Deck 3: The-Self

Question 1

Someone has the roles of policeman, brother, husband, and father. These roles correspond to his ____.

A)self knowledge
B)interpersonal self
C)agent self
D)true self

Answer 1

interpersonal self

Question 2

A television serial killer, who is also a blood spatter evidence expert, devotes a great deal of effort to controlling himself and to controlling his victims. In terms of the three components of the self, this reflects the serial killer's ____.

A)self-knowledge
B)interpersonal self
C)agent self
D)true self

Answer 2

agent self

Question 3

When social mobility increased, wherein some aristocrats became poor while merchants grew in wealth and stature, may help explain how the idea of ____ originated.

A)personality
B)the inner "true" self
C)the work ethic
D)narcissism

Answer 3

the inner "true" self

Question 4

The television series Dexter features a blood spatter evidence expert who leads a double life as a serial killer. The show often begins and ends with voice-overs of Dexter reflecting on who he is and what his characteristics are. In terms of the three components of the self, Dexter is reflecting on ____.

A)his self-knowledge
B)the interpersonal self
C)the agent self
D)his true self

Question 5

The idea of an inner "true" self-different from presumably has its origins in ____.

A)selfish impulses
B)social conscience
C)public actions
D)class prejudices

Question 6

Tony is debating whether to buy a Volvo S40, a Saab 9-3, or a Honda Accord. Which part of his self is he most likely relying upon?

A)Self-knowledge
B)The agent self
C)The interpersonal self
D)Future self

Question 7

The self appears at the interface between ____ and ____ to which the person belongs.

A)inner biological processes; the sociocultural network
B)parents; peer groups
C)infancy; the family
D)the individual; the society

Question 8

The three main parts of the self are ____.

A)self-esteem, self-understanding, and self-action
B)self-knowledge, the agent self, and the interpersonal self
C)the real self, the ideal self, and the future self
D)the conscious self, the preconscious self, and the unconscious self

Question 9

A culture that emphasizes public behavior and commitment is most likely to ____.

A)deemphasize the legal significance of marriage
B)celebrate the love that leads to marriage
C)accept changes in feelings as a reason for divorce
D)focus on the role performance of spouses

Question 10

The component of self-knowledge includes ____.

A)self-presentation
B)social roles
C)self-control
D)self-awareness

Question 11

In the late 1500s, a Hungarian nobleman was attacked at his small castle by a force of almost 100,000 soldiers. When he realized that his castle would soon be conquered, he didn't attempt to flee. Instead, he put on his wedding suit, hung a heavy gold chain around his neck, and stuffed his pockets full of gold coins. He then flung open the castle doors and led his remaining troops into a suicide charge right into the heart of the Turkish army. This example shows that ____.

A)many people believe in an afterlife
B)people often become delusional when under high levels of stress
C)many people care strongly about self-presentation
D)most people have a hard time accepting their own mortality

Question 12

A classic article by sociologist Ralph Turner noted that different cultures may differ in their ideas about the true self by placing emphasis on either of two main approaches. One of these approaches ____.

A)focuses on the way the person acts in public, especially in official roles
B)focuses on the superiority of blue bloods as rooted in inner traits
C)views the conception of self as a body separate from its environment
D)views self-awareness as the way to develop elaborate sets of beliefs about oneself

Question 13

Suppose you are trying to quit smoking, but you are having trouble doing so. When you take a moment to think about why you might be having so much trouble (i.e., when you try to analyze your resistance to quitting), you are relying on ____.

A)self-knowledge
B)the interpersonal self
C)the agent self
D)self-esteem

Question 14

Which specific part of the self enables decision-making?

A)The interpersonal self
B)Self-knowledge
C)The agent self
D)Self-esteem

Question 15

Most people have a certain image that they try to convey to others. Which part of the self is involved in this action?

A)The agent self
B)Self-concept
C)Self-esteem
D)The interpersonal self

Question 16

The interpersonal self or public self is a part of the self that ____.

A)enables people to develop elaborate sets of beliefs about themselves
B)helps the person connect socially to other people
C)enables the self to make choices and exert control
D)exerts control over other people and things

Question 17

Research suggests that ____ tend to have more of an interdependent self-construal, whereas ____ tend to have more of an independent self-construal.

A)modern cultures; traditional cultures
B)city-dwellers; rural people
C)Eastern people; Western people
D)Northerners; Southerners

Question 18

In a culture that considers the public actions of a person as the true side of the self, which of the following would be considered Melissa's true self?

A)Melissa wonders whether she will fit in with her classmates at school.
B)While preparing for a PowerPoint presentation, Melissa feels nervous.
C)During an interview for a job in sales, Melissa performs well at a mock pitch for a new product.
D)Melissa is troubled by the discord between her parents and decides to keep a journal about the problem.

Question 19

In cultures that emphasize ____, the actual wedding ceremony and its legal or religious significance are secondary.

A) self-esteem
B)the agent self
C)role performance
D)inner feelings as the true self

Question 20

In the three-part structure of the self, the agent self is also known as the ____.

A)public self
B)self-concept
C)executive function
D)interpersonal function

Question 21

The process by which one controls and modifies the self is known as ____.

A)self-referencing
B)self-regulation
C)the working self-concept
D)public self-consciousness

Question 22

In the 1980s, there was an antidrug television commercial that showed a businessman in a seedy public restroom getting ready to snort cocaine. The man drops the cocaine on the floor and needs to bend down to try to retrieve it. He then catches a glimpse of himself in the restroom mirror, and appears-having seen himself in this act-to feel suddenly shocked by himself, and ashamed of what he is doing. Seeing himself in the mirror seems to heighten the man's ____.

A)social role
B)self-presentation
C)self-awareness
D)generalized other

Question 23

____ tends to make people more aware of positive, culturally desirable standards and tends to make them try harder to behave in positive, culturally desirable ways.

A)Basking in reflected glory
B)The over-justification effect
C)The self-reference effect
D)Increased self-awareness

Question 24

Social psychologists distinguish at least two main kinds of self-awareness: ____.

A)independent self-awareness and interdependent self-awareness
B)intrinsic self-awareness and extrinsic self-awareness
C)public self-awareness and private self-awareness
D)interpersonal self-awareness and agent self-awareness

Question 25

Research has shown that children are less likely to steal Halloween candy if there is a big mirror in front of them. This finding illustrates the fact that ____.

A)the looking-glass self is similar to public self-consciousness
B)the looking-glass self invokes the generalized other
C)increased self-awareness enables people to behave better
D)moral behavior is primarily guided by the conscious part of the duplex mind

Question 26

Increased self-awareness makes people ____.

A)act more consistently with their attitudes about different issues
B)lose track of their diets
C)conform less to their sexual morals
D)behave more aggressively

Question 27

When people are not keeping track of how much they are eating (e.g., when they are intoxicated or emotionally absorbed in a television show), ____.

A)both dieters and non-dieters eat more than they would otherwise
B)dieters eat more than they would otherwise, but non-dieters eat the same as they would otherwise
C)dieters eat the same amount as they would otherwise, but non-dieters eat more than they would otherwise
D)both dieters and non-dieters eat the same amount as they would otherwise

Question 28

Nearly all children start talking about standards, such as good, bad, and nice, at age ____, which is also the age at which ____.

A)one; they first learn to speak
B)two; their self-awareness blossoms
C)five; they begin to form a clear gender identity
D)11; puberty usually starts

Question 29

Drinking alcohol and using drugs are common means that people use to escape ____.

A)self-regulation
B)self-consciousness
C)self-awareness
D)self-handicapping

Question 30

A politician made comments about rape and argued that when it resulted in the birth of a child, rape could have positive outcomes. People wondered if this politician had any idea how such comments would be perceived. In social psychological terms, the politician seems to have low _____.

A)plausibility
B)public self-awareness
C)private self-awareness
D)self-esteem

Question 31

Self-awareness is often unpleasant because people ____.

A)can usually surpass low standards
B)may compare themselves to high standards
C)can begin to develop a concept of themselves as separate from their parents
D)may compare themselves to the "average person"

Question 32

Ted has been asked to attend a jazz performance by a few new colleagues. On the evening of the performance, Ted comes down with a severe headache. However, he does not cancel because he wants to be considered a team player. Which of the following is most likely true of Ted's view of his self?

A)He attends to how he is perceived by others.
B)He sees himself in the same way that other people see him.
C)He thinks that he is generally better than other people.
D)He becomes nervous and uncomfortable in social situations.

Question 33

Jonah, a 19-year-old college sophomore, has mild autism spectrum disorder and is acutely aware of the ways in which he is different from others-socially, emotionally, and intellectually. Jonah has a(n)____.

A)interdependent self-construal
B)decreased self-awareness
C)extrinsically motivated personality
D)independent self-construal

Question 34

When asked to introduce herself, Sarah states that she is an author who writes horror stories, has a small business selling handmade soaps and cosmetics, can play the violin, enjoys travelling to exotic countries, and has a loving husband and two children. Her answer indicates that she has _____.

A)a more independent self-construal
B)a more interdependent self-construal
C)a more private self-awareness
D)a reduced self-awareness

Question 35

Shun Fujimoto, a Japanese gymnast, who competed in the 1976 Olympics, broke his leg during the competition but hid his injury from his teammates, and performed on the rings in the last event. His score helped Japan win the gold medal by a very slight margin. Most likely, according to Asians, this story illustrates the notion of ____.

A)intrinsic rewards
B)a more interdependent self-construal
C)social comparison
D)the looking-glass self

Question 36

Jeff is facing mandatory retirement. He thinks about how he has mentored his new co-workers the way he was once mentored. He enjoys it when co-workers come to him for advice and share their triumphs. He thinks about how his work friendships have often become personal, and he wonders how those relationships will change when he retires. Jeff's thoughts indicate his ____.

A)self-handicapping strategy
B)independent self-construal
C)positive illusions
D)interdependent self-construal

Question 37

A person's _____ reflects the interaction between individuals and the cultural system.

A)social identity
B)agent self
C)self-knowledge
D)private self-awareness

Question 38

You are a participant in a study, and the researcher asks you to work on a puzzle while sitting in front of a mirror, and that your performance will be videotaped. Given these two pieces of information, it is most likely that the researcher is trying to ____.

A)lower your standards
B)increase your self-awareness
C)appeal to your interdependent self-construal
D)decrease your inhibitions

Question 39

Private self-awareness is a matter of ____.

A)attending to how you are perceived by others
B)looking inward
C)what others might think of you
D)merely being aware of oneself

Question 40

____ are flexible enough to take on new social roles and to change roles.

A)Worker ants
B)Queen bees
C)Chimpanzees
D)Humans

Question 41

Social psychologists have found that there is usually a very good match between ____.

A)your self-concept and your perception of what others think of you
B)your self-concept and the true opinions that others have of you
C)your perception of what others think of you and the true opinions that others have of you
D)your self-concept and others ' self-concepts

Question 42

The term "looking-glass self" was coined to refer to the idea that ____.

A)we learn about ourselves from viewing ourselves in the mirror
B)we learn about ourselves from other people
C)we tend to see parts of our own personalities in other people
D)we tend to judge ourselves rather positively compared to how other people judge us

Question 43

Jason belongs to a conservative religious family, and strongly feels that homosexuality is wrong and immoral, although he has never met a homosexual person. After arriving at college, he meets lots of new friends, a few of whom are homosexual. Jason finds that he really enjoys spending time with them. When he is about to graduate, Jason feels that homosexuality cannot be wrong because some of his closest friends are gay and he realizes that they are not immoral. Which of the following concepts can BEST explain Jason's change in attitude about homosexuality?

A)Social comparison theory
B)Self-regulation
C)Self-perception theory
D)Self-handicapping strategy

Question 44

Wanting to perform an activity for its own sake refers to ____.

A)intrinsic motivation
B)self-regulation
C)self-handicapping
D)narcissism

Question 45

Consider the following passage from The Adventures of Tom Sawyer : "There are wealthy gentlemen in England who drive four-horse passenger coaches twenty or thirty miles on a daily line, in the summer, because the privilege costs them considerable money; but if they were offered wages for the service that would turn it into work then they would resign." This passage illustrates ____.

A)self-handicapping
B)the overjustification effect
C)the looking-glass self
D)the self as an institution

Question 46

Terra is a good employee who works hard and receives good evaluations and raises. She finds out, though, that the co-workers in her department get higher raises than she does. According to social comparison theory, when Terra compares her raise with that of her co-workers, she is engaging in ____.

A)upward social comparison
B)downward social comparison
C)lateral social comparison
D)intrinsic social comparison

Question 47

Introspection refers to the process by which a person ____.

A)compares himself or herself to cultural standards of morality
B)takes stock of his or her strengths or weaknesses
C)seeks to regulate, control, or modify his or her behavior
D)examines the contents of his or her mind and mental states

Question 48

Rachel's husband is arrested for alcohol-fueled domestic violence. Rachel wonders what her co-workers will think of her now. Will they see her as a bad wife or a weak woman? She feels ashamed at the thought of facing her co-workers. Rachel's thought processes illustrate the concept of ____.

A)external locus of control
B)the looking-glass self
C)the duplex mind
D)independent self-construal

Question 49

In Nisbett and Wilson's (1977)studies on consumers' awareness of purchasing decisions, ____.

A)people were able to articulate accurately that they made their choice based on product color or softness
B)people made choices based on the product softness or color, but thought they made the choice based on when they saw the product
C)people made choices based on whether they saw the product last, but thought they made the choice based on product color or softness
D)people were able to articulate accurately that they made their choice based on when they saw the product

Question 50

Is introspection a source of self-knowledge?

A)Yes, and it is the only true source of self-knowledge.
B)Yes, and it is just one source of self-knowledge.
C)No, but self-actualized people may benefit from it.
D)No, it is not a source of self-knowledge.

Question 51

For the study regarding how young men were affected by sexy car ads, which of the following statements is true? .

A)The men explained their choice based on the presence of the attractive model.
B)The men tended to choose whichever car was paired with the attractive model.
C)The men realized that their choice was influenced by the attractive model.
D)The men tended to focus on the good points of the car and ignore the attractive model.

Question 52

Oscar, a student teacher, has completed his first week of teaching middle school mathematics. He received positive feedback from his supervising teachers, and his students are also happy. However, one supervisor made a few sarcastic comments on his teaching methods. Oscar is disturbed by the comments, but his peers advise him not to hinge the analysis of his performance on the negative comments of just one supervisor. Instead, they urge him to consider the collective positive feedback he has received from all the other people involved. According to Mead's theory, Oscar is told to focus on _____.

A)the looking-glass self
B)upward social comparison
C)the generalized other
D)the working self-concept

Question 53

How does the self-concept relate to others' perceptions of you? Research suggests that ____.

A)there is no gap between what your friends think of you and what you think they think
B)there usually is a good match between your self-concept and how you think others regard you
C)a person's self-concept is the same as what his or her family thinks of him or her
D)people learn about themselves only through introspection

Question 54

Nisbett and Wilson's (1977)research was an attack on the concept of _____.

A)self-regulation
B)self-esteem
C)narcissism
D)introspection

Question 55

In Nisbett and Wilson's (1977)studies, when people made choices about which stockings to buy, they said that they chose based on ____.

A)whether the stocking was presented first or last
B)the color or softness of the stocking
C)how much the stocking cost
D)the stocking size

Question 56

George plays football because of all the attention he gets from his peers, parents, and teachers. He also feels that it might provide a way to pay for college. It is most likely that George is ____ to play football

A)intrinsically motivated
B)extrinsically motivated
C)publicly motivated
D)privately motivated

Question 57

Jetta thinks she is doing well in class because she is getting a "B" for her tests. Then she finds out that nearly everybody else is getting an "A." She realizes that she needs to work harder to improve her grades. This is an example of the theory of _____.

A)social perception
B)social comparison
C)self-presentation
D)impression management

Question 58

Sally lives in a relatively well-off neighborhood. Most of her friends live in smaller homes in poorer neighborhoods, so Sally thinks that she is wealthy. When Sally compares her home with those of her friends, she is engaging in ____.

A)upward social comparison
B)downward social comparison
C)internal attribution
D)external attribution

Question 59

Mead elaborated upon ____ to suggest that most self-knowledge comes from feedback received from other people.

A)Freud ' s notion of the superego
B)the neo-Freudian notion of the object
C)Cooley ' s notion of the looking-glass self
D)Turner ' s notion of self as institution

Question 60

Ximena enjoys working at her job as a stockbroker. She is also motivated by the high salary it generates. According to social psychology, Ximena is ____ to perform her job.

A)both intrinsically and extrinsically motivated
B)self-regulated
C)solely intrinsically motivated
D)solely extrinsically motivated

Question 61

The overjustification effect occurs when ____.

A)there are no extrinsic rewards associated with an activity
B)people do not intrinsically enjoy an activity
C)people are extrinsically rewarded for something they intrinsically enjoy doing
D)people are punished for an extrinsically rewarding activity

Question 62

When people engage in self-handicapping, their behavior is MOSTLY driven by the ____.

A)self-enhancement motive
B)self-verification motive
C)appraisal motive
D)consistency motive

Question 63

Automatic egotism refers to ____.

A)the tendency for narcissistic people to assume that others have more positive opinions of them than they really do
B)the tendency for narcissistic people to assume that other people are paying more attention to them than they really are
C)putting obstacles in the way of one's own performance, so that anticipated failure can be blamed on the obstacle instead of on lack of ability
D)the response by the duplex mind that "everything good is me, and everything bad is not me"

Question 64

Young actors, models, and musicians often get involved with drugs and alcohol very quickly after rising to success. While there are many factors that contribute to this pattern, it is suggested that they get mixed up with drugs and alcohol so that they have a good excuse in case their career takes a turn for the worse i.e., they can simply blame misfortunes on partying too much rather than on a personal lack of talent, which would be more painful! If this is true, then it would be correct to say that stars who party too much are often engaging in ____.

A)self-regulation
B)introspection
C)overjustification
D)self-handicapping

Question 65

Tyra is preparing to take a standardized exam which contains English and Math sections. She is convinced that she will perform well in English and poorly in Math. If Tyra is driven by a strong consistency motive, then ____.

A)she will probably try especially hard at Math so that her English and Math scores are similar
B)she will probably spend most of her time working on the English section, and may not even try working on the Math section
C)she will probably spend most of her time working on the English section to feel good about herself
D)she will probably complete both portions within the allotted time

Question 66

Information bearing on the self is processed more thoroughly and more deeply, and hence remembered better. This is known as the ____.

A)endowment effect
B)appraisal motive
C)self-reference effect
D)self-enhancement motive

Question 67

Which motive emerges as the weakest motive when conflicts arise between the self-enhancement motive, the appraisal motive, and the consistency motive?

A)The self-enhancement motive
B)The consistency motive
C)The appraisal motive
D)Neither motive is weaker than the others

Question 68

The phenomenal self or the working self-concept, refers to ____.

A)an idealized image of the self
B)the image of self that is currently active in a person's thoughts
C)a person's sense of his or her contributions to personal relationships or to the broader culture
D)the part of self that people openly share or disclose with others

Question 69

Sarah is the only African American in her class. Based on the working self-concept, which of the following assumptions about Sarah is most likely true?

A)Being the only African American in her class reduces her self-awareness.
B)Sarah is most likely to feel pressured to disprove the myth that African Americans perform poorly in their classes.
C)Being the only African American in her class can improve her academic performance.
D)Sarah is most likely to feel less aware of her ethnicity because her classmates don't care about it.

Question 70

Vanessa has an important presentation at work, but she fears that she will do a poor job due to her stage fright. The evening before the presentation, she goes to a bar with her friends and spends the entire night there. She now has a severe hangover during the morning of the presentation. Social psychologists refer to Vanessa's behavior as ____.

A)self-regulation
B)automatic egotism
C)overjustification
D)self-handicapping

Question 71

Horatio is taking practice LSAT exams based on actual ones. He attempts to solve the questions within the allotted time limits and doesn't cheat by looking at the answers beforehand. He wants to assess his current level of preparedness to determine how much more work to put in. In this scenario, Horatio is most likely driven by a(n)____.

A)consistency motive
B)self-enhancement motive
C)self-verification motive
D)appraisal motive

Question 72

The consistency motive is sometimes called the ____.

A)appraisal motive
B)self-enhancement motive
C)self-verification motive
D)justification motive

Question 73

Frances schedules an appointment with a personal trainer to get a thorough assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of her body. She intends to run a 10K marathon after a few months and wants to be in the best shape possible for this event. In this scenario, Frances is most likely to be driven by a(n)____.

A)self-enhancement Motive
B)self-enhancement motive
C)self-reference effect
D)appraisal motive

Question 74

Ann has taken Spanish courses for many years and is almost fluent. However, she recently enrolled in an introductory Spanish course because she loves the feeling of being the smartest person in the room and getting scores of 100%. According to this scenario, Ann is most likely to be driven by a(n)____.

A)self-verification motive
B)appraisal motive
C)consistency motive
D)self-enhancement motive

Question 75

Astrid spends a lot of time thinking about her own motivations and thoughts-about why she feels and believes and behaves the way she does. Astrid is best described as spending a lot of time in ____.

A)introspection
B)automatic egotism
C)self-handicapping
D)social comparison

Question 76

Which of the three motives emerges as the strongest when conflicts arise between the self-enhancement motive, the appraisal motive, and the consistency motive?

A)The self-enhancement motive
B)The consistency motive
C)The appraisal motive
D)The strongest motive depends on the type of conflict

Question 77

Which of the following scenarios is the best example of self-handicapping?

A)Roy is a cigarette smoker. He does not like to hear about the health risks of smoking. He, therefore, ignores such information or dismisses it as invalid, and continues to smoke.
B)Yuki and her friends do not study much. Since Yuki does not know anyone who studies hard, she assumes that nobody does. As a consequence, she continues to have terrible grades.
C)Jacques has a big wrestling match coming up, but he fears that he will lose to his more accomplished opponent. The week before the match, he deliberately overeats and falls ill. Thus, if he actually loses the match, he can blame it on his poor health.
D)When Olivia has had a long day at work, she yells at her children in the evening. She usually feels bad about this soon after. But she justifies her behavior with the reasoning, "I am the parent here and I have the right to discipline my children."

Question 78

The self-enhancement motive has an especially strong ____ appeal.

A)physiological
B)emotional
C)cognitive
D)rational

Question 79

Kevin is the only male doctor at the clinic where he works. Research suggests that, as a result, he will be ____.

A)especially aware of his maleness, and more likely to perform better
B)especially aware of his maleness, and more likely to perform poorly
C)oblivious of his female colleagues, and more likely to perform poorly
D)oblivious of his female colleagues, and more likely to perform better

Question 80

Suppose, for a month, you are given $20 each time you work on a fun and interesting word game. Research suggests that, as a consequence, ____.

A)the word game will be easier for you (than for someone who has not been rewarded)
B)the word game will be harder for you (than for someone who has not been rewarded)
C)when you are no longer given money, you will be less likely to work on it (than would someone who has not been rewarded)
D)when you are no longer given money, you will be more likely to work on it (than would someone who has not been rewarded)