Deck 14: Health and Medicine

Question 1

High-income populations have higher infant mortality rates than low-income populations.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Functionalists argue that the medical system is often driven by a profit motive rather than a concern for people's well-being.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Age is the single best predictor of illness and death.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Disability rates are higher for women than men.

Question 5

In Parsons' model, sick people are responsible for their condition and have no legitimate reasons for not performing their usual social roles.

Question 6

Acute diseases develop gradually or are present from birth.

Question 7

According to conflict theorists, illness and disease are socially constructed.

Question 8

The Affordable Care Act's (ACA's) goal was to give more Americans age 64 and under access to affordable, quality health insurance, and to reduce the growth in health care spending.

Question 9

Men are more likely than women to be taking antidepressant medications.

Question 10

From a functionalist perspective, the sick role is legitimate if it is short-lived.

Question 11

Both feminist and conflict theorists emphasize that illness is dysfunctional because it prevents people from performing expected roles.

Question 12

A disability is any physical or mental impairment, temporary or permanent, that limits a person's ability to perform a basic life activity.

Question 13

Epidemiological studies show only small health differences across countries.

Question 14

Which of the following groups of countries has the highest life expectancy at birth?

A) High-income countries
B) Low-income countries
C) Lower-middle-income countries
D) Middle-income countries
E) Upper-middle-income countries

Question 15

Women of all racial-ethnic groups are more likely than men to be victims of homicide.

Question 16

Incidence is the total number of cases (extent) of an illness or health problem within a population or at a particular point in time.

Question 17

The United States spends far more per capita on medicines than other developed countries.

Question 18

Which of the following statements best describes social epidemiology?

A) It examines how societal factors affect the distribution of disease within a population.
B) It refers to the prevention, management, and treatment of illness within a society.
C) It refers to any physical or mental impairment that limits a person's ability to perform a basic life activity and function well in a society.
D) It is the study of long-term or lifelong illnesses that develop gradually or are present from birth.
E) It examines how a society ranks people based on their access to valued resources such as wealth, power, and prestige.

Question 19

Smoking is considered a preventable lifestyle health hazard.

Question 20

Medicaid covers the health insurance for all undocumented immigrants.

Question 21

Which of the following statements is true of chronic diseases?

A) Chronic diseases include chicken pox.
B) Chronic diseases strike suddenly.
C) Chronic diseases disappear rapidly.
D) Chronic diseases are long-term illnesses.
E) Chronic diseases decrease as people age.

Question 22

Which of the following statements is true of the impact of demographic factors on health and illness?

A) Social class is the single best predictor of illness and death.
B) After age 65, acute rather than chronic diseases comprise the majority of health problems.
C) The gender gap in life expectancy has increased since 1975.
D) Women, on average, live longer than men.
E) Access to nourishing food guarantees healthier eaters.

Question 23

Who among the following suffers from an acute disease?

A) Katie, who has high blood pressure
B) Jeremy, who has asthma
C) Syed, who has dementia
D) Mia, who has chicken pox
E) Gina, who has diabetes

Question 24

Hilda, a 75-year-old woman, has problems thinking and has become increasingly forgetful over the past 6 months. Her doctor tells her that she is suffering from a form of dementia. In this case, Hilda most likely has _____.

A) Alzheimer's disease
B) bulimia
C) anxiety disorder
D) depression
E) attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Question 25

Which of the following groups of infants is more likely to die before age 1?

A) Infants born to Hispanic women
B) Infants born to Pacific Islanders
C) Infants born to white women
D) Infants born to black women
E) Infants born to Asian Americans

Question 26

Which of the following is the most common cause of deaths of children under 5 years old in lower-income countries?

A) Chronic malnutrition
B) Obesity
C) Passive smoking
D) Malaria
E) Respiratory infections

Question 27

Which of the following is a difference between chronic and acute diseases?

A) Unlike acute diseases, chronic diseases decrease as people age.
B) Unlike acute diseases, chronic diseases can cause death and incapacitation.
C) Unlike chronic diseases, acute diseases are present at birth.
D) Unlike chronic diseases, acute diseases are lifelong illnesses.
E) Unlike chronic diseases, acute diseases strike suddenly and disappear rapidly.

Question 28

Which of the following is the most debilitating form of dementia?

A) Persecutory delusion
B) Catatonic schizophrenia
C) Parkinson's disease
D) Cotard delusion
E) Alzheimer's disease

Question 29

Identify one of the top three preventable lifestyle health hazards in the United States.

A) Anorexia
B) Dehydration
C) Obesity
D) Malnutrition
E) Bulimia

Question 30

Unlike low-income populations, high-income populations:

A) have a low prevalence of obesity.
B) have higher incidences of stillbirth.
C) spend less on health care.
D) have a low prevalence of diabetes.
E) live longer.

Question 31

Rafael falls sick and gets hospitalized. His doctor tells him that he has been infected by a very contagious virus; it is the leading cause of outbreaks from contaminated food in the United States. In this case, Rafael most likely fell sick by coming in contact with _____.

A) human papillomavirus
B) human immunodeficiency virus
C) coronavirus
D) norovirus
E) herpes simplex virus

Question 32

Which of the following ethnic groups has the highest life expectancy rates?

A) Latinos
B) Asians
C) African Americans
D) Native Americans
E) Indian Americans

Question 33

Which of the following is true about the incidence of suicide in the United States?

A) Nationally, men are about ten times more likely than women to die by suicide.
B) Suicide rates have decreased since 2007, particularly for young females aged 10 to 14.
C) Among high school students, females are twice as likely as males to attempt suicide.
D) Nationally, women are about four times more likely than men to die by suicide.
E) Among high school students, males are four times as likely as females to attempt suicide.

Question 34

Which of the following statements is true of disability?

A) Disability increases with age.
B) Disability rates are lower for the poor.
C) Disability rates are higher for men than women.
D) Disability rates are lowest among American Indians.
E) Disability is most common among those aged 18 and under.

Question 35

Which of the following statements is true of the impact of social class on health?

A) The lower the family income, the greater the likelihood of adults experiencing two or more chronic diseases as early as age 45.
B) The lower the family income, the lesser the likelihood of a sedentary lifestyle because of limited recreational facilities.
C) The lower the family income, the lesser the likelihood of stress.
D) The lower the family income, the lesser the likelihood of occupational injuries.
E) The lower the family income, the greater the access to health care services.

Question 36

Which of the following groups is least likely to die from illicit drugs and prescription drug abuse in the United States?

A) Native Americans
B) Asians
C) Alaska Natives
D) African Americans
E) Latinos

Question 37

Which of the following is one of the top three preventable lifestyle health hazards in the United States?

A) Smoking
B) Epidemic diseases
C) Vitamin deficiency
D) Dehydration
E) Purging

Question 38

Depression is the single most common mental health problem among adolescents and usually begins at about age _____.

A) 14
B) 20
C) 35
D) 64
E) 40

Question 39

Which of the following statements is true about global health disparities?

A) High-income populations have lower infant mortality rates than low-income populations.
B) Chronic malnutrition is more prevalent in high-income countries than in low-income countries.
C) High-income populations spend less on health care than do low-income populations.
D) Low-income populations live longer than high-income populations.
E) Death rate due to chronic malnutrition has decreased in low-income countries, but it has increased in high-income countries.

Question 40

One of the top three preventable health hazards in the United States is _____.

A) dehydration
B) chronic malnutrition
C) Parkinson's disease
D) substance abuse
E) epidemic diseases

Question 41

Which of the following is most likely a reason for the United States spending more per capita on medicines than other developed countries?

A) Low availability of medicines
B) Low population growth rate
C) High prescription prices
D) Low disability rates
E) High rate of inflation

Question 42

Which of the following is the most commonly used illicit drug in the United States?

A) Mescaline
B) Marijuana
C) Cocaine
D) Heroin
E) Ecstasy

Question 43

Which of the following statements is true of health insurance in the United States?

A) The majority of Americans get health insurance from the government.
B) More than 40 percent of Americans get their health insurance through Medicaid.
C) Medicare pays the medical costs of Americans on the basis of income.
D) Employer-based health insurance coverage has deteriorated.
E) Medicaid provides medical care exclusively for people aged 45 years and over.

Question 44

Identify an accurate statement about health insurance in the United States.

A) Medicare is designed for people below the poverty line.
B) Individuals of all ages are eligible for Medicare.
C) Billionaires are not considered eligible for Medicare.
D) Medicaid provides medical care for people of all ages who are living below the poverty level.
E) Medicaid pays most of the medical costs of Americans age 65 and over, regardless of income.

Question 45

Jane believes that health care facilities and medicine are very important for a society's well-being and sustenance. Jane often says that people who are ill must seek professional help so that they can resume their social roles quickly. Jane's beliefs represent the _____ perspective on health and illness.

A) Marxist
B) symbolic interactionist
C) feminist
D) functionalist
E) conflict

Question 46

The Affordable Care Act (ACA) produced the most significant gains in coverage for _____.

A) American Indians
B) whites
C) Latinos
D) Asians
E) African Americans

Question 47

According to the _____ perspective, labeling people as ill increases their likelihood of being stigmatized.

A) conflict
B) cognitive
C) symbolic interactionist
D) functionalist
E) fundamentalist

Question 48

According to the _____ perspective, medicalization has increased the power of medical associations, parents, and mental health advocates.

A) symbolic interactionist
B) fundamentalist
C) conflict
D) radical accelerationist
E) functionalist

Question 49

According to the _____ perspective, the medical establishment is a powerful social control agent.

A) constructivist
B) symbolic interactionist
C) functionalist
D) fundamentalist
E) conflict

Question 50

Philip argues that the medical system's main goal is to make profits and not to benefit people who need help. He says that medical care is not equally accessible to all individuals and that it benefits only certain groups of people. Philip's ideas represent the _____ perspective.

A) functionalist
B) conflict
C) symbolic interactionist
D) constructivist
E) sexist

Question 51

_____ refers to a harmful overindulgence in or dependence on a drug or other chemical.

A) Substance abuse
B) Substance control
C) Substance intake
D) Substance intolerance
E) Substance withdrawal

Question 52

Which of the following factors has most likely increased health care costs in the United States?

A) Decrease in the number of chronic ailments
B) Increased use of medical technology
C) High drug prices fixed by the government
D) Increased benefits of Medicaid
E) Low disability rates

Question 53

Parsons' model introduced the concept of the _____, a social role that excuses people from normal obligations because of illness.

A) gatekeeper role
B) sick role
C) symbolic role
D) institutional role
E) fundamental role

Question 54

In _____, sick people are not responsible for their condition and, therefore, have legitimate reasons for not performing their usual social roles.

A) Gibbon's model
B) Ford's model
C) Beveridge's model
D) Parsons' model
E) Lynn's model

Question 55

According to the _____ perspective, men control women's health.

A) functionalist
B) fundamentalist
C) feminist
D) constructivist
E) symbolic interactionist

Question 56

Which of the following statements is true of illicit drug use in the United States?

A) Illicit drug use is more common among people aged 45 and over than among those aged 18 to 25.
B) Illicit drug use is more common among Asian Americans than any other racial or ethnic group.
C) Less than 10 percent of Americans aged 12 and older use illicit drugs.
D) Illicit drug use is more common among men than women.
E) Cocaine is the most commonly used illicit drug.

Question 57

In the United States, illicit drug use is:

A) reported in less than 10 percent of Americans aged 12 and older.
B) reported in less than one percent of Americans.
C) least common among people aged between 18 and 25 years.
D) more common among women than men.
E) least common among Asian Americans.

Question 58

According to the _____ perspective, a drive for profit ignores people's health needs.

A) functionalist
B) fundamentalist
C) conflict
D) constructivist
E) symbolic interactionist

Question 59

Which of the following countries spends the most on health care?

A) The United States
B) India
C) China
D) Russia
E) The United Kingdom

Question 60

Unlike functionalists, conflict theorists believe that the medical system:

A) reinforces social inequality.
B) is driven by a concern for people's well-being.
C) is devised against pharmaceutical lobbyists.
D) is driven by the need to invent new medicines.
E) ensures a society's survival.

Question 61

What variables are most frequently used to measure the health status of a given population?

Question 62

Explain Parsons' concept of the sick role.

Question 63

In the context of sociological perspectives on health and medicine, _____ believe that medicalization and labeling stigmatize some illnesses and diseases more than others.

A) feminists
B) symbolic interactionists
C) conflict theorists
D) functionalists
E) fundamentalists

Question 64

Which of the following is a similarity between the assertions of feminist and conflict theorists?

A) Both emphasize that the medical system has concern for people.
B) Both emphasize that illness is dysfunctional.
C) Both emphasize the concept of the sick role.
D) Both emphasize that men control women's health.
E) Both emphasize the connection between health and inequality.

Question 65

Explain how the advent of medical technology has increased health care costs.

Question 66

Explain how e-cigarettes are effective in helping smokers quit tobacco products.

Question 67

What is the difference between a chronic disease and an acute disease?

Question 68

Explain the consequences of excessive alcohol use.

Question 69

What are the two factors that epidemiologists consider while determining the reason for the longevity of a certain population?

Question 70

Which of the following is a criticism of feminist perspectives of health and illness?

A) Feminist scholars sometimes gloss over the fact that social class, rather than gender, has a big effect on people's health.
B) Feminist scholars overemphasize lifestyle choices that affect people's health.
C) Feminists scholars tend to ignore the contributions of medical and health care systems .
D) Feminist scholars do not address structural factors such as laws and government policies.
E) Feminist scholars overemphasize the social constructions of health and illness.

Question 71

Discuss the pricing of drugs in the United States and its effect on health care expenses.

Question 72

Which of the following was previously considered a mental illness and was dropped later from the American Psychiatric Association's (APA's) roster?

A) Schizophrenia
B) Delusional disorder
C) Anorexia nervosa
D) Bulimia nervosa
E) Homosexuality

Question 73

Which of the following is an assumption of medical models?

A) Illness is anything that deviates from normal biological functioning.
B) Illness and medicine are social constructions that can change over time.
C) Most illnesses are a result of preventable lifestyle choices.
D) Illnesses stem from individuals' moral character.
E) Social class affects social constructions of illness.

Question 74

Which of the following views is consistent with the medical models?

A) Social class affects social constructions of illness.
B) Illnesses are social rather than biological problems.
C) Illness and medicine are societal constructions.
D) An illness has specific features that a doctor can recognize.
E) All illnesses stem from preventable lifestyle choices.

Question 75

Explain the changes in the occurrence of illnesses with age.

Question 76

According to feminist scholars, men control many aspects of women's health in _____ societies.

A) patriarchal
B) matriarchal
C) polyandrous
D) egalitarian
E) monogamous

Question 77

Explain the role of a physician as a gatekeeper.

Question 78

How are lifestyle choices related to health, disease, and impairment?

Question 79

Briefly discuss why the number of Americans experiencing one or more disabilities rose from 61 million in 1997 to almost 75 million in 2013.

Question 80

In the context of the conflict perspective of health and illness, the American Medical Association (AMA) and health care industry can maintain the status quo because of the _____ complex.

A) medical-industrial complex
B) social-industrial complex
C) neo-business complex
D) post-medical complex
E) paramedical complex