Deck 7: Human Memory

Question 1

The deepest level of processing of information in memory, emphasizing the meaning of the information being processed, is ​

A)the triarchic level of encoding.
B)the semantic level of encoding. ​
C)attentional encoding. ​
D)dyadic encoding. ​

Answer 1

the semantic level of encoding. ​

Question 2

Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines ​

A)perception.
B)processing. ​
C)attention. ​
D)sensation. ​

Answer 2

attention. ​

Question 3

The shallowest level of processing of verbal information is _____ encoding.

A)structural
B)semantic
C)verbal
D)phonemic

Answer 3

structural

Question 4

As part of a memory test, Xavier was given a list of words that included dog, pail, and hate. Later, he recalled these words as log, whale, and late. Xavier's errors in recall suggest that he had encoded the original word list ​

A)phonemically.
B)structurally. ​
C)semantically. ​
D)retroactively. ​

Question 5

If you were attempting to recall a memory, the memory process you would be using is ​

A)encoding.
B)storage. ​
C)retrieval. ​
D)acquisition. ​

Question 6

Naomi is studying for her law exam. While she is studying, she is trying to think of as many examples as she can to illustrate key ideas. In this case, Naomi is using ​

A)an efficient study strategy, because examples should help her to recall key ideas.
B)an ineffective study strategy that will probably cause her to confuse many of the key ideas. ​
C)shallow processing that does not focus on the underlying meaning of the material she is reading. ​
D)the linking method, to create a more complete semantic network. ​

Question 7

Norm is studying for his law exam. While he is studying, he is trying to think of as many examples as he can to illustrate key ideas. In this case, Norm is using ​

A)elaboration.
B)visual imagery. ​
C)self-referent encoding. ​
D)phonemic encoding. ​

Question 8

Kwan is driving to campus and his phone rings. Based on the results of studies on divided attention, which of the following BEST explains if Kwan should answer the phone?

A)No, he would experience a negative impact on his driving behavior since he would focus more on the phone call than on traffic signals.
B)He should only answer the phone if he is an experienced driver who is driving in a familiar location.
C)Yes, his attention system will allow him to process both traffic information and his phone conversation equally.
D)He should only answer the phone if he has a hands-free device, so that he is not distracted by having to hold the phone.

Question 9

As part of a memory test, Kiana was given a list of words that included dog, pail, and hate. Later, she recalled these words as dig, paint, and hard. Kiana's errors in recall suggest that she had encoded the original word list ​

A)phonemically.
B)semantically. ​
C)implicitly. ​
D)structurally. ​

Question 10

The basic process in memory that involves formation of a memory code is ​

A)encoding.
B)storage. ​
C)retrieval. ​
D)sensation. ​

Question 11

A memory code that emphasizes the meaning of verbal input is called a(n) _____ code.

A)structural
B)phonemic
C)semantic
D)episodic

Question 12

Which of the following levels of processing should result in the longest lasting memory codes?

A)Structural encoding
B)Mnemonic encoding
C)Semantic encoding
D)Phonemic encoding

Question 13

When individuals are instructed to divide their attention between a memory encoding task and other tasks, their performance on the encoding task generally shows ​

A)a marked improvement.
B)a small decline. ​
C)a large decline. ​
D)no significant change. ​

Question 14

If you are given a list of vocabulary words to study briefly before being tested on your memory of them, as you read through the list, you should ​

A)count how many letters are in each word.
B)concentrate on the first letter of each word. ​
C)think of a word that rhymes with each word. ​
D)use each word in a sentence. ​

Question 15

As part of a memory test, Taryn was given a list of words that included dog, pail, and hate. Later, she recalled these words as pup, bucket, and loathe. Taryn's errors in recall suggest that she had encoded the original word list

A)proactively.
B)semantically. ​
C)phonemically. ​
D)structurally. ​

Question 16

In which of the following levels of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?

A)Morphemic
B)Phonemic
C)Mnemonic
D)Semantic

Question 17

The memory process of storage involves ​

A)recovering information from memory stores.
B)forming a memory code. ​
C)linking new information to other information. ​
D)maintaining information in memory over time. ​

Question 18

In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be

A)maintained.
B)modeled.
C)retrieved.
D)encoded.

Question 19

Shayla is able to retain the vocabulary she learned in her first semester Spanish class after the class has ended. The main memory process that accounts for the fact that Shayla can hold information in her memory for extended periods of time is ​

A)encoding.
B)retrieval. ​
C)chunking. ​
D)storage. ​

Question 20

Two students took a memory test that involved 20 nouns shown sequentially on a TV monitor. Mallory tried to think of rhymes for each word as it appeared on the monitor; Bailey tried to think of ways each word could be used in a sentence. Based on Craik and Lockhart's levels-of-processing theory, you should predict that ​

A)Mallory will have better recall of the words because she used semantic encoding.
B)both students should have equivalent recall of the words. ​
C)Bailey will have better recall of the words because she used semantic encoding. ​
D)Bailey will have poorer recall of the words because she used structural encoding. ​

Question 21

You look up the phone number of the new pizza restaurant down the street and repeat the number silently in your head until you find a pad of paper to write it down. The process of actively repeating the number is called ​

A)chunking.
B)rehearsal. ​
C)encoding. ​
D)retrieval. ​

Question 22

The function of sensory memory is to ​

A)put information into long-term memory.
B)hold the immediate perception of what was perceived. ​
C)provide additional time to recognize stimuli. ​
D)hold information for a lifetime. ​

Question 23

When studying for her psychology exam, Amy would read each word from the list of key terms at the end of the chapter, read the definition of the term, and then think of an example that illustrated each term. Amy was using the process of _____ to hopefully enhance her memory of the terms.

A)elaboration
B)expanded attention
C)retrieval
D)imagery

Question 24

Which of the following researchers conducted a classic experiment that demonstrated the brief duration of information in sensory memory? ​

A)Richard Atkinson
B)Hermann Ebbinghaus ​
C)George Miller ​
D)George Sperling ​

Question 25

You are absorbed in reading your psychology text when the phone rings. After talking on the phone, you can't remember the last thing you read. This information was lost from _____ memory, because the phone conversation distracted you from _____ the information.

A)sensory; perceiving
B)short-term; rehearsing
C)long-term; rehearsing
D)long-term; retrieving

Question 26

Recent research suggests that strong motivation to remember something may actually enhance memory, but only if the motivation is present at the time of ​

A)retrieval.
B)encoding. ​
C)storage. ​
D)interference. ​

Question 27

Cindy is watching her little sister as she skips rope. As long as the rope is turning, all Cindy can see is a blur of color. She can only make out the shape of the skipping rope when her sister stops skipping. The "blurred" image that Cindy sees while the rope is moving results from the way in which ​

A)flashbulb memories are formed.
B)episodic memory is encoded. ​
C)sensory memory works. ​
D)rehearsal works in short-term memory. ​

Question 28

Which of the following is NOT listed in the textbook as a method to enrich encoding of to-be-stored information?

A)Motivation to remember
B)Visual imagery
C)Rote memorization
D)Elaboration

Question 29

When their mom took them to the store yesterday, she asked David and Andrew to help her remember to buy apples. While David focused his attention on how apples were his favorite fruit, Andrew thought of seeing a bag of big red apples in the shopping cart. David was using _____ and Andrew _____.

A)elaboration; structural encoding
B)elaboration; visual imagery
C)phonemic encoding; structural encoding
D)phonemic encoding; visual imagery

Question 30

Which of the following theories suggests that memory is enhanced by forming both semantic and visual codes?

A)Encoding-storage theory
B)Information-processing theory
C)Enhanced imagery theory
D)Dual-coding theory

Question 31

Erin is studying for her anatomy exam. While she is studying, she tries to create pictures in her mind to illustrate key ideas. In this case, Erin is using ​

A)elaboration.
B)visual imagery. ​
C)self-referent encoding. ​
D)phonemic encoding. ​

Question 32

As Kayla was introduced to the seven members of the committee who would be interviewing her for a scholarship, she silently repeated all the names to herself, in order. Kayla was using

A)chunking to increase the capacity of her short-term memory.
B)rehearsal to temporarily store the names in short-term memory.
C)filtering to temporarily block other information out of short-term memory.
D)acoustic encoding to process the names semantically.

Question 33

The dual-coding theory argues that memory is ​

A)enhanced by forming both semantic and visual codes.
B)composed of declarative and procedural elements. ​
C)composed of episodic and semantic codes. ​
D)composed of schematic and nonschematic elements. ​

Question 34

The memory improvement strategies of elaboration, using visual imagery, and engaging in deeper processing all involve which of the following memory processes?

A)Encoding
B)Storage
C)Retrieval
D)Interference

Question 35

Which of the following words should be easiest to remember using visual imagery?

A)Trust
B)Liberty
C)Automobile
D)Justice

Question 36

Sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory comprise the three components of

A)memory.
B)encoding.
C)retrieval.
D)storage.

Question 37

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory, which of the following is the first stage of memory processing?

A)Short-term memory
B)Sensory memory
C)Long-term memory
D)Semantic memory

Question 38

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory, the memory system that allows for the sensation of a visual pattern, sound, or touch to linger for a brief moment after the sensory stimulation is over is called _____ memory.

A)semantic
B)sensory
C)long-term
D)short-term

Question 39

Without rehearsal, the duration of short-term memory is

A)no longer than 1 second.
B)about 5 seconds.
C)about 20 seconds.
D)1- to 2 minutes.

Question 40

When you listen to a lecture, the information is held in _____ memory until you write it in your notes.

A)trace
B)sensory
C)short-term
D)long-term

Question 41

The _____ component of working memory controls the allocation of attention.

A)episodic buffer
B)semantic buffer
C)executive control system
D)visuospatial sketchpad

Question 42

Which of the following memory systems is referred to in your text as "working memory"?

A)Sensory memory
B)Short-term memory
C)Long-term memory
D)All of these collectively

Question 43

While driving with her two young children, Kathy's car broke down. She called her husband on her cell phone, and he told her the phone number of a towing company to call. If the children's behavior prevents her from repeating the phone number to herself, most likely Kathy will need to dial the phone number within the next _____ or she will forget the number.

A)minute
B)45 seconds
C)20 seconds
D)2 seconds

Question 44

According to Cowan, the capacity of short-term memory has been _____ because researchers have not controlled for _____ by participants.

A)overestimated; covert chunking
B)underestimated; covert chunking
C)overestimated; serial positioning
D)underestimated; serial positioning

Question 45

Jade rearranges the letters HI TRE DBA T into "hit red bat." This is an example of ​

A)chunking.
B)elaboration. ​
C)rehearsal. ​
D)clustering. ​

Question 46

Mia was trying to figure out how to fit the box that contained her new computer into the trunk of her car. She mentally manipulated the position of the box, trying to figure out a way to make it fit. Based on Baddeley's model of working memory, Mia was utilizing ​

A)the visuospatial sketchpad to mentally manipulate the box's position. ​
B)the phonological loop while she worked repeatedly on the problem. ​
C)the central executive system to juggle all the information she needed to consider. ​
D)her prospective memory to remember the actions she would need to perform. ​

Question 47

Research by George Miller suggested that the capacity of short-term memory is about _____ chunks of information.

A)3
B)5
C)7
D)12

Question 48

The _____ component of working memory serves as the interface between working and long-term memory.

A)episodic buffer
B)semantic buffer
C)executive control system
D)visuospatial sketchpad

Question 49

The stable ability to hold information in conscious attention is referred to as

A)working-memory capacity.
B)short-term memory.
C)long-term memory.
D)destination memory.

Question 50

Chunking involves ​

A)the internal repetition of material a person is trying to remember.
B)forming connections between new information and information already in memory. ​
C)creating visual images of information to be stored in memory. ​
D)rearranging incoming information into meaningful or familiar patterns. ​

Question 51

Which of the following researchers is known for identifying the capacity of short-term memory as "seven plus or minus two" items? ​

A)Richard Atkinson
B)Hermann Ebbinghaus ​
C)George Miller ​
D)George Sperling ​

Question 52

Which of the following memory stores can hold the FEWEST pieces of information?

A)Sensory
B)Short-term
C)Long-term
D)Declarative

Question 53

When you mentally picture the road between your house and school, you are relying on which of the following components of working memory?

A)Visuospatial sketchpad
B)Conceptual hierarchy
C)Rehearsal loop
D)Executive control system

Question 54

As Art was walking out the door of his apartment, he quickly ran through a mental list of all the things he was supposed to take with him. He went through the complete list of items four or five times just to make sure he hadn't forgotten anything. Based on Baddeley's model of working memory, Art was utilizing

A)the visuospatial sketchpad to arrange all the information he needed.
B)the phonological loop to temporarily hold his list of essential items.
C)the central executive system to juggle all the information he needed to consider.
D)his prospective memory to remember the actions he still needed to perform.

Question 55

Rehearsal is MOST beneficial for maintaining information in _____ memory.

A)sensory
B)short-term
C)intermediate-term
D)long-term

Question 56

Mark is listening as his roommate lists 14 things that they need to buy for their apartment before the end of the week. Based on George Miller's research into the capacity of short-term memory, if Mark doesn't write the items down as he hears them, he is MOST likely to remember

A)less than 5 of the items from the list.
B)approximately 10 to 12 items from the list.
C)the entire list.
D)between 5 and 9 items from the list.

Question 57

A personal trait that is influenced by heredity and appears to play a role in intelligence and musical ability is

A)semantic encoding .
B)sensory memory.
C)working memory capacity.
D)elaboration.

Question 58

Which of the following statements concerning short-term memory is NOT accurate?

A)Short-term memory is also referred to as working memory.
B)The storage capacity of short-term memory is approximately seven items .
C)Unrehearsed information is usually maintained in short-term memory for approximately five minutes.
D)The capacity of short-term memory can be increased using chunking.

Question 59

Baddeley's concept of working memory ​

A)integrates sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory into a single, complex system.
B)expands the functions and processes of short-term memory. ​
C)takes the place of the old concept of sensory memory. ​
D)expands the functions and processes of long-term memory. ​

Question 60

While at a yard sale, you and your roommate find a great old sofa. As you are trying to decide if it will fit in your dorm room if you rearrange the beds, dressers, and desks, you would be using the _____ component of working memory.

A)visuospatial sketchpad
B)semantic buffer
C)executive control system
D)phonological rehearsal loop

Question 61

Christine says the birthday party she just attended was a lot of fun: "We played games, had cake and ice cream, and got goodie bags." In reality, the ice cream was served with a brownie and not birthday cake. Christine's inaccurate memory MOST likely resulted from

A)her birthday party schema.
B)the misinformation effect.
C)the source-monitoring error.
D)repression.

Question 62

An organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or event abstracted from previous experiences with the object or event is known as a

A)schema.
B)cluster.
C)stereotype.
D)category.

Question 63

Which of the following statements concerning schemas is NOT correct?

A)Schemas sometimes cause individuals to remember information inaccurately.
B)Schemas usually result in increasing the accuracy of an individual's memory.
C)People are more likely to remember things that are consistent with their schemas.
D)Schemas sometimes make individuals more likely to remember unusual events.

Question 64

A student's set of expectations about how a college professor is supposed to act is an example of a

A)schema.
B)chunk.
C)semantic network.
D)script.

Question 65

A multilevel classification system based on common properties among items is called a

A)script.
B)schema.
C)conceptual hierarchy.
D)mnemonic device.

Question 66

Maria is trying to recall the names of all 48 of the contiguous United States. She begins by naming the New England states, followed by the mid-Atlantic states, the states in the Southeast, the Midwest, the Southwest, and finally the states in the Pacific Northwest. Maria's pattern of recall illustrates the concept of ​

A)the primacy effect.
B)levels-of-processing. ​
C)the serial-position effect. ​
D)clustering. ​

Question 67

Miles has very vivid memories of a car accident he witnessed five years ago. When he closes his eyes and thinks about the accident, he feels as if he can recall every detail of it, right down to the brand name printed on the tires of one of the cars. This type of memory is called _____ memory.

A)sensory
B)procedural
C)a flashbulb
D)an implicit

Question 68

When information in long-term memory (LTM) is organized according to a clustering principle, it means that ​

A)items that occurred close together in time are grouped together in LTM.
B)related items tend to be remembered in groups or categories. ​
C)words that look alike are grouped together in LTM. ​
D)people create a network of nodes in LTM, with links to related concepts. ​

Question 69

Information decays LEAST rapidly in _____ memory.

A)time-based
B)sensory
C)short-term
D)long-term

Question 70

Brock was describing the inside of his doctor's office to one of his friends. In his description, he mentioned that there were two diplomas on the wall, even though this doctor does not have any diplomas displayed. Brock's error in recall illustrates the

A)role of semantic networks in long-term memory.
B)need for conceptual hierarchies in long-term memory.
C)need for a good executive control system in short-term memory.
D)role of schemas in long-term memory.

Question 71

Meredith is trying to memorize the various eras and periods in the geologic table. She begins by memorizing the Cenozoic, Mesozoic, and Paleozoic as three eras. She then memorizes the three periods from the Cenozoic, the three periods from the Mesozoic, and the six periods from the Paleozoic. Meredith's method of organizing the material she is trying to remember illustrates the concept of

A)conceptual hierarchies.
B)levels-of-processing.
C)the serial-position effect.
D)source monitoring.

Question 72

Three friends are having a discussion about taxes, but the conversation is soon sidetracked as different statements bring up related ideas. The conversation drifts from taxes, to politicians, to the election, to fund-raising. This shift in the focus of the conversation is consistent with Collins and Loftus' theory of

A)prospective memory processes.
B)spreading activation within a semantic network.
C)schema-based recall of information.
D)mood-congruent memory.

Question 73

Adan has been trying to recall the name of the musical artist who released the song that was #1 when he was 14. Adan feels somewhat frustrated because he is certain he knows the artist's name, but he just can't seem to recall it at this moment. Adan is experiencing something referred to as ​

A)retrograde amnesia.
B)the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon. ​
C)proactive interference. ​
D)a source-monitoring error. ​

Question 74

If you try to remember something but cannot, yet you know the information is in your memory, you are experiencing the

A)tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.
B)pseudoamnesia phenomenon.
C)Krensky syndrome.
D)retrieval-delay phenomenon.

Question 75

The memory process of retrieval is associated with

A)only short-term memory.
B)only long-term memory.
C)both short- and long-term memory.
D)sensory, short-term, and long-term memory.

Question 76

The memory system that has an almost unlimited storage capacity is _____ memory.

A)time-based
B)long-term
C)working
D)auditory sensory

Question 77

According to the notion of semantic networks, which of the following pairs of words should be linked MOST closely?

A)car-nose
B)boat-goat
C)fill-feed
D)tree-bird

Question 78

Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called _____ memories.

A)episodic
B)flashbulb
C)sensory
D)nondeclarative

Question 79

Which of the following terms includes all of the others?

A)Semantic memory
B)Episodic memory
C)Long-term memory
D)Procedural memory

Question 80

Nodes representing concepts joined together by pathways that link related concepts comprise a(n)

A)clustering hierarchy.
B)organizational schema.
C)lexical ordering.
D)semantic network.