Deck 15: Population, Urbanization, and the Environment

Question 1

Which of the following statements is true of crude birth rate?

A) It is the rate at which a population of 1,000 people double their number.
B) It counts the number of babies who live beyond the age of three for every 1,000 people.
C) It is based on the age and marital status of women.
D) It is based on the populations of least developed countries.
E) It is based on the total population rather than more specific measures.

Answer 1

E

Question 2

The growth or decline of population involves three key factors: fertility, mortality, and migration.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Crude death rate is defined as:

A) the average age at which people die in a population.
B) the total number of deaths in a population in a given year.
C) the average number of child mortality per day in a country.
D) the number of deaths per 1,000 people in a population in a given year.
E) the number of still births for every 100 people in a population in a given year.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Before the Industrial Revolution, urban settlements developed because people figured out how to use natural resources.

Question 5

China is now emitting almost twice as much carbon dioxide as the next-biggest polluter, the United States.

Question 6

Total fertility rate is the number of people born every day in a country.

Question 7

_____ is the scientific study of human populations.

A) Epidemiology
B) Physiology
C) Geology
D) Demography
E) Biometrics

Question 8

Up to 3.5 million Americans get sick every year from polluted beach water.

Question 9

The total fertility rate is the:

A) rate at which a population doubles in size.
B) average number of children born to a woman during her lifetime.
C) median age at which women have their first child.
D) total number of children who have lived beyond the age of five years.
E) number of live births for every 1,000 people in a population in a given year.

Question 10

Most of the pipes in the United States, especially in cities along the eastern seaboard, are nearly 200 years old.

Question 11

Which of the following will be the world's largest country by 2050?

A) China
B) India
C) Nigeria
D) United States
E) Indonesia

Question 12

Population pyramids give us a snapshot of a country's demographic profile and indicate some of the problems that countries are likely to face in the future.

Question 13

If Bryan moves from New Zealand to London, he will be an emigrant in London.

Question 14

In many countries, clean water is a luxury rather than a basic human right.

Question 15

Most water problems are a result of an imbalance in nature.

Question 16

The world adds about 700,000 people each day.

Question 17

By 2050, Nigeria will replace the United States as the third largest country.

Question 18

Most violence against women occurs at home instead of public places.

Question 19

One of the benefits of suburbanization is more privacy and space.

Question 20

A population pyramid is a graphic depiction of a population's total fertility rate over a decade.

Question 21

Which of the following statements is true of megacities?

A) In 1950, the United States had the most number of megacities.
B) In 1950, Tokyo was one of the megacities.
C) A megacity has no more than a million residents.
D) Most of the megacities are located in the United States.
E) Chicago is currently a megacity.

Question 22

Which of the following is a functionalist view on urbanization?

A) Urbanism has negative consequences including alienation and friction.
B) An urbanized environment is where one's physical contacts are close, but social contacts are distant.
C) Urbanization is largely the result of decisions made by powerful capitalists and high-income groups.
D) Urban space is a commodity that is bought and sold for profit.
E) Cities serve many important social and economic functions, but urbanization also has its downsides.

Question 23

Caroline works for a corporation in Oriel, a city that accommodates more than 10 million inhabitants. Oriel is known as a(n) _____.

A) suburb
B) exurb
C) alpha city
D) global city
E) megacity

Question 24

Which of the following is true of the total fertility rate (TFR)?

A) TFRs are lower in the least developed nations than in developed nations.
B) TFRs below 1.8 mean that a country's population is increasing and getting younger.
C) TFRs below 2.1 mean that a country's population is decreasing and getting older.
D) High TFRs indicate increased difficulty in supporting the older population.
E) The higher the TFRs, the greater is the stability of a population.

Question 25

Which of the following is true of world urbanization trends?

A) In 1950, the world had only two megacities.
B) By 2030, there will be 200 megacities.
C) By 2030, there will be 41 megacities in the United States.
D) Australia is home to nearly 90 percent of the world's rural population.
E) The number of megacities is growing, but they are much smaller than in the past.

Question 26

Which of the following theories maintains that population growth changes as societies undergo industrialization, modernization, technological progress, and urbanization?

A) Neo-Malthusian theory
B) Sector theory
C) Malthusian theory
D) Demographic transition theory
E) Multiple-nuclei theory

Question 27

_____ is people's movement from rural areas to cities, which results in the increased size of cities.

A) Modernization
B) Localization
C) Urbanization
D) Globalization
E) Colonization

Question 28

Mr. and Mrs. Gomez live in Brazil with their two children. The infant mortality rate of their city is low, and the decrease in child care responsibilities allows Mrs. Gomez to pursue a career and support her family financially. In the context of the demographic transition theory, the Gomez family is most likely in _____.

A) advanced industrial society
B) preindustrial society
C) postindustrial society
D) early industrial society
E) maturing industrial society

Question 29

In the context of the Malthusian theory, which of the following statements is true?

A) According to the theory, the population grows at an arithmetic rate.
B) It maintains that the population is growing faster than the food supply needed to sustain it.
C) It states that resources available to humans will quadruple by 2050.
D) Neo-Malthusians are against the old theory and believe the population is under control.
E) According to neo-Malthusians, the earth will survive as it is a "striving planet."

Question 30

Which of the following is true of migration?

A) One-quarter of the migrants in the United States are unauthorized.
B) By 2050, the total number of international migrants is expected to come down by half.
C) People who move into a country are called emigrants.
D) Mexico has the highest percentage of the world's migrants.
E) The United States has less than 5 percent of the world's migrants.

Question 31

According to demographic transition theory, which of the following is a characteristic of early industrial society?

A) The total fertility rate of a population at this stage is between 1.8 and 2.1.
B) Couples may have large numbers of children because they fear many of them will die.
C) Most couples adopt birth control methods to limit the number of children.
D) The decrease in child care responsibilities enables women to work outside the home.
E) Women tend to be well-educated and have full-time jobs or careers.

Question 32

Identify a true statement about developing countries.

A) Most developing countries, compared with developed countries, have large proportions of people age 65 and older who are no longer employed but require costly medical services.
B) Most developing countries, compared with developed countries, have lower death rates.
C) The United States secured the fifth rank in environmental performance, above all developing countries.
D) The largest flow of migrants have moved from one developing country to another.
E) Most least developed countries, compared with developed countries, have lower death rates.

Question 33

Michael and Belinda, an affluent couple, bought a sprawling mansion at a reasonable price in an urban neighborhood. They renovated the house to include luxurious amenities and converted a simple structure into an upscale property. This scenario best illustrates _____.

A) gentrification
B) urban sprawl
C) residential segregation
D) pocket listing
E) population growth

Question 34

A population pyramid is a graphic depiction of:

A) a population's racial and ethnic trends at a given point in time.
B) a population's emigration and immigration trends at a given point in time.
C) a population's age and sex distribution at a given point in time.
D) a population's economic and natural resources at a given point in time.
E) a population's crude birth and death rates at a given point in time.

Question 35

A(n) _____ is a central city of at least 50,000 people and urban areas linked to it.

A) metropolitan statistical area
B) megacity
C) edge city
D) megalopolis
E) exurbanite statistical area

Question 36

In the context of Malthusian theory, identify a preventive check that affects population size.

A) Famine
B) Plague
C) Drought
D) Postponing marriage
E) Child marriage

Question 37

In the context of Malthusian theory, identify a positive check that affects population size.

A) Premarital sex
B) Extramarital sex
C) Famine
D) Abortion
E) Contraception

Question 38

Identify a true statement about Africa and Asia.

A) They have the most stable economies in the world.
B) They have the lowest total fertility rates.
C) They are urbanizing at a slower rate when compared to other regions.
D) They are the world's least populated continents.
E) They are home to nearly 90 percent of the world's rural population.

Question 39

Sidney came to a city to pursue a career in modelling. She found the city too crowded for her liking and decided to move to a community just outside the city. This is an example of _____.

A) modernization
B) colonization
C) ruralization
D) suburbanization
E) globalization

Question 40

Which of the following is true of zero population growth?

A) It implies that the total fertility rate of a population is more than four.
B) It indicates a drastic drop in the number of crude death rates.
C) It is a population trend characterized by zero international immigrants.
D) It is a stable population level that occurs when each woman has no more than two children.
E) It indicates that one in every third couple in a population is childless.

Question 41

Which of the following is true of the availability and consumption of water?

A) Only about 1 percent of the earth's fresh water is available for around 7 billion people.
B) The world's demand for water has decreased by 20 percent over the last half century.
C) The average person in the United States uses about 23 gallons of water per day compared with 163 in China.
D) Industrialized nations use less clean water and pay more for it than the developing world.
E) The developing world has more access to fresh water than industrialized nations.

Question 42

Identify the perspective of symbolic interactionist theorists on urbanization.

A) In the suburbs, both women's and men's physical mobility is limited because of the scarcity of public transportation systems.
B) Cities serve many important social and economic functions, but urbanization can also be dysfunctional.
C) Many women fear the city, especially urban public spaces like streets, parks, and public transportation.
D) City residents differ in their types of interaction, lifestyles, and perceptions of urban life.
E) Urban changes are largely the result of decisions made by powerful capitalists and high-income groups.

Question 43

_____ and farm fertilizers are two of the major water pollution sources.

A) Solar panels
B) Industrial sites
C) Vehicle emissions
D) Large livestock farms
E) Incinerators

Question 44

Ralph believes that urban development is a political tactic and is controlled by laws that favor the rich. Ralph's views represent the perspective of the _____.

A) functionalists
B) symbolic interactionists
C) conflict theorists
D) feminist theorists
E) fundamentalists

Question 45

Which of the following statements is true of the environment?

A) Less than 10 percent of food gets wasted in the United States.
B) Food wastage percentage was the highest during the 1970s.
C) Up to 1,000 people in the United States get sick from polluted beach water.
D) Only 0.01 percent of the pesticides used in the United States reach the intended target.
E) According to research, pesticide contamination of food, water, and air was the least in 2014.

Question 46

_____ emphasize gender-related constraints while studying sociological explanations of urbanization.

A) Feminist theories
B) Symbolic interaction theories
C) Functionalist theories
D) Economic theories
E) Conflict theories

Question 47

The average person in the United States uses about _____ of water per day.

A) 413 gallons
B) 347 gallons
C) 200 gallons
D) 163 gallons
E) 50 gallons

Question 48

Which of the following is a primary reason or factor that causes the greenhouse effect?

A) Carbon dioxide emissions
B) Hurricanes
C) Clean energy sources
D) Green marketing
E) Afforestation

Question 49

Only _____ percent of the earth's water is fresh.

A) 27
B) 15
C) 10
D) 9
E) 3

Question 50

In the context of functionalism, Homer Hoyt refined the concentric zone theory and proposed the _____.

A) nuclei theory
B) sector theory
C) peripheral theory
D) minicenter theory
E) radial theory

Question 51

Which of the following causes 7 billion gallons of water to be wasted every day in the United States?

A) Residential wastage
B) Industry mishaps
C) Chemical spills
D) Water pipe bursts
E) Excessive recycling

Question 52

_____ are most interested in the impact of urban life on city residents and state that city residents differ in their types of lifestyles and perceptions of urban life.

A) Conflict theorists
B) Symbolic interactionists
C) Functionalists
D) Feminists
E) Socialists

Question 53

New urban sociology views:

A) urban changes as largely the result of decisions made by powerful capitalists and high-income groups.
B) individuals living in urban areas as having better physical and emotional health than those living in rural areas.
C) women as generally experiencing fewer choices and more constraints than men.
D) cities as serving more economic and social functions than rural regions.
E) urban residents as differing in their types of interaction, lifestyles, and perceptions of urban life.

Question 54

At least 95 percent of global warming is due to _____.

A) volcanic eruptions
B) human activities
C) changes in solar radiation
D) clean energy resources
E) natural forest fires

Question 55

Of all available water worldwide, 70 percent is consumed:

A) by industries.
B) by residential sectors.
C) by agriculture.
D) by water parks.
E) for landscaping.

Question 56

Identify the perspective of conflict theorists on urbanization.

A) Urbanites are more tolerant than residents of small towns or rural areas of a variety of lifestyles, religious practices, and attitudes.
B) Cities serve many important social and economic functions, but urbanization can also be dysfunctional.
C) Driven by greed and profit, large corporations, banks, developers, and other capitalist groups shape cities' growth or decline.
D) Urbanism has negative consequences, including alienation, friction because of physical congestion, impersonal relationships, and a disintegration of kinship and friendship ties.
E) In the suburbs, both women's and men's physical mobility is limited because of the scarcity of public transportation systems.

Question 57

Which of the following is the perspective of feminist theorists on urbanization?

A) Urbanism has negative consequences, including alienation, friction because of physical congestion, impersonal relationships, and a disintegration of kinship and friendship ties.
B) Whether they live in cities or suburbs, women generally experience fewer choices and more constraints than men.
C) Urbanites are more tolerant than residents of small towns or rural areas of a variety of lifestyles, religious practices, and attitudes.
D) Urban space is a commodity that is bought and sold for profit.
E) An urbanized environment is where one's physical contacts are close, but social contacts are distant.

Question 58

_____ is an increase in the average temperature of earth's atmosphere.

A) Fracking
B) Urbanizing
C) Refreezing
D) Greenwashing
E) Global warming

Question 59

Which of the following statements is true of water consumption?

A) The developing world has more access to fresh water than industrialized nations.
B) The world's demand for water has reduced by 10 percent over the last half century.
C) The average person in the United States uses about 40 gallons of water a day.
D) Industrialized nations use more water and pay less for it.
E) Europeans pay five times as much as the developing world for clean water.

Question 60

Benjie is studying the relation between certain atmospheric gases and the heating of the earth's atmosphere. He is studying about _____.

A) the greenhouse effect
B) the clean energy effect
C) deforestation
D) greenwashing
E) solar flares

Question 61

Define urban ecology and discuss the various urban ecology theories.

Question 62

Sustainable development refers to:

A) an increase in the number of business firms that indulge in greenwashing.
B) a change in the environment of a species.
C) reversal of the damage caused by humans in an attempt to save the planet.
D) a steady increase in the utilization of conventional energy sources.
E) economic activities that do not threaten the environment.

Question 63

Describe gentrification as a consequence of urbanization.

Question 64

Discuss the causes of air pollution.

Question 65

How did the Industrial Revolution promote urbanization?

Question 66

Define urban sprawl and job sprawl.

Question 67

Which of the following statements is true of climate change?

A) Global warming probably began a decade ago.
B) According to the National Climatic Data Center, there will be fewer hurricanes and tornadoes in the future.
C) Climate change is having a profound impact on every ecosystem worldwide.
D) The years 1998 to 2004 have been the hottest on record.
E) Scientists predict that climate change will result in fewer floods and landslides.

Question 68

Define fracking. What is its impact on water supplies?

Question 69

Describe the concept of population pyramids with examples.

Question 70

Describe the concept of edge cities and exurbs.

Question 71

_____ is the world's top coal producer, consumer, and importer, accounting for about half of global coal usage.

A) The United States
B) The United Kingdom
C) India
D) China
E) Russia

Question 72

Explain how clean water has depleted due to privatization.

Question 73

What are the three main factors that determine a growth or decline in population?

Question 74

Explain how the mortality rate helps demographers in understanding the changes in a population.

Question 75

In the context of the Malthusian theory, what are positive checks and preventive checks?

Question 76

Discuss the feminist perspective on gender roles, space, and safety.

Question 77

Discuss demographic transition theory and its four stages with examples.

Question 78

Robert is the CEO of a cloth-manufacturing company. His company was recently termed a greenwasher by a leading magazine. This implies that Robert's company:

A) creates its own raw material by recycling products.
B) strictly follows environment-friendly methods of manufacturing.
C) pollutes the planet while presenting a contrary public image.
D) does not support the government's law banning the production of toxic chemicals.
E) supports the "go green" initiative and mandates it as a company policy.

Question 79

Define the term ecosystem.

Question 80

Which of the following is a true statement about the environmental performance of countries?

A) The United States is ranked higher than all developing countries for its environmental performance.
B) Environmental problems are a low priority in the United States.
C) Among the world's 16 largest economies, the United States ranks above developing countries like China and India in energy-efficiency policies and programs.
D) Many American corporations prioritize environmental protection over economic development.
E) About 85 percent of Americans say that they recycle, and 80 percent really do so.