Deck 11: Personality

Question 1

According to the five-factor model of personality, people who score high in _____ are characterized as anxious, hostile, self-conscious, insecure, and vulnerable.

A)neuroticism
B)extraversion
C)conscientiousness
D)openness to experience

Answer 1

neuroticism

Question 2

Which of the following traits is MOST likely to be associated with high levels of productivity in a job setting?

A)Neuroticism
B)Extraversion
C)Conscientiousness
D)Agreeableness

Answer 2

Conscientiousness

Question 3

Tom and his friends exercise daily and never smoke or consume alcohol. Tom and his friends are likely above average in

A)neuroticism.
B)agreeableness.
C)conscientiousness.
D)openness to experience.

Answer 3

conscientiousness.

Question 4

Nikolas is a nonconformist who is daring and likes to try new things. He is extremely imaginative and has a wide range of interests. Based on the five-factor model of personality, Nikolas would probably score ​

A)high in openness to experience.
B)low in neuroticism.
C)high in extraversion.
D)high in agreeableness.

Question 5

People high in _____ tend to have a more positive outlook on life, while people high in _____ tend to be more impulsive.

A)neuroticism; psychoticism
B)extraversion; neuroticism
C)conscientiousness; extraversion
D)openness to experience; extraversion

Question 6

The id is ​

A)a developmental period that leaves its mark on adult personality.
B)the moral component of personality.
C)the decision-making component of personality.
D)the primitive, instinctive component of personality.

Question 7

_____ is a statistical procedure used by researchers to identify closely related clusters of variables.

A)Chi-square
B)Factor analysis
C)Deviation analysis
D)Analysis of variance

Question 8

According to the five-factor model of personality, people who score high in _____ tend to be diligent, disciplined, well organized, and punctual.

A)neuroticism
B)extraversion
C)conscientiousness
D)agreeableness

Question 9

Julio is extremely dependable and productive, and his friends think he is great at organizing events. Based on the five-factor model of personality, Julio would probably score

A)high in agreeableness.
B)low in neuroticism.
C)high in conscientiousness.
D)high in openness.

Question 10

According to the five-factor model of personality, people who score high in _____ tend to be sympathetic, trusting, cooperative, and modest.

A)neuroticism
B)extraversion
C)conscientiousness
D)agreeableness

Question 11

The id can be BEST described as having which of the following statements as its motto? ​

A)Mom always liked you best.
B)Do the right thing.
C)We can work it out.
D)If it feels good, do it.

Question 12

According to the five-factor model of personality, people who score high in _____ are characterized as outgoing, sociable, upbeat, friendly, and assertive.

A)neuroticism
B)extraversion
C)conscientiousness
D)openness to experience

Question 13

Janelle is suspicious and uncooperative. Her friends think she is a boastful person who is seldom sympathetic. Based on the five-factor model of personality, Janelle would probably score ​

A)low in openness.
B)low in agreeableness.
C)high in neuroticism.
D)low in extraversion.

Question 14

An individual's unique constellation of consistent behavioral traits is known as

A)collectivism.
B)individualism.
C)personality.
D)an archetype.

Question 15

While many of the personality traits a person has may be relatively common, the overall combination of traits exhibited by that person is unique. This relates to the _____ aspect of personality.

A)appropriateness
B)distinctiveness
C)consistency
D)variableness

Question 16

People high in _____ tend to experience less physical illness than other people.

A)agreeableness
B)conscientiousness
C)neuroticism
D)extraversion

Question 17

In an emergency, we would all react differently from one another because we all have different personalities and experiences. This quality of personality is called ​

A)consistency.
B)differentiation.
C)constancy.
D)distinctiveness.

Question 18

Michael is well known throughout his middle school for being a bright student who frequently disrupts class by answering a teacher's question with a somewhat appropriate wise crack. He behaves much the same when at baseball practice and Boy Scout meetings. His tendency to be a "class clown" in many situations relates to the _____ aspect of personality.

A)appropriateness
B)consistency
C)distinctiveness
D)variableness

Question 19

Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality focuses on all of the following EXCEPT

A)methods used to cope with sexual and aggressive urges.
B)the potential for personal growth.
C)the influence of childhood experiences.
D)unconscious motives and conflicts.

Question 20

Psychodynamic personality theories focus on ​

A)an individual's freedom and potential for growth.
B)genetic factors.
C)unconscious mental forces.
D)learning.

Question 21

According to Freud, which of the following is entirely unconscious?

A)Self
B)Id
C)Superego
D)Ego

Question 22

The thoughts, memories, and desires you have that you do not realize you have are in your _____ awareness.

A)superego
B)preconscious
C)unconscious
D)conscious

Question 23

Finding ways to meet instinctual needs and still take into account the conditions of the external, social world defines the _____, the basic operating theme of the _____.

A)reality principle; id
B)reality principle; ego
C)pleasure principle; id
D)pleasure principle; ego

Question 24

Howard sets extremely high standards for both himself and others. He tends to be rigid and inflexible and rarely allows himself to enjoy life. Freud would probably conclude that Howard is dominated by ​

A)his superego.
B)his id.
C)his ego.
D)penis envy.

Question 25

Which of the following levels of awareness contains material just beneath the surface of awareness that can easily be retrieved?

A)Unconscious
B)Conscious
C)Subconscious
D)Preconscious

Question 26

Michael is an executive for a major corporation. He constantly needs to find ways to meet the corporation's goals and objectives while taking into consideration factors such as laws and financial resources. In making these decisions, Michael is acting MOST like the portion of the personality that Freud referred to as the

A)ego.
B)superego.
C)id.
D)preconscious.

Question 27

The variety of modern psychodynamic theories of personality all derive from the work of which of the following individuals? ​

A)Albert Bandura
B)Sigmund Freud
C)Karen Horney
D)Wilhelm Wundt

Question 28

Psychoanalytic theory stresses all of the following EXCEPT ​

A)conscious thought patterns.
B)childhood experiences.
C)internal conflicts.
D)handling of sexual impulses.

Question 29

Freud's contemporaries were uncomfortable with his theory for all of the following reasons EXCEPT

A)his argument that people's behavior is governed by unconscious factors of which they are unaware.
B)his argument that individuals are masters of their own minds.
C)his argument that adult personalities are shaped by childhood experiences and other factors beyond their control.
D)his emphasis on how people cope with their sexual urges.

Question 30

Freud ascribed great importance to sexual and aggressive impulses, mainly because they ​

A)tend to be routinely frustrated.
B)are essential to the survival of the species.
C)dominate our dreams.
D)tend to be reinforced by others.

Question 31

Gordon hadn't thought about the band Spider Wings for several months. However, as soon as Donovon mentioned it, Gordon instantly thought about the great time he had at their last concert. According to Freud, before Donovon mentioned Spider Wings, Gordon's memory of the concert was contained in his _____ mind.

A)subconscious
B)preconscious
C)conscious
D)unconscious

Question 32

Jason just sat down to work on his term paper when his friends called and invited him to a party. If Jason decides he will only go to the party after he finishes outlining the term paper, his decision reflects the functioning of his ​

A)id.
B)superego.
C)ego.
D)preconscious.

Question 33

A person who tends to be selfish, demanding, and oblivious to the rights of other people would appear to have a stronger _____ than _____.

A)ego; superego
B)unconscious; conscious
C)superego; id
D)id; superego

Question 34

The superego is Freud's term for the

A)moral component of personality.
B)biological impulses that drive our behavior.
C)mediating agent between the other two components of personality.
D)unconscious aspect of personality.

Question 35

Primary process thinking is associated with the _____, and secondary process thinking is associated with the _____.

A)ego; superego
B)superego; id
C)ego; id
D)id; ego

Question 36

Cari often has temper tantrums and pouts when she can't have her own way. She behaves impulsively and becomes extremely impatient if she can't have the things that she wants immediately. According to Freud's view of personality, Cari's personality appears to be dominated by ​

A)her ego.
B)her id.
C)reaction formation.
D)her superego.

Question 37

Which of the following of Freud's personality components is suggested to engage in secondary process thinking?

A)Superego
B)Ego
C)Id
D)Id and ego

Question 38

When Braden was nine, he saw one of his classmates fall under the wheels of a school bus as it pulled away from the curb. Today, at the age of 34, he has no memory of the accident. The evening news carried a flashback of the accident that happened 25 years ago, and Braden still didn't remember being at the scene when the accident happened. According to Freud, Braden's memory of the accident seems to be contained in his _____ mind.

A)subconscious
B)unconscious
C)conscious
D)preconscious

Question 39

Jalen is currently thinking about all the things she has to do before she goes to her first class. She is mentally making lists of all these things so she will remember to do them on her way to school. According to Freud, these thoughts are contained in Jalen's _____ mind.

A)preconscious
B)unconscious
C)conscious
D)subconscious

Question 40

The component of personality that operates according to the reality principle is the ​

A)conscious.
B)superego.
C)ego.
D)id.

Question 41

If she is using the defense mechanism of projection, a mother who actually hates her son would MOST likely be both unaware of her hatred and ​

A)direct her hatred toward her daughter.
B)act in an extremely loving way toward her son.
C)act in an extremely critical way toward her son.
D)believe that her son hated her.

Question 42

While cleaning up after her party last night, Angela forgot to put the leftover crab dip in the refrigerator. When she discovered the now-spoiled dip in the morning, Angela said she didn't mind having to throw it out because it wasn't that good anyway. MOST likely, Angela is using ​

A)reaction formation.
B)repression.
C)rationalization.
D)regression.

Question 43

Hal is fearful of men who are friendly toward him, convinced that they are all homosexuals attempting to seduce him. Should it be the case that Hal is himself a latent homosexual, fearful of admitting this even to himself, we might conclude that he is using the defense mechanisms of repression and ​

A)reaction formation.
B)projection.
C)displacement.
D)regression.

Question 44

According to Freud, a person may become fixated at a particular psychosexual stage because of ​

A)permissiveness on the part of the person's parents.
B)a genetic predisposition for fixation.
C)either excessive gratification or excessive frustration of needs.
D)abnormalities in brain chemistry that develop prenatally.

Question 45

Defense mechanisms combat feelings of anxiety and guilt

A)through self-deception.
B)through rational problem solving.
C)by enhancing self-insight.
D)by making unconscious urges conscious.

Question 46

Todd was physically abused up until the age of eight. He is now 40 years old and has absolutely no memories of the early abuse that he experienced. According to Freud, Todd may be unconsciously dealing with the potential anxiety related to his abuse using the defense mechanism of ​

A)projection.
B)repression.
C)reaction formation.
D)regression.

Question 47

Freud used the term sexual in his psychosexual stages of development to mean

A)genital sexual impulses.
B)any pleasure-giving urge.
C)general sexual feelings.
D)latent sexual feelings.

Question 48

When people give a false but plausible excuse to justify their unacceptable behavior, they are using ​

A)reaction formation.
B)displacement.
C)rationalization.
D)projection.

Question 49

Failure to resolve conflict at a particular stage of psychosexual development may lead to failure to move forward psychologically, a phenomenon that Freud called ​

A)fixation.
B)displacement.
C)reciprocal determinism.
D)compensation.

Question 50

The largely unconscious reactions used to protect a person from unpleasant emotions such as anxiety and guilt are _____ mechanisms.

A)coping
B)defense
C)offense
D)id

Question 51

As an adult, going back to an earlier way of functioning defines

A)​​ repression.
B)fixation. ​
C)regression.
D)reaction formation.

Question 52

When people attempt to bolster their self-esteem by forming an imaginary or real alliance with some person   or group, they are using

A)regression.
B)displacement.
C)identification.
D)rationalization.

Question 53

John worries about his tendency toward abusing animals, so he joins the Association for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. John's behavior can be viewed as an example of ​

A)reaction formation.
B)projection.
C)regression.
D)rationalization.

Question 54

According to Freud, unresolved unconscious conflicts often produce ​

A)pleasure.
B)fixation.
C)archetypes.
D)anxiety.

Question 55

Recent research provides some support for the claim that _____ underlies many people's homophobia.

A)reaction formation
B)displacement
C)projection
D)repression

Question 56

The process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there is known as ​

A)neurogenic amnesia.
B)suppression.
C)avoidance.
D)repression.

Question 57

If she is using the defense mechanisms of reaction formation, a mother who actually hates her son would MOST likely be both unaware of her hatred and

A)direct her hatred toward her daughter.
B)act in an extremely loving way toward her son.
C)act in an extremely critical way toward her son.
D)believe that her son hated her.

Question 58

Under stress, a college student cries and throws things. The student's behavior is an example of

A)regression.
B)reaction formation.
C)displacement.
D)immaturity.

Question 59

Jose is one of the top baseball players in his league, but last week, he struck out on an easy pitch. When this happened, he smashed the water cooler in the dugout with his bat. According to Freud, Jose may be unconsciously dealing with his anger at himself by using the defense mechanism of ​

A)projection.
B)reaction formation.
C)rationalization.
D)displacement.

Question 60

Having a rather poor sense of self-worth, Bruce attempts to make himself feel important by driving a European sports car, belonging to an exclusive tennis club, and eating at the best restaurants. Bruce may be using the defense mechanism of

A)rationalization.
B)identification.
C)projection.
D)displacement.

Question 61

Identification of oneself with the proper gender, male or female, would occur during the _____ stage.

A)anal
B)genital
C)oral
D)phallic

Question 62

Vanessa bites her nails so badly that they bleed, but she can't seem to stop herself from doing this. According to Freud, Vanessa's nail biting may be evidence of fixation at the _____ stage of development.

A)oral
B)phallic
C)anal.
D)latency

Question 63

The Freudian stage that begins with puberty is the _____ stage.

A)anal
B)genital
C)phallic
D)latency

Question 64

Four-year-old Sam has erotically tinged desires for his mother and also feels hostility toward his father. Freud would conclude that Sam is experiencing the _____ complex.

A)Oedipal
B)phallic
C)identification
D)genital

Question 65

Which of the following of Freud's psychosexual stages did he see as society's first systematic effort to regulate a child's impulses?

A)Anal stage
B)Oral stage
C)Latency stage
D)Genital stage

Question 66

According to Jung, one's personal unconscious contains ​

A)archetypes.
B)repressed or forgotten information.
C)ancestral memories.
D)the id and the superego.

Question 67

The Freudian stage in which a child's sexuality is largely suppressed and he or she focuses on expanding social contacts is the _____ stage.

A)anal
B)genital
C)phallic
D)latency

Question 68

During the genital stage, sexual energy is primarily ​

A)suppressed.
B)exhibited through self-stimulation.
C)focused toward the parent of the opposite sex.
D)focused toward peers of the opposite sex.

Question 69

According to Jung, the _____ is a storehouse of latent memory traces inherited from people's ancestral past.

A)unconscious
B)collective unconscious
C)universal unconscious
D)personal unconscious

Question 70

The idea that a male child desires his mother and fears his father illustrates the _____ complex.

A)genital
B)latency
C)Oedipal
D)Electra

Question 71

The crucial developmental task associated with the anal stage is ​

A)the Oedipal complex.
B)gaining superiority.
C)weaning from the breast or bottle.
D)toilet training.

Question 72

According to Freud's theory, the developmental periods that leave their mark on adult personality are _____ stages.

A)defense mechanism
B)fixation
C)psychological
D)psychosexual

Question 73

Five-year-old Samuel often tells his older sister, "I can't wait to grow up, so I can marry mommy." Samuel is MOST likely in the stage of personality development that Freud referred to as the _____ stage.

A)anal
B)oral
C)phallic
D)latency

Question 74

Both Carl Jung and Alfred Adler were especially critical of Freud's emphasis on ​

A)the influence of childhood experiences.
B)sexuality.
C)the unconscious.
D)defense mechanisms.

Question 75

Graham is a 25-year-old male who is extremely anxious about any type of sexual activity. According to Freud's view of personality development, this anxiety may have arisen from ​

A)fixation at the genital stage of psychosexual development.
B)excessive punishment during his toilet training as a toddler.
C)improper weaning from the bottle when he was an infant.
D)an unresolved crisis during the latency stage of psychosexual development.

Question 76

The theorist who advanced the concept that the unconscious has two layers, the personal unconscious and the collective unconscious, was ​

A)Sigmund Freud.
B)Carl Jung.
C)Alfred Adler.
D)Erik Erikson.

Question 77

When anthropologists compare ancient artifacts from South America, Europe, and Australia, they often find similarities among the images that are depicted. Based on Jung's analytical psychology, some of these apparent similarities may stem from ​

A)the preconscious.
B)reciprocal determinism.
C)manifest consciousness.
D)the collective unconscious.

Question 78

Ashley is nine years old, and she seems to bring home a different friend from school every day. As she expands her social contacts beyond her immediate family, Ashley is showing behavior that is typical during Freud's _____ stage of psychosexual development.

A)latency
B)genital
C)phallic
D)preconscious

Question 79

Freud believed that during the phallic stage, children develop erotically tinged desires for ​

A)the parent of the opposite sex.
B)the parent of the same sex.
C)playmates.
D)siblings.

Question 80

Freud's concept of the unconscious is MOST like Jung's

A)preconscious.
B)personal unconscious.
C)collective unconscious.
D)archetypes.