drinker goes to a bar because earlier he had observed many underage drinkers there who were not asked by the management for identification.
B) A person attending a lecture wishes to ask the speaker a question during the course of the talk, but she decides against it because no one else has been interrupting the speaker to ask a question.
C) A person learning to ride a horse watches her instructor's jumping technique very carefully, then tries to copy it.
D) A boy who is interested in learning how to live in the wilderness with minimal tools gets a library book on survival in the wilderness.

Question 24

Whenever Rosa has to learn new material she thinks about all of the factors that could affect how well she learns that particular material and then creates a learning plan. One way of characterizing Rosa's behavior is to say that she is a __________________ learner.

A) strategic
B) self-regulated
C) mindful
D) All of these answers.

Question 25

Which one of the following statements is false regarding the tactic of note taking?

A) Note taking leads to better comprehension and retention of the noted material.
B) Reviewing notes increases student ability to recall information.
C) King found that students who use note taking outperformed those who used self-questioning and summarizing techniques.
D) It is unclear as to what constitutes a good set of notes or which specific conditions make it an effective tactic.

Question 26

Advantages of mnemonic devices stressed in the text include all but which of the following?

A) They help organize what is to be learned.
B) They facilitate maintenance rehearsal.
C) They provide retrieval cues.
D) They can be acquired by virtually all students.

Question 27

A social cognitive model of self-regulated skill learning proposed by Zimmerman contains four processes, three of which are observation, emulation, and self-control. Which of the following is the fourth process?

A) self-judgment
B) self-regulation
C) self-efficacy
D) self-motivation

Question 28

If you were trying to learn the names of the planets in order of distance from the sun by thinking of the sentence "Melinda's violet eyes make John stay up nights pondering," you would be using a(n) ______________ mnemonic device.

A) acronym
B) pegword
C) acrostic
D) method of loci

Question 29

The four conditioning principles discussed in the last chapter are reinforcement, extinction, generalization, and discrimination. You remember them by imagining walking into your living room and seeing the following: an extra beam in the ceiling to reinforce it; on the countertop an ant that you extinguish; a general sitting at your living room table eating lunch; and playing in the family room, a pair of twins between whom you must learn to discriminate . You are using a(n) _______________ to learn these conditioning principles.

A) acrostic
B) pegword
C) method of loci
D) acronym

Question 30

If you memorized the colors of the visible light spectrum by remembering the name ROY G BIV, you would be using a(n) _______________ mnemonic device.

A) acrostic
B) pegword
C) acronym
D) keyword

Question 31

The Spanish word for cat is gato, which looks and sounds somewhat like gate-o . If you visualize a cat sitting on an o-shaped gate to remember this Spanish word, you are using a(n) _______________ mnemonic.

A) method of loci
B) acronym
C) pegword
D) keyword

Question 32

Self-questioning is a highly recommended learning tactic because it leads to increased performance on tests of

A) recall.
B) comprehension.
C) knowledge integration.
D) All of these answers.

Question 33

Which of the following tactics is the least efficient means of learning new information?

A) elaborative rehearsal
B) chunking
C) rote memorization
D) acrostics

Question 34

You remember the French word for eyeglasses, "lunettes" (pronounced loo NET), by imagining yourself using eyeglasses to look across a lake at a loon. This mnemonic device is called

A) an acronym.
B) a keyword.
C) a pegword.
D) the method of loci.

Question 35

Caleb, a high school pitcher with an excellent arm, is having some trouble throwing strikes. As his coach, you would like to make use of Zimmerman's social cognitive model of self-regulated skill learning in hopes that it will help with his accuracy. With this in mind, you should have him

A) observe and model the behavior of a superior pitcher.
B) break down his pitching motion into a series of small steps and practice each step.
C) double his practice time.
D) read a good book on the mechanics of pitching.

Question 36

"Attaching" information to familiar, physical locations in order to better recall it is the essence of which type of mnemonic?

A) method of loci
B) acrostic
C) pegword
D) acronym

Question 37

When we say that a student is a mindful learner, we mean that the student

A) pays close attention to what the teacher says and takes verbatim notes.
B) alters his or her approach to learning as circumstances change.
C) always follows the teacher's directions to the letter.
D) is so wrapped up in his or her own thinking that much of what the teacher says is missed.

Question 38

If you create the sentence "Men very easily make jugs serve useful new purposes" and then use the first letters of each word to help you recall the name of each planet in our solar system, you are using a(n) _____________ mnemonic.

A) acronym
B) acrostic
C) method of loci
D) keyword

Question 39

Which of the following is not a reason why mnemonic devices are effective?

A) Organization and structure are provided.
B) Material is maintained in working memory.
C) Retrieval cues are paired with the material.
D) The learner has to be an active participant.

Question 40

Research suggests that self-regulated learning skills are best learned in which of the following sequences?

A) observation, emulation, self-regulation, self-control
B) observation, emulation, self-control, self-regulation
C) self-control, self-regulation, observation, emulation
D) self-regulation, self-control, observation, emulation

Question 41

Give an example of an acronym and explain how such a mnemonic device works.

Question 42

Explain why students should acquire self-regulation skills.

Question 43

Define the term learning tactic and tell how this concept relates to learning strategies.

Question 44

Define and give an example of the concept of self-control as an aspect of social cognitive theory.

Question 45

If an English composition teacher came to you and asked for a suggestion to improve the quality of students' writing that was based on social cognitive research, what would you say?

A) The best way to improve one's writing is to practice writing.
B) Give students lots of opportunities to practice writing and then have them grade each other's papers.
C) Provide detailed lessons on the mechanics of writing followed by praise for correct use of mechanics.
D) Provide opportunities for students to observe peers who think aloud as they write.

Question 46

Some of your colleagues have praised computer programs that allow students more latitude to decide what information they will view and the sequence in which they will view it. But before deciding if you will use such programs, you consult the research literature. What does the research say about the desirability of this feature?

A) Students who are deficient in self-regulated learning skills learn more with programs that offer learner control.
B) Many students become disoriented when allowed to control their path through a program.
C) Boys learn more with programs that offer learner control.
D) Students of all types learn more with programs that offer learner control.

Question 47

Within the context of social cognitive theory, what does the concept of self-efficacy mean?

Question 48

Social cognitive research suggests that the best way to raise students' self-efficacy for mathematical problem solving is to

A) provide students with detailed written instructions for solving mathematical problems.
B) have students observe you as you successfully solve mathematical problems.
C) have students observe peers who successfully solve mathematical problems.
D) have students observe adults as they successfully solve mathematical problems.

Question 49

Note the types of behaviors you would expect to see a self-regulated learner exhibit with respect to the self-control and self-observation components of the performance phase of Zimmerman's self-regulatory model.

Question 50

From the standpoint of social cognitive research, which of the following features would you look for in a computer simulation program?

A) A program that models and explains various problem-solving procedures.
B) A program that provides clear and detailed problem-solving instructions and tips.
C) A program that combines animation, sound, and text.
D) A virtual reality environment.

Question 51

Describe the components and dynamics of Albert Bandura's triadic reciprocal causation model.

Question 52

Which of the following is not true of reciprocal teaching?

A) Reciprocal teaching improves reading comprehension scores, but the gains fade unless maintained by constant teacher support.
B) Reciprocal teaching involved pairs of students alternately playing the role of teacher and student.
C) Reciprocal teaching is based on Vygotsky's zone of proximal development.
D) Reciprocal teaching gives students the opportunity to learn how to summarize, question, clarify, and predict upcoming events as they read.

Question 53

Define the term learning strategy.

Question 54

Which of the following statements best reflects the research on the relationship between epistemological beliefs and achievement?

A) There is no relationship between epistemological beliefs and achievement.
B) The relationship between epistemological beliefs and achievement is weak and inconsistent.
C) Students with more advanced epistemological beliefs earned higher grades than students with less advanced epistemological beliefs.
D) Students with less advanced epistemological beliefs earned higher grades than students with more advanced epistemological beliefs.

Question 55

Note the types of behaviors you would expect to see a self-regulated learner exhibit with respect to the task analysis and self-motivational components of the forethought phase of Zimmerman's self-regulatory model.

Question 56

Note the types of behaviors you would expect to see a self-regulated learner exhibit with respect to the self-judgment and self-reaction components of the self-reflection phase of Zimmerman's self-regulatory model.

Question 57

Describe four types of behaviors that are influenced by one's self-efficacy appraisals.

Question 58

Discuss the effectiveness of rote rehearsal as a learning tactic for long-term memory and retrieval.

Question 59

Define self-regulated learning.

Question 60

Imagine a newspaper ad that read "Wanted: teaching that requires extensive peer interaction and is based on Vygotsky's zone of proximal development. Additional qualifications include the allowance of student summarization, questioning, clarification, and prediction opportunities." This want ad could best be answered by which of the following?

A) social learning instruction
B) programmed instruction
C) reciprocal teaching
D) direct instruction

Question 61

Explain two possible benefits of taking notes.

Question 62

Describe the basic goal of reciprocal teaching programs and the ways this goal is accomplished.

Question 63

What are the benefits of using self-questioning as a learning tactic?

Question 64

Define self-efficacy, provide a brief example, explain the role it plays in self-regulation, and note the four factors that affect it.

Question 65

Describe what it means to be a self-regulated learner. Include in your answer the concepts of strategy and tactics.

Question 66

Give an example of an acrostic and explain how such a mnemonic device works.

Question 67

Summarize research findings on the effect of modeling on students' self-efficacy for mathematical problem solving and math achievement.

Question 68

Why are mnemonic devices effective?

Question 69

Explain why students should be helped to become mindful learners.

Question 70

Explain how computer-based instructional programs can be used as a way to implement the principles of social cognitive theory.

Question 71

Describe the loci method for learning information.

Question 72

Describe the keyword method for learning information.

Question 73

Describe the four ways in which individuals emulate the behavior of a model.

Question 74

Define self-control and self-regulation, provide a brief example of each, and explain what role they play in social cognitive theory.

Question 75

Describe the role of observational learning in the acquisition of self-regulated learning skills.

Question 76

Describe the triadic reciprocal causation model and note its relationship to social cognitive theory. Provide an example of how the model works.