Deck 5: Variations in Consciousness

Question 1

The example of a new parent who sleeps through a loud thunderstorm, but wakes up the minute his newborn infant begins to cry is used to illustrate that during sleep, there is

A)no awareness of external stimuli.
B)a selective awareness of external stimuli. ​
C)no awareness of either external or internal stimuli. ​
D)an awareness of all external stimuli. ​

Answer 1

a selective awareness of external stimuli. ​

Question 2

The EEG pattern associated with normal, waking, alert states is

A)gamma.
B)beta. ​
C)alpha. ​
D)delta. ​

Answer 2

beta. ​

Question 3

A device that measures electrical activity in the brain over time by means of recording electrodes attached to the surface of the skin is a(n)

A)CT scan.
B)electroencephalograph.
C)MRI.
D)fMRI.

Answer 3

electroencephalograph.

Question 4

Carly is dozing on the couch but wakes immediately when her roommate walks in. While she was dozing, her brain-wave pattern most likely exhibited _____ waves.

A)alpha
B)beta
C)delta
D)theta

Question 5

Doctors and nurses may try to "watch what they say" when performing surgery because ​

A)the concentration of other members of the surgical team is disrupted by unnecessary comments.
B)people under anesthesia occasionally awaken completely during surgery.
C)people under anesthesia maintain some awareness and can occasionally hear comments. ​
D)the patient's family members occasionally overhear comments. ​

Question 6

William James proposed that consciousness

A)is less important than the unconscious.
B)tends to be static.
C)moves in an orderly way from one issue to another.
D)constantly fluctuates.

Question 7

The delta wave EEG pattern is associated with

A)dreaming.
B)deep sleep.
C)a waking state.
D)meditation.

Question 8

Tyler is relaxing and not really paying attention to anything when his roommate comes home. The roommate asks for help working through some difficulties with a computer program. As Tyler helps his roommate solve the programming problem, his brain waves will

A)decrease in both frequency and amplitude.
B)increase in both frequency and amplitude.
C)increase in frequency and decrease in amplitude.
D)decrease in frequency and increase in amplitude.

Question 9

Research has shown that when people are feeling bored or stressed, it is more likely that

A)they will notice their emotions more than their thoughts.
B)they will work harder to concentrate.
C)their mind will wander.
D)their consciousness will be heightened.

Question 10

You are driving down the road when you see another car suddenly swerve in front of you. Your heart begins to race as you think you might hit the car. All of these stimuli comprise your

A)attention.
B)unconsciousness.
C)consciousness.
D)alertness.

Question 11

With regard to an EEG, which of the following does NOT belong with the other three?

A)Omega
B)Beta
C)Alpha
D)Delta

Question 12

Which of the following brain waves is probably operating while you are taking this exam?

A)A lpha
B)Beta
C)Theta
D)Delta

Question 13

An electroencephalograph is a device that measures ​

A)glucose metabolism in the brain.
B)muscle tension in the body. ​
C)respiration rates as an index of arousal. ​
D)electrical activity of the brain. ​

Question 14

According to Sigmund Freud, conscious and unconscious processes are different

A)levels of reality.
B)levels of awareness.
C)streams of awareness.
D)streams of consciousness.

Question 15

The awareness of self, your thoughts, internal sensations, and external stimuli is defined as ​

A)consciousness.
B)hypnosis. ​
C)sensation. ​
D)perception. ​

Question 16

If you were to lie down under a tree and relax but not fall asleep, your dominant brain-wave pattern would MOST likely consist of _____waves.

A)alpha
B)beta
C)delta
D)theta

Question 17

If you could tape-record your thoughts, you would find ​

A)a system of hierarchically organized cognitions.
B)one central thought and multiple, related subsidiary thoughts. ​
C)an endless flow of ideas that constantly shifts and changes. ​
D)an organized system of parallel thoughts. ​

Question 18

The electroencephalograph is used in sleep research to measure brain-wave activity in the ​

A)corpus callosum.
B)cerebral cortex. ​
C)hypothalamus. ​
D)medulla. ​

Question 19

Alpha waves are likely to be prominent if you are

A)programming a computer.
B)meditating.
C)under hypnosis.
D)doing any of the above.

Question 20

The idea that one's consciousness continually changes, fluctuates, and wanders characterizes William James's concept that consciousness is a(n)

A)incomplete picture puzzle.
B)partially submerged iceberg.
C)stream.
D)flower garden.

Question 21

Research has shown that people who work on a rotating shift schedule are _____ likely to develop physical diseases and are _____ productive than people who do not work on a rotating shift schedule.

A)more; just as
B)less; less
C)less; more
D)more; less

Question 22

The circadian rhythm operates around a _____ cycle.

A)1-year
B)28-day
C)24-hour
D)90-minute

Question 23

Which of the following glands is responsible for secreting the hormone involved in adjustments to our biological clocks?

A)P ineal gland
B)Pituitary gland
C)Thyroid
D)Gonads

Question 24

Felicia is a participant in a study on stress reactions. Which of the following instruments would MOST likely be used to measure her muscle tension?

A)Electromyograph
B)Circadiometer
C)Electroencephalograph
D)Polygraph

Question 25

The hormone that appears to play a key role in adjusting our biological clocks is ​

A)melatonin.
B)cholecystokinin. ​
C)serotonin. ​
D)phenylalanine. ​

Question 26

Sleep spindles, which appear against a background of mixed EEG activity, are characteristic of _____ sleep.

A)Stage 1
B)Stage 2
C)Stage 4
D)REM

Question 27

Alexander is hooked up to an electroencephalograph (EEG) in a sleep lab. As the researcher watches the printout from the EEG, alpha waves appear. Based on this information, the researcher can conclude that Alexander

A)has just entered stage 3 sleep.
B)is still awake, but is relaxed and drowsy.
C)has just entered stage 1 sleep.
D)is currently in REM sleep.

Question 28

Based on existing research, which of the following is probably the safest sleep aid?

A)Melatonin
B)Alcohol
C)Benzodiazepines
D)Caffeine

Question 29

The 24-hour biological cycles found in humans and many other species are known as _____ rhythms.

A)circadian
B)slow-wave
C)REM
D)subcortical

Question 30

Stage 1 sleep is represented by EEG brain-wave patterns referred to as _____ waves.

A)alpha
B)REM
C)theta
D)zeta

Question 31

Victoria is listening to a lecture in a hot lecture hall late on a Friday afternoon. She starts to feel drowsy and then falls into a light sleep. If her brain-wave patterns were being monitored, they would show a shift from

A)alpha waves to beta waves and finally to delta waves.
B)theta waves to beta waves and finally to alpha waves.
C)beta waves to alpha waves and finally to theta waves.
D)beta waves to theta waves and finally to alpha waves.

Question 32

Based on what is known about circadian rhythms and jet lag, you might expect that a flight attendant would experience the most jet lag on a flight from ​

A)Philadelphia to San Francisco (east to west).
B)Minneapolis to Houston (north to south). ​
C)San Francisco to Philadelphia (west to east). ​
D)Houston to Minneapolis (south to north). ​

Question 33

Signals sent from the suprachiasmatic nucleus to the pineal gland have been implicated in ​

A)inducing sleep.
B)causing one to dream. ​
C)alpha rhythm generation. ​
D)adjusting one's biological clock. ​

Question 34

The day-night cycle resets the human biological clock when light causes receptors in the retina to direct input to the _____ of the _____.

A)pineal gland; medulla
B)pineal gland; hypothalamus
C)suprachiasmatic nucleus; medulla
D)suprachiasmatic nucleus; hypothalamus

Question 35

Philippe is being monitored in a sleep lab. Which of the following instruments would MOST likely be used to measure his eye movements?

A)Electromyograph
B)Electrooculograph
C)Electroencephalograph
D)Polygraph

Question 36

Mary is a "night person" and Gary is a "morning person." This difference is probably due to differences in their

A)REM sleep patterns.
B)cytoplasm. ​
C)circadian rhythms. ​
D)use of alcohol. ​

Question 37

Which of the following appears to be the sequence of events associated with resetting one's biological clock? ​

A)The hypothalamus signals the thalamus, which in turn sends signals to the medial forebrain bundle.
B)The thalamus signals the optic chiasm, which in turn causes a release of the hormone philoxin, which activates the renal gland. ​
C)The suprachiasmatic nucleus signals the pineal gland, which in turn secretes the hormone melatonin. ​
D)The superior colliculus signals the thalamus, which stimulates Broca's area. ​

Question 38

Evidence from numerous studies on its effectiveness indicates that

A)melatonin consistently reduces the effects of jet lag.
B)melatonin consistently enhances the effects of jet lag by resynchronizing the biological clock in the wrong direction.
C)melatonin can be used to reduce jet lag if the dose is given at the right time.
D)melatonin can be used to reduce jet lag if the right dose is taken.

Question 39

Kayla's core body temperature has risen 1.5 degrees in the last half hour. This change in body temperature means that Kayla MOST likely

A)has just fallen asleep.
B)will fall asleep in the next 60 minutes.
C)has just woken up.
D)has been meditating for the past 30 minutes.

Question 40

What appears to be responsible for regulating the circadian rhythm? ​

A)Amount of time spent sleeping
B)Amount of time spent awake ​
C)Cultural practices ​
D)Exposure to light ​

Question 41

The brain-wave pattern of a person in _____ sleep resembles the brain-wave pattern observed when the individual is awake and alert.

A)Stage 1
B)Stage 4
C)REM
D)NREM

Question 42

In general, as the cycle of sleep recurs through the night, it tends to contain

A)more stage 4 and less REM.
B)more stage 4 and more REM.
C)less stage 4 and less REM.
D)less stage 4 and more REM.

Question 43

"Manny got out of bed and began doing calisthenics during REM sleep, probably because he was dreaming about boot camp."  Which of the following indicates what is WRONG with this statement?

A)Sleep is a relaxed condition of the body and, as such, precludes physical activity.
B)Research shows that no dreaming takes place in REM sleep.
C)Research shows that we are virtually paralyzed in REM sleep.
D)Manny was never in boot camp, so he is not likely to be dreaming about it.

Question 44

Ryan is hooked up to an electroencephalograph (EEG) in a sleep lab. When he reaches slow-wave sleep, the researchers will see

A)sleep spindles.
B)delta waves.
C)alpha waves.
D)theta waves

Question 45

Last night it took Peter about 40 minutes to get to asleep. According to research on how long it takes people to fall asleep, this is

A)average.
B)longer than average.
C)shorter than average.
D)extremely rare.

Question 46

Bailey is hooked up to an electroencephalograph (EEG) in a sleep lab. She has been asleep for just over an hour now, and her EEG is showing low-amplitude brain-wave patterns. Her breathing and pulse rate are irregular, and her eyes are darting back and forth beneath her closed eyelids. The researcher who is monitoring Bailey's sleep can conclude that Bailey

A)has just entered REM sleep.
B)has just entered stage 4 sleep.
C)is experiencing sleep anoxia and needs immediate medical attention.
D)suffers from a sleep disorder.

Question 47

The majority of slow-wave sleep _____ the course of a night's sleep.

A)occurs  early in
B)occurs  late in
C)occurs  in the middle of
D)is evenly distributed throughout

Question 48

Dr. Everett is observing Robert in a sleep lab. Dr. Everett intends to wake Robert up each time he begins REM sleep. Based on the electroencephalograph (EEG) recordings, Robert should be awakened each time the EEG shows ​

A)alpha-wave activity.
B)low-voltage, high-frequency beta waves. ​
C)the presence of sleep spindles. ​
D)theta-wave activity. ​

Question 49

Research has shown that dreaming

A)only happens during REM sleep.
B)only happens in the N2 stage.
C)can happen during REM and non-REM sleep.
D)is most common during non-REM sleep.

Question 50

If you were awakened while you are experiencing rapid eye movements, you probably would report that you had

A)a headache.
B)been dreaming. ​
C)not been dreaming.
D)not really been asleep.

Question 51

Olivia has trouble staying asleep for more than 4 hours at a time. Olivia is likely to experience

A)more vivid dreams than people who sleep for a full 8 hours.
B)less REM sleep than people who sleep for a full 8 hours.
C)less deep sleep than people who sleep for a full 8 hours.
D)more sleep spindles than people who sleep for a full 8 hours.

Question 52

Sleep stages 3 and 4 are referred to as _____ sleep.

A)low-amplitude
B)high-amplitude
C)slow-wave
D)fast-wave

Question 53

REM periods of sleep tend to _____ as the night goes on.

A)deepen
B)lighten
C)shorten
D)lengthen

Question 54

A person typically has _____ sleep cycles during the course of a night's sleep.

A)one
B)two
C)four
D)six

Question 55

You are observing your friend Melissa while she is sleeping. She is tossing and turning. It is MOST likely that Melissa is currently in ​

A)NREM sleep and is acting out a dream that she is experiencing.
B)REM sleep and is acting out a dream that she is experiencing. ​
C)NREM sleep, and her movements are random. ​
D)REM sleep, and her movements are random. ​

Question 56

Rebecca is hooked up to an electroencephalograph (EEG) in a sleep lab. As the researcher watches the printout from the EEG, delta waves appear. Based on this information, the researcher can conclude that Rebecca

A)has just entered stage 1 sleep.
B)is still awake, but is relaxed and drowsy.
C)is currently in REM sleep.
D)has just entered stage 3 sleep.

Question 57

REM sleep is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT ​

A)minimal bodily movement.
B)regular breathing and pulse rate.
C)beta waves.
D)dreaming.

Question 58

Given the cyclical nature of sleep, we can expect to do the MOST dreaming ​

A)toward the beginning of the night's sleep.
B)in the middle of the night's sleep. ​
C)in NREM sleep. ​
D)toward the end of the night's sleep. ​

Question 59

The paradox concerning REM sleep is that while ​

A)it is a deep sleep, the person is easy to awaken.
B)it is a deep sleep, the brain-wave pattern resembles the pattern of an alert and awake individual. ​
C)the person is dreaming, the brain-wave pattern resembles that of an awake and relaxed individual. ​
D)the person is dreaming, his muscles are practically paralyzed. ​

Question 60

As a person falls into deeper sleep, his or her pattern of brain-wave activity becomes both _____ in frequency and _____ in amplitude.

A)slower; higher
B)faster; higher
C)slower; lower
D)faster; lower

Question 61

The midday napping practices of "siesta cultures" are adaptive because the siesta allows individuals ​

A)a necessary break from their extremely physical labor.
B)to sleep at the same time as their young infants. ​
C)time to digest their large midday meal. ​
D)to avoid working during the hottest part of the day. ​

Question 62

Kara has just fallen asleep and immediately slips into REM. Kara has probably experienced or undergone ​

A)selective REM deprivation.
B)alcohol overdose. ​
C)NREM rebound. ​
D)biofeedback training. ​

Question 63

Selective deprivation studies have shown that

A)too much REM sleep can lead to ill health.
B)too little REM sleep leads to daytime irritability.
C)we have specific needs for REM sleep.
D)REM sleep is more important than slow-wave sleep.

Question 64

Charlene is 12, and her elderly aunt has come for a visit. The aunt is using the spare bed in Charlene's room. Several times during the night, the aunt awakens briefly and then falls back to sleep. Charlene doesn't awaken at all during the night. This difference in sleep patterns can BEST be explained by research that shows

A)during adulthood, the proportion of REM sleep gradually increases.
B)during adulthood, the proportion of slow-wave sleep increases significantly.
C)the elderly are more affected by jet lag and shifts in their circadian rhythm.
D)during adulthood, the proportion of slow-wave sleep gradually declines.

Question 65

Compared to young adults, infants sleep for a _____ period of time each day and spend a _____ proportion of their total sleep time in REM sleep.

A)longer; smaller
B)longer; larger
C)shorter; larger
D)shorter; smaller

Question 66

Correlational research shows that people who consistently sleep less than 7 hours exhibit a(n) _____ mortality risk, and people who consistently sleep more than 8 hours exhibit a(n) _____ mortality risk.

A)increased; decreased
B)decreased; increased
C)increased; increased
D)decreased; decreased

Question 67

Differences between a REM dream and a non-REM dream include

A)non-REM dreams are more vivid, visual, and story-like.
B)dreamers tend to remember their non-REM dreams more frequently and clearly.
C)REM dreams are more emotional, dramatic, and rich in characters.
D)non-REM dreams don't exist.

Question 68

Research suggests that depriving oneself of adequate sleep is associated with all of the following EXCEPT

A)increased problem-solving skills.
B)consuming foods with more calories .
C)reduced motor coordination .
D)increased risk of auto accidents.

Question 69

Which of the following statements about dreams is NOT accurate? ​

A)Dreams only occur during REM sleep.
B)Dreams have sometimes changed the world. ​
C)Dreams are not as bizarre as widely assumed. ​
D)People most frequently dream about familiar people. ​

Question 70

Siesta cultures are found mostly in

A)tropical regions of the world.
B)European countries.
C)North America.
D)Australia and New Zealand.

Question 71

One explanation for why humans need REM and slow-wave sleep focuses on the possibility that they contribute to ​

A)keeping the individual safe from predators.
B)the firming up of the learning that took place during that day. ​
C)impairing the creative response. ​
D)helping the individual keep a low body temperature. ​

Question 72

Ethan took part in a research study in which he was awakened each time he entered slow-wave sleep for three consecutive nights. Now that Ethan is back at home, he will likely

A)develop insomnia and show general disturbances in his sleep patterns.
B)spend extra time in slow-wave sleep for several nights.
C)spend less time in slow-wave sleep than he did before he took part in the study.
D)spend extra time in both slow-wave and REM sleep for several nights.

Question 73

Which of the following statements about napping practices is NOT accurate? ​

A)Napping practices vary along cultural lines.
B)Industrialization tends to undermine the siesta tradition. ​
C)The siesta tradition is found mostly in tropical regions. ​
D)The siesta tradition is consistent with an emphasis on productivity. ​

Question 74

If you normally sleep 8 hours each night, and last night you only slept for 6 hours, which of the following stages of sleep would be MOST affected by the loss of total sleep time?

A)Slow-wave
B)NREM
C)Stage 2
D)REM

Question 75

The MOST common known sleep disorder is

A)sleep apnea.
B)night terrors.
C)insomnia.
D)somnambulism.

Question 76

Studies have shown that sleep loss

A)is actually healthier than oversleeping.
B)is quite accurately reported by research subjects.
C)is common among people on restrictive diets.
D)can lead to increased calorie intake.

Question 77

For the past month, Mitchell has had difficulty falling asleep at night. Even though he goes to bed at his usual time, he lays awake for several hours before he finally drifts off to sleep. As a result, Mitchell has only been getting 5 to 6 hours of sleep, instead of the 8 hours he is used to. Mitchell is likely to find that his lack of sleep leads to

A)enhanced ability  to solve complex problems.
B)impaired attention.
C)hallucinations and general disorientation.
D)night terrors when he actually does fall asleep.

Question 78

The stage of sleep in which the SLOWEST brain waves occur is ​

A)Stage 1.
B)Stage 2. ​
C)REM. ​
D)Stage 4. ​

Question 79

While serving as a subject at a sleep clinic, Erica is deprived of dreaming for several nights. As a result, she is likely to ​

A)experience REM rebound and spend more time in REM sleep on subsequent nights.
B)become accustomed to going without dreaming and spend less time in REM sleep on subsequent nights. ​
C)immediately return to a normal sleep cycle when she is allowed to sleep through the night. ​
D)have difficulty achieving REM on subsequent nights. ​

Question 80

Selena has a big psychology exam tomorrow. To help her best succeed on the exam, tonight she should

A)study for as long as she can.
B)drink a lot of caffeine to keep her going.
C)shoot for about 10 hours of sleep.
D)try to get about 8 hours of sleep.