Deck 15: Computers and Basic Psychological Science in Testing

Question 1

The first step in a cognitive-behavioral assessment is to

A)develop reinforcers.
B)identify critical behaviors.
C)determine a baseline.
D)determine the cause of the problem behavior.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Dr. Moore was convinced he would not be able to help his client control his compulsive overeating, unless he discovered the reason behind the behavior. Therefore, the tests he used were intended to examine these underlying causes. Dr. Moore was following the

A)biopsychosocial model.
B)psychoanalytic approach.
C)cognitive approach.
D)medical model.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Cognitive-behavioral and traditional procedures differ in that

A)cognitive-behavioral procedures are more direct and remain closer to observable behaviors.
B)traditional procedures have fewer inferential assumptions.
C)traditional procedures measure the overt manifestations of psychological disorders.
D)cognitive-behavioral procedures tend to be based on the medical model.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Cognitive-behavioral self-report techniques

A)are superior to traditional self-report techniques.
B)attempt to deal with the problems in obtaining observational data.
C)are generally well supported in terms of reliability and validity.
D)are best categorized as a technique of psychophysiological assessment.

Question 5

Pat is constantly cleaning and re-cleaning the house and cannot seem to stop doing so. Pat's behavior is beginning to interfere in other areas of life and cause others, as well as Pat, great concern and distress. Pat's behavior would be described as a(n)

A)phobia.
B)behavioral deficit.
C)behavioral excess.
D)dysthymic disorder.

Question 6

Which of the following problems are inappropriate for operant techniques?

A)eating problems
B)studying problems
C)losing weight
D)general dissatisfaction with life

Question 7

Which procedure is designed to minimize the effect that the presence of an observer has on the behavior that is being observed?

A)operant
B)self-report
C)extinction
D)psychophysical

Question 8

A behavioral assessment that involves evaluating the current frequency of a behavior, designing a treatment intervention using reinforcement, and then evaluating the effect of the treatment relative to a baseline, is based on

A)classical conditioning.
B)psychosocial effects.
C)operant conditioning.
D)backward conditioning.

Question 9

Ken is having trouble at work because his boss takes advantage of him and gives him twice as much work as anyone else. Ken has trouble saying 'no' to his boss but then gets very angry because of all the work he has to do. Ken's therapist is likely to use the ____ in order to assess Ken's behavior in this particular situation.

A)Assertive Behavior Survey Schedule
B)Miller Analogies Test
C)Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory
D)Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

Question 10

The major distinction between cognitive-behavioral and traditional self-report procedures is that

A)cognitive-behavioral assessment deals mostly with issues of intelligence.
B)traditional self report procedures ask questions about autobiographical memory.
C)the former is used with children and the later is used with adults.
D)cognitive-behavioral assessment has concentrated on the phenomenon of fear.

Question 11

Cognitive-behavioral assessments focus on ____ as the main problem in a disorder.

A)the behavior
B)repressed memory
C)previous trauma
D)personality

Question 12

Joey's parents went to a therapist to help them overcome Joey's fear of going to school. Before she helped them create a reward system for each time their son went to school without crying, the therapist first determined the severity and frequency of the behavior. The therapist was

A)establishing a baseline.
B)developing a diagnosis.
C)establishing rapport.
D)assessing the cause of behavior.

Question 13

Which type of therapy is based on principles of learning?

A)cognitive
B)client-centered
C)behavior modification
D)personality

Question 14

All of the cognitive-behavioral assessment procedures

A)are more direct than traditional psychological tests.
B)can be collectively categorized as observational assessment.
C)are based on learning principles.
D)employ sophisticated hardware such as electronic beepers.

Question 15

Organized cognitive frameworks that help organize experiences, interpret new experiences, and make predictions about what is likely to happen in the future are called

A)schemas.
B)self-concepts.
C)biases.
D)prototypes.

Question 16

The evaluation of the frequency, intensity, and duration of a behavior is known as

A)behavioral assessment.
B)establishing a baseline.
C)a critical response.
D)operant conditioning.

Question 17

Which of the following models assumes that overt manifestations of psychopathology are only symptoms of an underlying problem?

A)Kanfer and Saslow's model
B)the operant conditioning model
C)the medical model
D)the social ecology model

Question 18

Cognitive-behavioral self-reports are best used in conjunction with other sources of information because

A)they only address a small number of behaviors.
B)they are very difficult to administer.
C)little psychometric data is available for any of them.
D)very few such tests even exist.

Question 19

When traditional and cognitive-behavioral procedures are compared,

A)traditional procedures are clearly superior.
B)traditional procedures are more related to treatment.
C)both are based on the same underlying philosophy.
D)cognitive-behavioral procedures are more related to treatment.

Question 20

Tests based on behavior modification and used as an alternative to traditional tests are known as

A)projective assessments.
B)cognitive-behavioral assessments.
C)personality tests.
D)psychoanalytic assessments.

Question 21

Elise, a bright four year-old, is very reluctant to try new foods. In fact, she has become unwilling to eat anything other than chicken nuggets, macaroni and cheese, and french fries.  What is most likely the critical behavior?

A)fear of getting fat
B)refusing new foods
C)being a difficult child
D)maternal control

Question 22

Which of the following researchers is associated with cognitive functional analysis?

A)Ax
B)Azrin
C)Kanfer
D)Meichenbaum

Question 23

The Fear Survey Schedule (FSS)is an example of

A)a self-report technique.
B)Kanfer and Saslow's Functional Approach.
C)a psychophysiological assessment.
D)a psychophysical procedure.

Question 24

Generally, all of the problems of early structured personality tests apply to

A)self-report techniques.
B)Kanfer and Saslow's Functional Approach.
C)psychophysiological assessment.
D)psychophysical procedures.

Question 25

The Fear Survey Schedule (FSS)is an example of a

A)traditional psychological test.
B)self-report measure.
C)projective behavioral test.
D)psychophysiological procedure.

Question 26

In an interview, the tendency for a person to respond in a way that makes them look good in the eyes of the interviewer is known as

A)self efficacy.
B)social desirability.
C)attribution bias.
D)self concept.

Question 27

Why are self-report methods often preferred to observer methods?

A)The mere presence of an observer can influence the occurrence of the target behaviors.
B)Self-report measures allow the individual to feel more in control of the situation.
C)The mere act of self-report typically induces the desired changes.
D)Insurance companies will not pay for observer ratings.

Question 28

Who proposed the use of a self-report battery?

A)Kanfer and Saslow
B)McFall and Lillesand
C)Cautela and Upper
D)Mahoney and Ward

Question 29

Research has indicated that self-statements

A)influence behavior.
B)are unrelated to overt behavior.
C)cannot be assessed.
D)are caused by environmental contingencies.

Question 30

When cognitive-behavioral assessment methods are compared to traditional assessments, cognitive-behavioral assessments

A)make fewer inferential assumptions.
B)are plagued with problems related to definition.
C)have fallen into disfavor.
D)are generally of lower reliability and validity.

Question 31

Self-report techniques of cognitive-behavioral assessment

A)tend to focus on situations that lead to particular response patterns.
B)implicitly assume construct validity.
C)include such procedures as the Woodworth Personal Data Sheet.
D)focus primarily on underlying personality traits.

Question 32

The Fear Survey Schedule (FSS)attempts to identify

A)those individuals most likely to be fearful in a variety of situations.
B)internal characteristics that lead to fear responses.
C)situations that elicit fear and avoidance.
D)the circumstances under which typically fearful people are less likely to be afraid.

Question 33

Procedures and tools that are intended to increase a subject's awareness of a particular behavior by providing feedback are known as

A)projective tests.
B)personal profiles.
C)structured tests.
D)self monitoring devices.

Question 34

What technique emphasizes behavioral deficits and excesses?

A)self-report techniques
B)Kanfer and Saslow's Functional Approach
C)psychophysiological assessment
D)psychophysical procedures

Question 35

The school counselor has administered the ____ to Danielle to assess her belief that unless she gets an A in all of her courses, she will be viewed as stupid and incompetent.

A)WAIS
B)FSS
C)IBT
D)DAS

Question 36

Brenda's therapist is helping her to identify how she might be keeping herself from succeeding in various tasks by assessing the kinds of self-statements she makes. This is one of the most important functions of a(n)

A)cognitive functional analysis.
B)personality test.
C)projective test.
D)factor analysis.

Question 37

The functional (behavior-analytic)approach to assessment is a product of

A)the Self-Report Battery.
B)Meichenbaum.
C)Kanfer and Saslow.
D)the Fear Survey Schedule.

Question 38

Research indicates that the effects of social desirability are ____ in computer-administered interviews as compared to face-to-face interviews.

A)increased
B)decreased
C)about the same
D)increased for sensitive subject areas

Question 39

Paulo has been very disrespectful to his older sister and it is causing family conflict. The target behavior has been identified as insulting comments, and it is categorized as a behavioral excess. What is the next step?

A)Asking Paulo why he is so rude
B)Determining a baseline for rude comments
C)Experimenting with what it will take for Paulo to stop being rude
D)Identifying the stimulus antecedents

Question 40

The first step in a cognitive-behavioral assessment is to

A)develop reinforcers.
B)identify critical behaviors.
C)determine a baseline.
D)determine the cause of the problem behavior.

Question 41

What is the goal of the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale?

A)To identify schemas that predispose individuals to pathological behaviors
B)To assess the extent to which bad attitudes cause unacceptable behavior
C)To determine whether bias and prejudice contribute to interpersonal problems
D)To measure the impact of low expectations on school and other achievement

Question 42

For his patients who have a fear of flying, Dr. Davidson uses a computer to mimic the effects of airplane travel. This is known as

A)virtual reality.
B)operant conditioning.
C)functional assessment.
D)psychoanalytic assessment.

Question 43

Which of the following has been an impediment to the widespread use of computers in cognitive-behavioral assessment?

A)questionable reliability
B)lack of acceptance by practitioners
C)difficulty with computerized test administration
D)unreliable scoring of behavioral data

Question 44

What approach may use an electronic device to measure heart rate and blood pressure?

A)self-report techniques
B)Kanfer and Saslow's Functional Approach
C)psychophysiological assessment
D)psychophysical procedures

Question 45

In general, the results of computerized testing are ____ when compared to paper and pencil testing.

A)lower
B)lower for adults, but not for children
C)less accurate
D)about the same

Question 46

Which of the following is true of cognitive-behavioral self-report procedures?

A)They are not yet well-established clinical tools.
B)They are strongly preferred by most clinicians.
C)They require substantial skill to administer, score, and interpret.
D)They typically lack face validity.

Question 47

Researchers are able to compensate for differences in the testing environment of subjects who respond via the Internet by

A)publishing clearly stated instructions on the web site.
B)eliminating outliers.
C)the sheer increase of the sample size generated on the web.
D)by limiting access to their web page to pre-qualified participants.

Question 48

One problem in psychophysiological assessment is that

A)no relationship has been found between physiological processes and cognitive processes.
B)there may be artifacts.
C) they are too time intensive.
D)they are not cost-effective.

Question 49

Iconic storage refers to

A)the memories of negative self-statements.
B)a brief perceptual memory system.
C)the development of schemas.
D)the rate of GSR.

Question 50

Jessica and her twin brother took a college entrance exam via computer. When talking afterwards, they found they had responded to different questions. The computer provided each question based on how well they had done on the previous question. This is known as

A)individualized testing.
B)computer adaptive testing.
C)selective assessment.
D)projective testing.

Question 51

Which test has been adapted for use with adults who have intellectual disabilities?

A)ABSS
B)TAT
C)MSAT
D)FSS

Question 52

In comparison to the Irrational Beliefs Test (IBT), the Irrational Beliefs Inventory (IBI) ​

A)is much longer and more complex.
B)focuses on cognitions rather than negative affect.
C)lacks consistent psychometric properties across cultures.
D)is less useful in clinical settings.

Question 53

In psychology, psychophysiologic hardware

A)is of limited use.
B)may increase the scientific quality of psychological tests.
C)often causes more harm than good.
D)cannot be integrated into psychological testing procedures.

Question 54

The premise underlying a Cognitive Functional Analysis is that

A)overt behavior rather than underlying causes should be the primary focus of the assessment.
B)what a person says to himself or herself plays a critical role in behavior.
C)assessment of the internal dialogue has no place in the cognitive-behavioral assessment process.
D)self-report procedures are they only useful technique in cognitive-behavioral assessment.

Question 55

A problem encountered in computer adaptive testing is that

A)expense usually increases.
B)they generally require more time to administer.
C)test takers cannot go back and change their answers.
D)it takes a long time to find out your score.

Question 56

Indicators such as heart rate, blood pressure, and GSR are used in ​

A)psychophysiological procedures.
B)cognitive functional analysis.
C)cognitive-behavioral assessment.
D)signal detection procedures.

Question 57

In cognitive-behavioral approaches, the primary determinant of the behavior is viewed as

A)the individual's attitudes
B)the situation
C)the reinforcement history
D)lack of learning and knowledge

Question 58

Which of the following researchers in psychophysiological assessment demonstrated that the fear response was related to specific physiological changes?

A)Klinger
B)Powell
C)Azrin
D)Ax

Question 59

Which of the following individuals can be given credit for his or her involvement in psychophysical and signal detection procedures?

A)Saccuzzo
B)Kaplan
C)Kelly
D)Meichenbaum

Question 60

A signal detection procedure may be used in

A)self-report techniques.
B)Kanfer and Saslow's Functional Approach.
C)psychophysiological assessment.
D)psychophysical procedures.

Question 61

Describe the differences between cognitive-behavioral assessment procedures and the medical model of assessment.

Question 62

Choose a behavior that you would like to increase or decrease. Plan an intervention using the steps outlined in the text (Table 15-3). What reinforcers did you choose? How effective was the intervention?

Question 63

Eliza, the computer program developed to emulate the behavior of a psychotherapist

A)produced a superficial interaction with clients.
B)engendered positive emotions and a connection with clients.
C)was unable to exhibit empathy.
D)used a cognitive-behavioral approach.

Question 64

Cognitive-behavioral self-report techniques

A)are not psychometrically established instruments.
B)have higher validity than observational techniques.
C)are no longer used.
D)are few.

Question 65

A cognitive-behavioral intervention has failed when the critical behavior

A)is formed.
B)remains at or above baseline levels.
C)is modified in any way.
D)drops below the baseline.

Question 66

Explain how operant conditioning is applied in cognitive-behavioral interventions.

Question 67

In the ideal situation, the behavioral observer will be

A)an untrained, objective individual unknown to the subject or the behavior modification process.
B)a parent or other person with intimate knowledge of the subject.
C)a practitioner or trained assistant.
D)a familiar individual that the subject is comfortable with but that can be more objective than a parent (e.g. a teacher)

Question 68

Which of the following scales was developed to evaluate negative schemas?

A)Assertive Behavior Survey Schedule
B)Irrational Beliefs Test
C)The Dysfunctional Attitude Scale
D)The Fear Survey Schedule

Question 69

To score psychological tests such as educational, personality, and/or psychopathology measurement,

A)a trained individual should be involved in the scoring process.
B)computers are taking a major role.
C)computers started replacing almost all the psychopathological tests.
D)computer-based scoring is not recommended.

Question 70

The operant approach is characterized by

A)rewards for desired behaviors.
B)punishments for undesired behaviors.
C)classical conditioning.
D)social learning.

Question 71

Intervention to address negative self-statements involves

A)forming more neutral self-statements.
B)eliminating the negative self-statements.
C)increasing positive self-statements.
D)learning how to avoid any type of self-statement.

Question 72

Internet administration of psychological tests is generally

A)adequate.
B)not recommended.
C)better than other methods.
D)worse than paper and pencil tests.

Question 73

Cognitive-behavioral assessment can include an evaluation of the factors that ________ disordered behavior

A)precede
B)coexist with
C)maintain
D)all of the above

Question 74

One potential drawback to the computerization of traditional tests is that

A)there is a significant reduction in reliability.
B)interpretations based on computer programs must be viewed with caution.
C)computerized test administration is cumbersome.
D)there is a significant decrease in validity.

Question 75

Identify, discuss, and evaluate psychophysiologic procedures used in psychological settings.

Question 76

What are some of the advantages and disadvantages of computer-administered testing? When would you tend to avoid their use and how should these drawbacks be handled?