Deck 9: Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

Rita has just finished a large meal at her favorite restaurant. Although she is quite full, when the waiter brings the dessert tray, she orders a piece of chocolate cheesecake. In this instance, Rita's behavior is LEAST consistent with

A)incentive theories of motivation.
B)the expectancy-value theory of motivation.
C)the self-awareness theory of motivation.
D)drive theories of motivation.

Answer 1

drive theories of motivation.

Question 2

Evolutionary theories of motivation suggest that motives result in behaviors that ​

A)restore homeostasis.
B)maximize reproductive success.
C)reduce biological needs.
D)reduce incentives.

Answer 2

maximize reproductive success.

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT considered a social motive in humans?

A)Affiliation
B)Aggression
C)Dominance
D)Achievement

Answer 3

Aggression

Question 4

Homeostasis is a state of ​

A)physiological stability.
B)physiological instability.
C)psychological stability.
D)psychological instability.

Question 5

According to drive theorists, the foremost motivation for all organisms is to ​

A)achieve self-actualization.
B)maintain homeostasis.
C)ensure their own survival and the survival of their species.
D)experience as much pleasant stimulation as possible.

Question 6

Tension reduction is the goal according to which of the following motivational theories?

A)Drive theory
B)Evolutionary theory
C)Instinct theory
D)Incentive theory

Question 7

A bonus of $100 for completing a work assignment before a deadline is an example of ​

A)an incentive.
B)a reward.
C)drive reduction.
D)a motive.

Question 8

According to the drive theory of motivation, if you drink water when you are thirsty, drinking results in

A)drive production and serves as an incentive.
B)drive reduction and restores physiological equilibrium.
C)need production and serves as an incentive.
D)need reduction and restores physiological equilibrium.

Question 9

Motives are BEST described as _____ that propel people in certain directions.

A)biological factors
B)social factors
C)drives and incentives
D)needs, wants, interests, and desires

Question 10

When you are engaging in goal-directed behavior, you may be BEST described as experiencing ​

A)drive reduction.
B)an incentive.
C)emotion.
D)motivation.

Question 11

An external goal that has the capacity to motivate behavior is a(n)
​

A)motive.
B)drive.
C)incentive.
D)need.

Question 12

While _____ theories of motivation emphasize internal factors, _____ theories emphasize external factors.

A)drive; incentive
B)incentive; drive
C)biological; drive
D)incentive; environmental

Question 13

Food-deprived rats will learn a new response if given nonnutritive, saccharine-sweetened water as a reward. Thus, the sweet-tasting water is motivating even though no actual hunger reduction takes place. This fact raises questions about _____ theories of motivation.

A)instinct
B)sociobiological
C)incentive
D)drive

Question 14

An internal state of tension that precedes behavior designed to reduce that tension is referred to as a ​

A)fugue.
B)drive.
C)need.
D)biostate.

Question 15

Patrick ate a large breakfast. When he arrived for his 8:00 A.M. class, the student next to him offered Patrick a large raisin muffin. Even though Patrick was still quite full from breakfast, he ate the muffin that he was offered. In this instance, Patrick's behavior can BEST be explained using

A)drive theories of motivation.
B)instinctive theories of motivation.
C)incentive theories of motivation.
D)the self-awareness theory of motivation.

Question 16

Which of the following behaviors is consistent with a drive theory of motivation?

A)Eating an apple when hungry
B)Eating dessert after a large meal
C)Looking up information in the encyclopedia
D)Studying hard to earn an A on the test

Question 17

Most motivational theorists divide motives into two categories consisting of ​

A)want and desire motives.
B)biological and social motives.
C)necessary and unnecessary motives.
D)survival and reproductive motives.

Question 18

If, after brain damage suffered in a car accident, a person gained 50 pounds in two months, you would MOST likely suspect damage to the ​

A)ventromedial hypothalamus.
B)dorsal hypothalamus.
C)lateral hypothalamus.
D)glucostats.

Question 19

What do the following have in common: achievement, autonomy, affiliation, and dominance? ​

A)They are all drives. ​
B)They are all biological motives.
C)They are all social motives.
D)They are all social-based biological motives.

Question 20

Needs, wants, interests, and desires that propel people in certain directions are known as ​

A)drives.
B)motives.
C)incentives.
D)habits.

Question 21

Which of the following statements BEST reflects the current view regarding the role of ghrelin in hunger regulation? ​

A)It is associated with increased hunger.
B)Ghrelin levels regulate feelings of satiety in the stomach.
C)Decreased ghrelin levels are involved in a lower propensity to feel hungry.
D)High amounts in the brain have been shown to cause refusal to eat in laboratory rats.

Question 22

In general, contemporary theories regarding brain regulation of hunger tend to focus on which of the following?

A)Neural circuits
B)Anatomical centers
C)Overall size of brain
D)Amount of electrical activity in the hindbrain

Question 23

Hunger and eating are influenced by

A)glucose and leptin.
B)complex brain circuits.
C)insulin.
D)all of the above.

Question 24

The hormone produced by fat cells that tends to diminish feelings of hunger when at high levels is ​

A)insulin.
B)leptin.
C)adrenalin.
D)glucose.

Question 25

When Harvey was a child, the only time he ate turnips was when he was at his grandmother's house for Christmas dinner. Now, as an adult, Harvey loves the taste of turnips because he associates them with Christmas at his grandmother's house. In this example, Harvey's preference for the taste of turnips could BEST be explained by using principles of ​

A)observational learning.
B)classical conditioning.
C)homeostatic conditioning.
D)genetic predispositions.

Question 26

Which of the following BMI levels is typically regarded as an indication of obesity?

A)20
B)25
C)30
D)35

Question 27

In recent decades, the size of all of the following has steadily increased EXCEPT

A)grocery store packages.
B)dinnerware.
C)school lunch trays.
D)restaurant portions.

Question 28

Research suggests that approximately _____ of adults in the United States are obese.

A)29%
B)40%
C)50%
D)65%

Question 29

Sensory-specific satiety refers to ​

A)the phenomenon that when there are few foods available, the appeal of them can decline quickly.
B)the phenomenon that when there are many foods available, the appeal of them can decline quickly.
C)the phenomenon that when there are few foods available, the appeal of them can quickly increase.
D)the phenomenon that when there are many foods available, people will quickly tire of them and stop eating.

Question 30

Which of the following pairs of individuals would likely be MOST similar in body mass index?

A)A husband and wife
B)An adopted child and the adoptive parent
C)Two fraternal twins reared together
D)Two identical twins reared apart

Question 31

Mr. Knez is trying to get his seven-year-old daughter to eat some vegetable-fried rice for the first time. Mr. Knez should be MOST successful in getting his daughter to sample the new dish if he ​

A)tells his daughter she won't get any desert until she tries some of the fried rice.
B)eats some of the fried rice first and shows a favorable reaction while he eats it.
C)carefully describes all the ingredients that are in the fried rice.
D)mixes it in with some other food that she enjoys eating.

Question 32

Cannon and Washburn (1912) proposed that hunger is caused by

A)lack of food.
B)stomach contractions.
C)low blood sugar.
D)changes in leptin levels.

Question 33

Janis knows that you have been studying eating behavior in your psychology class and asks you to explain why, in spite of her best interests, she always overeats on Thanksgiving Day when she is at her parents' house. Which of the following would be your LEAST likely claim to her?

A)She consumes more food because of the quantity of food that is presented; the more food served, the more she is likely to eat.
B)She is likely to consume more food because of the variety of food that is presented; the more variety of foods served, the more she is likely to eat.
C)She consumes more food because she is in the presence of other people.
D)She consumes more food because in the cooler months, ghrelin levels tend to decrease, and when ghrelin levels decrease, people tend to eat more.

Question 34

To get people to consume and waste less food, the BEST strategy would be to

A)have them use smaller plates.
B)give them more choices of what to eat.
C)encourage them to eat with other people.
D)expose them to food smells.

Question 35

Kathy has lost 25 pounds recently through dieting. According to _____, she will have difficulty keeping the weight off because her metabolism will have decreased in order to maintain the fat stores in her body.

A)set-point theory
B)settling-point theory
C)evolutionary theory
D)dietary restraint theory

Question 36

Which of the following is a measure of weight that controls for variations in height and is widely used in research on obesity?

A)Set point
B)Reaction range
C)Body mass index
D)Obesity quotient

Question 37

Obesity is a significant health problem that places individuals at risk for all of the following EXCEPT

A)cardiovascular diseases.
B)hypertension.
C)stroke.
D)fibromyalgia.

Question 38

Which of the following theoretical perspectives argues that the increase in obesity in humans is a result of the fact that early humans lived in environments in which there was fierce competition for limited, unreliable food resources and that developed a tendency to consume food when it was present?

A)Cognitive
B)Evolutionary
C)Body-set point
D)Settling-point

Question 39

Which of the following is NOT associated with a decrease in hunger or eating behavior?

A)Damage to the ventromedial hypothalamus
B)A decrease in ghrelin
C)Nervous system information indicating stretching of the stomach walls
D)High levels of leptin in the blood

Question 40

Which of the following areas of the hypothalamus has recently been singled out as especially important in the regulation of hunger?

A)Ventromedial area
B)Lateral area
C)Arcuate nucleus
D)Insular nucleus

Question 41

Pat's sexual arousal just reached its peak intensity and was discharged in a series of muscular contractions that pulsated through the pelvic area. Pat just experienced the _____ phase of the human sexual response.

A)peak
B)orgasm
C)plateau
D)resolution

Question 42

Which of the following is NOT one of the four phases of the human sexual response?

A)Excitement
B)Refractory
C)Orgasm
D)Plateau

Question 43

Parental investment theory predicts that, in comparison to women, men show _____ interest in sexual activity and _____ willingness to engage in uncommitted sex.

A)less; more
B)more; less
C)less; less
D)more; more

Question 44

Set-point theorists propose that people's set point depends on ​

A)their bone structure.
B)their activity level.
C)the number of fat cells they possess.
D)their current body weight.

Question 45

Which of the following researchers proposed parental investment theory? ​

A)David Buss
B)Walter Cannon
C)Robert Trivers
D)Stanley Schachter

Question 46

According to parental investment theory, human males can maximize their reproductive potential by ​

A)actively contributing to the care of their offspring. ​
B)seeking partners who have strength and agility.
C)being highly selective in mating.
D)mating with as many females as possible.

Question 47

According to the evolutionary theories, men seek as partners women who

A)are similar to them in important attitudes.
B)have a good sense of humor.
C)are attractive.
D)have good financial prospects.

Question 48

_____ theory asserts that a species' mating patterns depend on what each sex has to invest in the way of time, energy, and survival risk to maximize reproductive potential.

A)Drive
B)Inclusive fitness
C)Parental investment
D)Physiological equilibrium

Question 49

Irene is listening to a romance novel while she is on her daily walk. Although she is not walking especially fast, she finds that as she listens to one of the love scenes in the novel, her respiration rate and heart rate increase. She is also experiencing vaginal moistness. Based on the phases described by Masters and Johnson, Irene is in the _____ phase.

A)plateau
B)orgasmic
C)resolution
D)excitement

Question 50

Which of the following have researchers NOT found to be a factor in the current obesity epidemic?

A)Inadequate sleep
B)A shift in people's set point
C)Availability of high-calorie foods
D)Inadequate physical activity

Question 51

Which of the following statements about the sexual cycle studied by Masters and Johnson is MOST accurate? ​

A)Orgasm is quite different in males and females.
B)During the refractory period, men cannot experience another orgasm.
C)The excitement phase occurs much more rapidly in women than in men.
D)The plateau phase involves a decrease in bodily functions.

Question 52

Parental investment theory suggests that males and females ​

A)make significant personal investments to produce and nurture offspring. ​
B)do not make significant personal investments to produce and nurture offspring.
C)may develop different mating strategies.
D)develop similar mating strategies.

Question 53

Which of the following BEST describes the refractory period?

A)The time between orgasms in multiorgasmic women
B)A time following female orgasm during which females are largely unresponsive to further stimulation
C)A time following male orgasm during which males are largely unresponsive to further stimulation
D)The time between initiation of intercourse and orgasm

Question 54

The reduction in sexual tension during the resolution phase of the human sexual response is generally relatively slow or more gradual ​

A)for males. ​
B)for females.
C)for relatively inexperienced individuals.
D)if the individual did not experience an orgasm.

Question 55

Peter and his wife are having sex when Peter experiences a series of muscular contractions throughout his pelvis. Based on research conducted by Masters and Johnson, ​

A)Peter is likely to experience several more orgasms before he enters a refractory period.
B)Peter's muscular contractions are likely to produce an orgasm in his wife.
C)Peter will be relatively unresponsive to sexual stimulation for a period of time following his orgasm.
D)Peter will now pass into the plateau stage of the sexual response cycle.

Question 56

Research into gender differences in sexual behavior shows that, in comparison to men, women are _____ likely to consent to sex with someone that they have known for a brief period of time and show _____ interest in sexual activity.

A)less; more
B)less; less
C)more; more
D)more; less

Question 57

Talia and her husband are having sex when Talia suddenly experiences a series of muscular contractions throughout her pelvis. Based on research conducted by Masters and Johnson, ​

A)Talia's muscular contractions are likely to produce an orgasm in her husband.
B)it will be at least 20 minutes before Talia can become sexually aroused again.
C)Talia may experience another orgasm without going through a refractory period.
D)Talia will now pass into the plateau stage of the sexual response cycle.

Question 58

Masters and Johnson conducted groundbreaking research concerning

A)sexual orientation.
B)sexual responses.
C)the psychology of the human sexual response.
D)sexual motivations.

Question 59

The fact that the correlation in weight between identical twins reared apart is higher than that between fraternal twins reared together suggests that weight is

A)influenced more by genetics than by environmental factors.
B)influenced more by environmental factors than by genetics.
C)affected equally by genetics and environmental factors.
D)not affected by either genetics or environmental factors.

Question 60

Scott just experienced an orgasm. For about an hour, he cannot achieve another orgasm. Scott is in the _____ phase of the sexual response cycle.

A)excitement
B)plateau
C)orgasmic
D)resolution

Question 61

Research by Bailey and Pillard in the 1990s suggested that ​

A)homosexuality results when a boy is raised by a weak, detached, ineffectual father and an overprotective, close-binding mother.
B)there are anatomical differences in the brain between homosexual and heterosexual men.
C)homosexuality is a learned preference acquired when same-sex stimuli have been paired with sexual arousal.
D)there is a genetic predisposition to homosexuality.

Question 62

Evolutionary theory suggests that men place more emphasis than women on the _____ of a potential mate.

A)social status
B)youthfulness
C)ambition
D)intelligence

Question 63

Which of the following statements BEST describes the view of psychoanalytic theorists when it comes to explaining the origin of homosexuality?

A)In some cases, female homosexuality has been linked to prenatal exposure to abnormally high levels of androgens.
B)There are anatomical differences in the brain between homosexual and heterosexual men.
C)Homosexuality is a learned preference acquired when same-sex stimuli have been paired with sexual arousal.
D)Homosexuality results when a boy is raised by a weak, detached, ineffectual father and an overprotective, overly attached mother.

Question 64

The gap between males and females in terms of their interest in sexual activity is GREATEST at what age?

A)Early adolescence
B)Late adolescence
C)Early adulthood
D)Middle age

Question 65

Parental investment theory suggests all of the following EXCEPT ​

A)human males are required to invest little in the production of offspring.
B)human males compete with other males for the "commodity" of reproductive opportunities.
C)human females can optimize their reproductive potential by mating with as many males as possible.
D)males and females may develop different mating strategies.

Question 66

Research into gender differences in mate preference shows that, in comparison to men, women show _____ desire for partners who are ambitious and have high status and _____ interest in attractiveness.

A)less; more
B)more; less
C)less; less
D)more; more

Question 67

Which of the following statements regarding homosexuality has NOT been supported by empirical evidence? ​

A)In some cases, female homosexuality has been linked to prenatal exposure to abnormally high levels of androgens.
B)In comparison to men's sexual behavior, women's sexual behavior may be more easily modified by sociocultural factors.
C)Homosexuality is a learned preference acquired when same-sex stimuli have been paired with sexual arousal.
D)Identical twins of homosexual men are more likely to be homosexual than are fraternal twins of homosexual men.

Question 68

Which of the following theoretical approaches to explaining the origins of homosexuality argues that homosexuality results when a boy is raised by a weak, detached, ineffectual father and an overprotective, overly attached mother?

A)Biological
B)Psychoanalytic
C)Operant conditioning
D)Classical conditioning

Question 69

Which of the following approaches to explaining the origins of homosexuality has received the MOST empirical support?

A)Biological
B)Psychoanalytic
C)Operant conditioning
D)Classical conditioning

Question 70

Evolutionary theory predicts that women should place more emphasis than men on all but which of the following partner characteristics?

A)Ambition
B)Intelligence
C)Income
D)Physical attractiveness

Question 71

Alfred Kinsey argued that homosexuality and heterosexuality are ​

A)end points on a "sexual orientation" continuum.
B)orientations based on early learning.
C)orientations that are a function of genetics.
D)value judgments and should be of little concern to scientists.

Question 72

Research concerning the upbringing and childhood experiences of homosexuals supports _____ theories.

A)behavioral
B)biological
C)evolutionary
D)cognitive

Question 73

Which of the following statements BEST describes the view of behavioral theorists when it comes to explaining the origin of homosexuality?

A)In some cases, female homosexuality has been linked to prenatal exposure to abnormally high levels of androgens.
B)There are anatomical differences in the brain between homosexual and heterosexual men.
C)Homosexuality is a learned preference acquired when same-sex stimuli have been paired with sexual arousal.
D)Identical twins of homosexual men are more likely to be homosexual than are fraternal twins of homosexual men.

Question 74

In the United States, approximately _____ of people identify as gay or bisexual.

A)3-4%
B)8-10%
C)15-20%
D)25-30 %

Question 75

At present, which of the following approaches appears to provide the MOST complete account for gender disparities in sexual motivation and mating preferences?

A)Operant conditioning
B)Evolutionary theory
C)Social learning theory
D)Sociopolitical theory

Question 76

A person's preference for emotional and sexual relationships with individuals of the same, the other, or either sex describes the person's ​

A)sexuality.
B)gender preference.
C)gender orientation.
D)sexual orientation.

Question 77

The fact that identical twins are more likely to share sexual orientation than fraternal twins suggests that sexual orientation is ​

A)due to the environment.
B)in part genetic.
C)largely chemical.
D)primarily hormonal.

Question 78

Several lines of research suggest that _____ during critical periods of prenatal development may influence sexual orientation as an adult.

A)severe physical trauma
B)hormonal secretions
C)neural abnormalities
D)loss of oxygen

Question 79

Psychologists who take an evolutionary view argue that natural selection favors behaviors that maximize an individual's ​

A)self-actualization.
B)acquisition of territory.
C)reproductive success.
D)material wealth.

Question 80

Evolutionary theory suggests that women place more emphasis than men on the _____ of a potential mate.

A)height
B)attractiveness
C)social status
D)youthfulness