Deck 1: The Evolution of Psychology

Question 1

The person responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline with its own subject matter is

A)G. Stanley Hall.
B)René Descartes.
C)William James.
D)Wilhelm Wundt.

Answer 1

Wilhelm Wundt.

Question 2

Imagine two scientists from another planet visit Earth and attempt to study our computers. In his studies Poz focuses on how the computer is used for conducting business, accessing research, communicating with others, and playing games, while Zog concentrates on the construction of the hard drive, monitor, keyboard, and mouse. Poz's approach is most similar to _____ while Zog's is most similar to _____.

A)functionalism; behaviorism
B)functionalism; structuralism
C)structuralism; functionalism
D)structuralism; behaviorism

Answer 2

functionalism; structuralism

Question 3

Dr. Rice believes that it is not possible to fully understand emotions unless we understand the purpose that the conscious experiences associated with emotions play in survival and adaptation. Dr. Rice's views are MOST consistent with those of ​

A)Edward Titchener.
B)Ivan Pavlov.
C)Carl Rogers.
D)William James.

Answer 3

William James.

Question 4

The first woman to serve as president of the American Psychological Association was ​

A)Mary Calkins.
B)Margaret Washburn.
C)Leta Hollingworth.
D)Anna Freud.

Question 5

According to Wilhelm Wundt, the focus of psychology was on the scientific study of ​

A)observable behavior.
B)conscious experience.
C)unconscious motivation.
D)the functions of behavior.

Question 6

In a discussion with your professor, she tells you that she believes that the focus of psychological study should be to break the conscious experience into its basic elements. With which of the following historical schools of thought is your professor's idea MOST consistent?

A)Behaviorism
B)Functionalism
C)Structuralism
D)Psychoanalysis

Question 7

The early approach in psychology that fostered the development of modern-day applied psychology was ​

A)structuralism.
B)behaviorism.
C)functionalism.
D)pragmatism.

Question 8

Isabel is listening to a piece of classical music and recording all her feelings and impressions as she experiences them. Isabel is using a technique similar to the research methodology of

A)structuralism.
B)functionalism.
C)behaviorism.
D)humanism.

Question 9

Dr. Smythe believes that in order to fully understand complex processes, such as taste, it is necessary to understand the purpose that taste plays in human adaptation, not the elementary components that combine to produce taste sensations. Dr. Smythe's views are MOST consistent with   the _____ approach to psychology.

A)behaviorist
B)functionalist
C)structuralist
D)psychoanalytic

Question 10

An adherent to structuralism would be MOST likely to study

A)why women appear to be more empathetic than men.
B)how children's IQs change over time.
C)how to get a rat through a maze more quickly in a laboratory setting.
D)how teachers' attitudes affect children's learning.

Question 11

In an attempt to learn something about his conscious experience, William looked at an abstract painting and wrote down all of his impressions as they came to him. This technique is called ​

A)introspection. ​
B)retrospection.
C)empiricism.
D)psychoanalysis.

Question 12

If while watching an exquisite sunset you stop and analyze your sensations, thoughts, and feelings, you would be performing introspection as the _____ once did.

A)structuralists
B)behaviorists
C)functionalists
D)psychoanalysts

Question 13

Psychology's intellectual parents are the disciplines of ​

A)physics and physiology. ​
B)philosophy and physiology.
C)chemistry and physics.
D)philosophy and chemistry.

Question 14

The school of psychology associated with understanding the purpose of consciousness  was

A)functionalism.
B)behaviorism.
C)neodynamism.
D)psychoanalysis.

Question 15

Wundt's view that the study of psychology should be approached similarly to the study of chemistry brought psychology into the realm of

A)philosophy.
B)science.
C)physiology.
D)functionalism.

Question 16

While the term psychology has existed since at least the early 1700s, psychology did not come to be considered a science until the

A)1750s.
B)early 1800s.
C)late 1800s.
D)1940s.

Question 17

Although functionalism faded away as a theoretical force in psychology, historians credit it with two important contributions to the discipline: ​

A)behaviorism and applied psychology.
B)psychoanalysis and behaviorism.
C)behaviorism and introspection.
D)women psychologists and applied psychology.

Question 18

Which of the following was LEAST likely to be the focus of study for the functionalists?

A)Mental testing
B)D evelopment in children
C)Sensation and perception
D)E ffectiveness of educational practices

Question 19

The term used by William James to describe a continuous flow of thoughts was ​

A)existential awareness.
B)stream of consciousness.
C)transcendental meditation.
D)phenomenological flow.

Question 20

Dr. Asgaard believes that in order to fully understand complex processes, such as auditory processing, it is first necessary to understand all the separate component parts. Dr. Asgaard's views are MOST consistent with those of ​

A)William James. ​
B)Ivan Pavlov.
C)Carl Rogers.
D)Edward Titchener.

Question 21

Which of the following statements about Freud's psychoanalytic theory is MOST accurate? ​

A)Freud's views have been largely abandoned and they exert relatively little, if any, influence on current mainstream psychology.
B)Freud's views exert a tremendous influence on other disciplines, but not on psychology.
C)Freud's views exert a tremendous influence on developmental and abnormal psychology, but not on other areas of mainstream psychology.
D)Many psychoanalytic concepts have filtered into the mainstream of psychology.

Question 22

Which of the following did NOT have a significant influence on the development of Freud's theory? ​

A)Knowledge gained as a result of working with patients
B)The results of his experimental research
C)His efforts to treat mental disorders
D)His observation of the slips of the tongue people tend to make

Question 23

The theoretical orientation that insisted on verifiability of observation was ​

A)structuralism. ​
B)functionalism.
C)behaviorism.
D)psychoanalysis.

Question 24

John Watson would MOST likely believe that the actions of a child's parents

A)are not as important as their genes in determining who the child becomes.
B)have the greatest bearing on how the child acts in adulthood.
C)are shaped by their unconscious desires.
D)work in tandem with genetics to determine the child's future.

Question 25

The major departure of Freud's position from prevailing viewpoints around the early 1900s was that he ​

A)saw abnormal behavior as resulting from biological causes.
B)saw people as not fully aware of the forces that control their behavior.
C)proposed the existence of free will.
D)emphasized environmental forces on behavior.

Question 26

Christine is a psychologist who conducts research on the effects of reward on maze learning in rats. Christine would MOST likely be considered a ​

A)behaviorist.
B)structuralist.
C)psychoanalyst.
D)Gestalt psychologist.

Question 27

The psychologist who proposed that the study of consciousness should be replaced by the study of behavior was ​

A)John B. Watson.
B)Abraham Maslow.
C)G. Stanley Hall.
D)Sigmund Freud.

Question 28

Alison believes that individuals learn to be either aggressive or nonaggressive as a result of the experiences they have. Alison's views are MOST consistent with the _____ view of psychology.

A)behaviorist
B)structuralist
C)functionalist
D)psychoanalytic

Question 29

The concept of "stream of consciousness" is associated with ​

A)John Watson.
B)William James.
C)Sigmund Freud.
D)Wilhelm Wundt.

Question 30

Strict behaviorists would be MOST sympathetic to which one of the following statements? ​

A)Human behavior is primarily caused by inherited factors.
B)Human behavior is primarily caused by environmental factors.
C)Human behavior is primarily caused by equal contributions of inherited and environmental factors.
D)No one really knows what the primary causes for human behavior are.

Question 31

Sigmund Freud developed an innovative procedure for treating people with psychological problems, which he called ​

A)behavior modification.
B)primal therapy.
C)psychoanalysis.
D)rational-emotive therapy.

Question 32

You are interviewing a new member of the psychology department for the university newspaper. The faculty member states, "Many times, people are unaware of the underlying motivations that drive their overt actions." This faculty member's views are MOST similar to the views held by

A)B. F. Skinner.
B)Carl Rogers.
C)Wilhelm Wundt.
D)Sigmund Freud.

Question 33

Psychoanalysis may attempt to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by examining

A)one's overt behavior.
B)sensations, feelings, and images.
C)one's dreams.
D)the flow of one's thoughts.

Question 34

The school of psychology that was MOST responsible for the rise of animal research in psychology was ​

A)behaviorism.
B)structuralism.
C)psychoanalysis.
D)Gestalt psychology.

Question 35

According to John Watson, behavior is governed primarily by ​

A)heredity. ​
B)personal motives.
C)the environment.
D)unconscious desires.

Question 36

With which of the following statements would a behaviorist agree? ​

A)Conscious experiences can be studied in an objective, precise way.
B)In order to understand behavior, one must understand the motives behind the behavior.
C)Behavior can only be explained in terms of phenomenology, that is, an individual's interpretation of experience.
D)Psychology should be the science of behavior that can be observed by others.

Question 37

Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by ​

A)unrealistic demands from family and friends.
B)personal conflicts existing at an unconscious level.
C)genetic predispositions to behave in a particular way.
D)conflicts between conscious desires and environmental constraints.

Question 38

The notion that unconscious motivations can influence our overt behavior is MOST consistent with the views of ​

A)Carl Rogers.
B)Wilhelm Wundt.
C)B. F. Skinner.
D)Sigmund Freud.

Question 39

John B. Watson argued that psychologists should ​

A)use the method of introspection to establish the structural aspects of consciousness.
B)be concerned with the purposiveness (function)of behavior.
C)confine their work to people who are diagnosed as mentally ill.
D)abandon the study of consciousness.

Question 40

Functionalism was founded by ​

A)John Watson.
B)Sigmund Freud.
C)William James.
D)Wilhelm Wundt.

Question 41

Which of the following statements BEST reflects the main advantage of conducting psychological research with animals? ​

A)It is much cheaper to conduct research on animals than on humans. ​
B)In their biological makeup, animals are fundamentally similar to humans.
C)With research on animals, there are no ethical issues with which to be concerned.
D)A researcher can exert more control over an animal than over a human subject.

Question 42

Lisa taught her son to buckle his seat belt in the car by only allowing him to play the radio after he was buckled up. Lisa taught him by applying the principles of

A)cognitive psychology.
B)biological psychology.
C)humanism.
D)behaviorism.

Question 43

The notion that all behavior is fully governed by external stimuli is MOST consistent with ​

A)behaviorism.
B)humanism.
C)structuralism.
D)functionalism.

Question 44

The school of psychology that takes the most positive view of human nature is ​

A)behaviorism.
B)functionalism.
C)humanism.
D)psychoanalysis.

Question 45

The psychologist who took the position that organisms tend to repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes and tend not to repeat responses that lead to neutral or negative outcomes was ​

A)Sigmund Freud.
B)B. F. Skinner.
C)Carl Rogers.
D)Abraham Maslow.

Question 46

Marissa wants to study people's emotional reactions to increases in temperature. Her classmate, Bernard, tells her that she should focus on observable responses, rather than internal states, in her study. Bernard's views are MOST similar to those found in the _____ perspective.

A)psychodynamic
B)evolutionary
C)behavioral
D)biological

Question 47

The fact that actions can be observed and thoughts and feelings cannot is the basis of

A)psychoanalysis.
B)functionalism.
C)structuralism.
D)behaviorism.

Question 48

You are interviewing a new member of the psychology department for the university newspaper. The faculty member states, "Internal states undoubtedly exist, but it is not necessary to draw inferences about unobservable states in order to understand behavior." This faculty member's views are MOST similar to the views held by ​

A)William James.
B)B. F. Skinner.
C)Sigmund Freud.
D)Carl Rogers.

Question 49

Watson argued that if psychology was to be a true science

A)it must cease its concentration on mental processes.
B)it must find a way to quantify people's thoughts and feelings.
C)it must concentrate on biological issues such as genetic inheritance.
D)it must put the bulk of its focus on laboratory experiments.

Question 50

Which of the following groups of psychologists would be MOST likely to focus on individual uniqueness, freedom, and potential for growth as a person? ​

A)Behaviorists
B)Psychoanalysts
C)Humanists
D)Gestalt psychologists

Question 51

A group of psychologists is conducting research to determine whether people eat more when they are in the presence of environmental stimuli that increase anxiety, such as loud noises or flashing lights. These scientists MOST likely follow the _____ perspective.

A)behavioral
B)psychodynamic
C)humanistic
D)functionalist

Question 52

Behaviorists' heavy use of laboratory experiments on animals reflects their belief in

A)psychology's scientific verifiability.
B)the superiority of human life.
C)nature over nurture.
D)the power of the subconscious.

Question 53

Skinner would agree with all the following statements EXCEPT

A)all behavior is governed by external consequences.
B)individuals have free will.
C)organisms tend to repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes.
D)organisms tend not to repeat responses that lead to neutral or negative outcomes.

Question 54

With which of the following individuals is B. F. Skinner MOST in agreement on the issue of internal mental events? ​

A)John Watson
B)Sigmund Freud
C)Wilhelm Wundt
D)Abraham Maslow

Question 55

Which of the following psychologists would have been MOST likely to assert that "free will is an illusion"? ​

A)Abraham Maslow
B)B. F. Skinner
C)Wilhelm Wundt
D)Carl Rogers

Question 56

It should be easiest to teach a child to pick up his toys by utilizing the principles and techniques developed by ​

A)William James. ​
B)Abraham Maslow.
C)B. F. Skinner.
D)Wilhelm Wundt.

Question 57

Which of the following do behaviorism and psychoanalytic theory have in common?

A)A n emphasis on the role of sexuality in behavior
B)A resistance to the use of animal subjects in psychological research
C)The notion that unconscious motives have a major influence on behavior
D)T he implication that people are not masters of their own destinies

Question 58

Skinner would suggest that if you study "extra hard" for your first psychology midterm and earn an "A," for your next psychology midterm, you would ​

A)continue to study "extra hard." ​
B)reduce your study time by approximately 25%.
C)reduce your study time by approximately 50%.
D)devote all of your study time to your other courses.

Question 59

Janet trained her dog to sit on command by following this behavior with a reward of a dog biscuit and praise. Janet used the principles of ​

A)behaviorism.
B)humanism.
C)psychoanalysis.
D)functionalism.

Question 60

If Dr. Maple is a behaviorist, he would MOST likely believe that the cause of a child's disruptive behavior in school is the result of ​

A)a learning disability.
B)his genetic inheritance.
C)his prior experiences.
D)a combination of his genetic inheritance and his prior experiences.

Question 61

During World War II, many academic psychologists were pressed into service, mainly as ​

A)clinicians.
B)physicians.
C)teachers.
D)military leaders.

Question 62

Humanists believe that people's behavior is governed by ​

A)their self-concepts.
B)unconscious sexual urges.
C)the outcomes of their responses.
D)biochemical processes.

Question 63

The branch of psychology concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders is called _____ psychology.

A)industrial
B)social
C)developmental
D)clinical

Question 64

Manny tends to be very passive and allows people to take advantage of him. What would a humanist MOST likely say about Manny? ​

A)Manny will find it difficult to change because he probably has deep-seated feelings of inferiority.
B)Manny can become more assertive once he begins to feel better about himself and recognizes that he has the ability to fulfill his potential.
C)Manny simply needs to take an assertiveness training class in which he can learn and practice assertive behaviors.
D)Manny should undergo analysis so that he can begin to resolve whatever unconscious conflict is at the root of his passivity.

Question 65

Which of the following contributed MOST to the development of clinical psychology? ​

A)The advent of high-speed computers
B)The high demand for screening of military recruits
C)The increase in the number of people earning advanced degrees in psychology
D)The increase in public awareness of the symptoms of psychological disorders

Question 66

Which type of psychologist would be LEAST likely to generalize from studies of animal subjects to human behavior?

A)A psychoanalyst
B)A behaviorist
C)A humanist
D)A cognitive psychologist

Question 67

The major event that influenced the development of psychology as a profession was ​

A)World War I.
B)the Great Depression of the 1930s.
C)World War II.
D)the Cold War of the 1950s.

Question 68

A psychologist whose primary goal is to help people reach their potential MOST likely follows the principles of ​

A)behaviorism.
B)structuralism.
C)psychoanalysis.
D)humanism.

Question 69

The school of psychology that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans and suggests that we have a drive for personal growth is

A)humanism.
B)psychoanalysis.
C)behaviorism.
D)functionalism.

Question 70

Which of the following statements is LEAST likely to be made by a humanist? ​

A)Humans are unique.
B)The behavior of humans tends to be dictated by environmental circumstances.
C)Humans have a basic need to fulfill their potentials.
D)Research on animals has little relevance to understanding human behavior.

Question 71

Which of the following theorists would tend to emphasize explanations in terms of freedom and potential for personal growth?

A)Carl Rogers
B)Sigmund Freud
C)B. F. Skinner
D)John Watson

Question 72

World War II marks the movement of psychology from _____ to _____.

A)pure science; applied science
B)applied science; research
C)animal testing; human testing
D)educational studies; military studies

Question 73

Oliver is studying motivation in chimpanzees. His roommate doesn't think that Oliver's animal research will produce much useful information about human motivation. Oliver's roommate apparently has a(n) _____ perspective.

A)humanistic
B)evolutionary
C)biological
D)cognitive

Question 74

The theoretical viewpoint that is MOST closely associated with Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow is ​

A)cognitive approach.
B)humanism.
C)structuralism.
D)biological approach.

Question 75

Imagine that the editor of your local newspaper writes a column supporting a reduction in government intervention with a transfer of more rights to individual citizens. The editor bases this argument on the assumption that people are rational beings who will fulfill their maximum potential as long as others do not infringe on their basic human needs. This editor's views reflect those seen in the _____ perspective.

A)evolutionary
B)humanistic
C)psychodynamic
D)behavioral

Question 76

A clinical psychologist would probably be MOST interested in ​

A)determining how small groups make decisions.
B)studying facial expressions of emotion.
C)figuring out the most effective ways of treating anxiety.
D)studying the nature of optical illusions.

Question 77

The greatest contribution of humanistic psychologists is their ​

A)focus on unconscious motives.
B)emphasis on directly observable events.
C)development of psychological treatments.
D)recognition of the flawed nature of human perception.

Question 78

Which of the following psychologists would be MOST likely to stress that each person has a drive to grow and fulfill his or her potential? ​

A)Sigmund Freud
B)B. F. Skinner
C)G. Stanley Hall
D)Abraham Maslow

Question 79

The area of applied psychology MOST stimulated by World War II was _____ psychology.

A)quantitative
B)clinical
C)child
D)educational

Question 80

Michael is having problems relating to other people because he is exhibiting delusions (false beliefs) and hallucinations. Michael would MOST likely seek help from a(n) _____ psychologist.

A)clinical
B)developmental
C)experimental
D)physiological