Deck 5: Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

Question 1

When people belonging to a whole group are associated with certain traits or characteristics, it is known as

A) prejudice.
B) stereotyping.
C) sexism.
D) discrimination.

Answer 1

stereotyping.

Question 2

Although he does not intend to behave in a racist manner, Mark says to his Korean-American classmate during a study session, "You speak such good English." This seeming compliment best illustrates the idea of

A) microaggression.
B) stigmatization.
C) social dominance.
D) explicit discrimination.

Answer 2

microaggression.

Question 3

Prejudice and discrimination based on a person's gender, or institutional and cultural practices that promote the domination of one gender (typically men) over another, are most accurately termed

A) sexism.
B) implicit racism.
C) orientation.
D) ambivalent racism.

Answer 3

sexism.

Question 4

According to research by Cascio & Plant (2015) and Merritt et al. (2010), what do people often do to establish their moral credentials of not being racist?

A) They list down the celebrities they know from the racial group in question.
B) They try to denounce their own race and praise the racial group in question.
C) They take part in rallies and political gatherings of the racial group in question.
D) They demonstrate that they have good friends from the racial group in question.

Question 5

A metastereotype refers to a

A) person's thoughts about the stereotypes outgroup members might hold about their own group.
B) person's thoughts about the acceptability of a stereotype that applies to a large number of outgroups.
C) stereotype that is positive in nature.
D) stereotype that is widely held.

Question 6

Bridgette thinks short people are lazy, and Barbara refuses to let short people join her book club. Bridgette is exhibiting ____, whereas Barbara is exhibiting ____.

A) discrimination; prejudice
B) stereotyping; discrimination
C) prejudice; stereotyping
D) prejudice; discrimination

Question 7

Jane is from race X, and Jean is from race Y. Which scenario best demonstrates modern racism?

A) Jane yells racial slurs and spits on Jean who is a stranger.
B) Jane and Jean work together. Jane thinks Jean is not doing her share of the work. For this, Jane gives Jean a more negative evaluation than is deserved.
C) Jane and Jean are on the same athletic team. The social norm of the team is for everyone to be friendly and personable to one another. Jane never talks to Jean.
D) Jane is interviewing Jean as a pianist for her club. Jane is looking for a piano player who will play jazz. Jean plays classical music. Jane doesn't hire Jean for the job.

Question 8

Which of the following is not an indicator of discrimination?

A) Believing that baby-faced men are harmless
B) Declining to allow a girl into an auto repair course in high school
C) Signing a petition to keep a minority group out of the neighborhood
D) Hiring a thin candidate rather than an obese one with the same credentials

Question 9

Bonnie feels very negatively toward lawyers. Whenever she meets a person who is a lawyer, she immediately feels a strong dislike for them the moment she finds out what they do for a living. This is an example of

A) prejudice.
B) discrimination.
C) social categorization.
D) stereotyping.

Question 10

According to research by Jacquie Vorauer, which is true of people engaging in intergroup interactions?

A) They do not show any intergroup prejudice to their outgroup members.
B) They often try to establish the superiority of their own racial groups.
C) They often have thoughts about the outgroup's stereotypes toward them.
D) They focus exclusively on gaining respect from outgroup members.

Question 11

Dr. Charles does not feel that African American students are as academically qualified as other students. He does not give them as much of his attention, is less willing to make appointments to give them help, and spends less time reading and making comments on their papers. Dr. Charles is engaging in ____ toward his African American students.

A) subgrouping
B) prejudice
C) stereotyping
D) discrimination

Question 12

Which of the following is an example of stereotyping?

A) A person believes atheists have very loose morals.
B) A company chairman refuses to hire women for top management positions.
C) A person believes Japanese people are hard workers.
D) A person fears that minorities are trying to replace his country's culture.

Question 13

Prejudice and discrimination based on a person's racial background, or institutional and cultural practices that promote the domination of one racial group over another, are most accurately termed

A) racism.
B) orientation
C) social justification.
D) ambivalent sexism.

Question 14

Racism that operates unconsciously and unintentionally is called ____ racism.

A) modern
B) implicit
C) benevolent
D) ambivalent

Question 15

A form of prejudice that surfaces in subtle ways when it is safe, socially acceptable, and easy to rationalize is called

A) modern racism.
B) relative deprivation.
C) illusory correlation.
D) reverse discrimination.

Question 16

Samantha thinks that all social psychology professors are intelligent, attractive, and fabulously good dancers. This is an example of

A) prejudice.
B) discrimination.
C) social categorization.
D) stereotyping.

Question 17

According to research by Dunham, Qian, and Sacco, which of the following statements is true of explicit racial bias?

A) It is very difficult to see.
B) It remains stable across ages.
C) It tends to reduce with age.
D) It tends to increase with age.

Question 18

Consider the Implicit Association Test in which people are asked to categorize words as well as Caucasian/African-American names. If you were to design a similar measure to assess implicit associations related to age, and more specifically, implicit negative beliefs about older people, which pattern of results might your IAT produce to indicate such ageism?

A) Participants report that they like younger-sounding names (e.g., Dylan, Carter) more than older-sounding names (e.g., Gladys, Sydney).
B) Participants take longer to pair positive words with older-sounding names and negative words with younger-sounding names than vice versa.
C) Participants primed with words related to old age (e.g., "Florida," "Bingo," "wheelchair") internalize stereotypes regarding the elderly and demonstrate slower reaction times to the categorization tasks.
D) Participants are quicker to recognize and categorize photos of young faces than photos of older faces.

Question 19

Negative feelings directed at others strictly because of their membership in a certain group is called

A) discrimination.
B) prejudice.
C) stereotyping.
D) the ingroup homogeneity effect.

Question 20

The concept that concerns the ambivalence between one's sincere, fair-minded attitudes and beliefs, and their largely unconscious and unrealized prejudicial feelings and beliefs, is called ____ racism.

A) modern
B) aversive
C) explicit
D) implicit

Question 21

A stereotype exists in many cultures that men are better than women at math. Ramie is about to take a diagnostic achievement test in math. According to research on stereotype threat, under which condition is Ramie most likely to perform poorly on the test?

A) Ramie does not believe that the test is an accurate measure of math ability.
B) Ramie is asked to indicate her sex at the beginning of the test.
C) Ramie does not include math as an important part of her identity.
D) Ramie is unaware of the cultural stereotype concerning sex and math

Question 22

In their study of sexism in 19 different countries, Glick et al. (2000) found that countries with the greatest degree of political and economic inequality exhibited

A) the highest levels of both hostile and benevolent sexism.
B) the lowest levels of both hostile and benevolent sexism.
C) high levels of hostile sexism but low levels of benevolent sexism.
D) low levels of hostile sexism but high levels of benevolent sexism.

Question 23

According to research by Crocker and colleagues (1991), black students who received positive interpersonal feedback from a white student experienced ____ if there was suspicion that the feedback had been received due to race.

A) an increase in level of motivation
B) no change in self-esteem
C) a reduction in self-esteem
D) an increase in self-esteem

Question 24

A 2019 study by Eric Apaydin found that females averaged about ____ less pay than their male counterparts.

A) $4,000
B) $11,000
C) $27,400
D) $24,000

Question 25

In a study by Phelan and colleagues (2008), participants read about male and female candidates for a managerial position. Compared to comparable male candidates, female candidates who emphasized their independence and leadership ability were rated as

A) lower in competence and in social skills.
B) lower in competence but higher in social skills.
C) higher in competence but lower in social skills.
D) higher in both competence and social skills.

Question 26

Which of the following statements describes an essential requirement for stereotype threat to occur?

A) The individual in question must be a member of a minority group.
B) The individual in question must be aware of negative stereotypes about his or her group.
C) The individual in question must have below-average ability for the task in question.
D) The individual in question must regularly participate in activities that draw racial disapproval from others.

Question 27

Stigmatized targets are at increased risk for

A) short-term mental health problems.
B) long-term mental health problems.
C) short-term physical health problems.
D) long-term physical and mental health problems.

Question 28

Gender stereotypes are prescriptive. This means that gender stereotypes

A) identify what men and women should be like.
B) do not persist in modern societies in any form.
C) are more accurate than other kinds of stereotypes.
D) are less influenced by cultural standards than other stereotypes.

Question 29

Ambivalent sexism consists of ____ elements.

A) two
B) three
C) four
D) five

Question 30

A study by David Schwegman contacted property owners about renting their property. Through a random assignment, it picked male and female names and allocated arbitrary spouse names. According to this research, property owners

A) gave equal preference to heterosexual and same-sex couples.
B) gave more preference to lesbian couples compared to gay or heterosexual couples.
C) were less likely to respond to same-sex couples compared to requests from heterosexual couples.
D) gave preference to same-sex couples if they are wealthy.

Question 31

Research on stereotype threat suggests that underperformance by African Americans in academic settings may be due to

A) a fear of confirming negative stereotypes of African Americans.
B) an overemphasis on super ordinate goals in instruction.
C) receiving negative feedback based on racist motives.
D) the desegregation that tends to occur even in so-called integrated schools.

Question 32

Negative and resentful feelings directed at women's abilities, values, and ability to challenge the power of men are referred to as ____ sexism.

A) implicit
B) modern
C) benevolent
D) hostile

Question 33

Social categorization leads people to

A) perceive group members more accurately.
B) perceive others as individuals rather than group members.
C) overestimate the differences between groups.
D) overestimate the differences within groups.

Question 34

Affectionate, chivalrous feelings toward women based on the belief that women need protection are referred to as ____ sexism.

A) implicit
B) aversive
C) benevolent
D) hostile

Question 35

Janet is a Vice President of a software company. She is Caucasian. In her day-to-day activities, she interacts with people belonging to various minority races. According to research by Bergsieker (2010) and Simon et al., (2019), Janet is most likely to focus on

A) the potential racism of the person she is interacting with.
B) being perceived as likeable and warm.
C) being perceived as competent.
D) the respect shown by the other person towards her.

Question 36

Social categorization is advantageous because it

A) leads to more accurate social perception.
B) encourages us to take longer to make judgments about others.
C) saves time and effort to make inferences about people.
D) is generally based on realistic assumptions.

Question 37

Which of the following regions has the highest percentage of men believing that women should have the same rights as men?

A) Africa
B) The United States
C) Middle East
D) Morocco

Question 38

Being persistently stereotyped, perceived as deviant, and devalued in society because of membership in a particular social group or because of a particular characteristic is the definition of being

A) sublimated.
B) ambivalent.
C) averted.
D) stigmatized.

Question 39

Which of the following experimental procedures would a researcher investigating stereotype threat be least likely to use?

A) Having women complete a math test
B) Having non-English-speaking students complete a verbal skills test in English
C) Having African Americans complete an athletic task
D) Having individuals with a history of mental illness complete a logical reasoning task

Question 40

According to research by Vorauer & Sasaki, people engaging in interracial interactions often try to regulate their behaviors by

A) exploring any signs of racial bias shown by their interaction partners.
B) citing the number of times they have helped people from other races.
C) discussing racially sensitive topics with their interaction partners.
D) being on the lookout for signs of distrust or dislike from their interaction partners.

Question 41

Arnold is not a cheerleader and doesn't know any cheerleaders personally, but when he sees them at the football games, they are always smiling. Arnold is likely to

A) think about specific cheerleaders rather than the group stereotype.
B) notice the ways in which each cheerleader is unique.
C) be able to distinguish cheerleaders from one another only if they are smiling.
D) think that all cheerleaders are happy.

Question 42

Which of the following factors does not contribute to the outgroup homogeneity effect?

A) Ingroup members have little information concerning outgroup members.
B) Ingroup members are unlikely to have frequent contact with outgroup members.
C) Ingroup members accurately perceive the lack of diversity within the outgroup.
D) Ingroup members interact with a nonrepresentative sample of outgroup members.

Question 43

Which of the following parts of the brain is likely to show greater activation when you see an unfamiliar person who is described as a member of your ingroup as opposed to being a member of an outgroup?

A) The orbitfrontal cortex
B) The corpus callosum
C) The ventral tegmentum
D) The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Question 44

The tendency to perceive members of an outgroup as less variable, or more similar to one another, than members of the ingroup, is called the

A) minimal group effect.
B) outgroup homogeneity effect.
C) ingroup homogeneity effect.
D) contrast effect.

Question 45

Individuals with a strong social dominance orientation are least likely to

A) prefer to live in a racially and socially equal society.
B) strongly identify with their ingroup.
C) want their ingroup to be of higher status than other groups.
D) endorse government policies that oppress outgroups.

Question 46

The belief that "they're all the same" best epitomizes the

A) minimal group effect.
B) outgroup homogeneity effect.
C) ingroup homogeneity effect.
D) contrast effect.

Question 47

When sports fans derive more joy in seeing their rival team losing than their own team winning, it is a result of

A) stereotype threat.
B) ingroup homogeneity effect.
C) reduced empathy for outgroups.
D) stigmatization.

Question 48

Charles is a Red Sox fan who does not think highly of Yankees fans. Which of the following statements that Charles made in the past week is most consistent with the concept of outgroup homogeneity?

A) "Obnoxious, rude, and prone to throwing batteries… if you've seen one Yankees fan, you've seen them all."
B) "I knew one Yankees fan who wasn't bad, but his wife was a Red Sox fan, so he doesn't count."
C) "The thing about Yankees fans is most of them just jump on the bandwagon."
D) "My two favorite teams are the Red Sox and anyone who's playing against the Yankees."

Question 49

Which of the following statements is true of system-justifying belief?

A) It eliminates ingroup and outgroup favoritism.
B) It supports disadvantaged groups challenging an economic system.
C) It focuses mostly on protecting the status quo.
D) It focuses on creating a racially and socially equal society.

Question 50

Being asked to think about one's mortality tends to

A) decrease ingroup bias.
B) increase ingroup bias.
C) have no impact on ingroup bias.
D) promote intergroup harmony.

Question 51

According to the stereotype content model, migrant farm workers who move to an area with a shortage of farming jobs would likely be viewed as

A) high in warmth and low in competence.
B) low in warmth and high in competence.
C) low in warmth and low in competence.
D) high in warmth and high in competence.

Question 52

Groups with which an individual feels a sense of membership, belonging, and identity are called ____, and groups with which an individual does not feel a sense of membership, belonging, or identity are called ____.

A) ingroups; outgroups
B) social categories; group biases
C) implicit categories; explicit categories
D) self-groups; social groups

Question 53

The stereotype content model groups stereotypes along the two dimensions of

A) intelligence and morality.
B) competence and warmth.
C) directness and indirectness.
D) dehumanization and impulsivity.

Question 54

All of the following result from social categorization except an

A) overestimation of differences between groups.
B) underestimation of differences within groups.
C) increased confidence that differences between groups are biologically based.
D) increased tendency to notice behaviors inconsistent with group stereotypes.

Question 55

Ingroup members are believed to display the outgroup homogeneity effect because

A) they always have to compete for shared resources with other groups.
B) they lack familiarity with members of the outgroup.
C) they lack sufficient information to judge the variability of their own group.
D) they usually encounter the most typical members of the outgroup.

Question 56

When Nazi propaganda depicted Jewish individuals as "disease-spreading rats," it was an attempt to solidify prejudice and hatred against that group through the use of

A) dehumanizing.
B) stereotype threat.
C) confirmatory biases.
D) the ingroup homogeneity effect.

Question 57

Which of the following goals is an example of a superordinate goal?

A) A girl trying to set a new school record for running the mile who is cheered by competitors
B) Two friends playing tennis against each other
C) A man trying to pick up a woman at a bar
D) Athletes who normally compete against each who are now on the same relay team

Question 58

Buffy is a member of a sorority. She considers the stereotypes about her sorority to be gross overgeneralizations but claims that the stereotypes about other sororities seem to have a kernel of truth. Buffy's thinking best illustrates

A) the outgroup homogeneity effect.
B) realistic conflict.
C) reverse discrimination.
D) social-role theory.

Question 59

Research findings regarding dehumanization indicate that

A) people tend to process outgroup faces in a manner similar to their processing of nonhuman objects.
B) dehumanization of outgroups is typically associated with reactions of greater empathy.
C) only members of the racial majority tend to be aware of cultural associations between racial minority group members and particular animal characteristics.
D) it has occurred in every culture in every time era in recorded history.

Question 60

A shared goal that can be achieved only through cooperation among individuals or groups is said to be

A) aversive.
B) superordinate.
C) competitive.
D) passive.

Question 61

Minimal groups are groups

A) consisting of only two people.
B) that occupy low-status positions in society.
C) based on trivial distinctions of minor importance.
D) with a long history of competition and antagonism.

Question 62

According to social identity theory, people display ingroup favoritism

A) as a way of displacing negative feelings toward the outgroup.
B) as a means of increasing self-esteem.
C) because they expect to be treated unfairly by outgroup members.
D) because intergroup competition demands it.

Question 63

A junior high coach decides to separate his basketball players into Team A and Team B. These two teams regularly play each other and compete for rewards, such as time at the drinking fountain and use of the new basketballs. The Robbers Cave experiment would suggest that the coach's new arrangement is likely to

A) create rifts within both teams.
B) lead to animosity between the teams.
C) encourage the development of leadership skills.
D) lead to less vigorous practices.

Question 64

The results of the Robbers Cave experiment can be extrapolated to suggest that prejudice and discrimination between groups are often cast aside when

A) both groups compete more often.
B) both groups say nice things about each other.
C) there is a common goal.
D) there is ingroup favoritism.

Question 65

Socio cultural factors that influence stereotyping include all of the following except

A) the effects of priming.
B) popular images of groups in the media.
C) one's peers.
D) social roles.

Question 66

Which of the following statements is true of collectivist cultures in the context of social identity and prejudice?

A) They show no bias favoring their ingroups.
B) They exclusively emphasize the positive aspects of their ingroups.
C) They are more likely than individualist cultures to consider contradictions in their ingroups.
D) They are more likely than individualist cultures to enhance their ingroups to boost their self-esteem.

Question 67

Some border-town residents dislike illegal immigrants because they fear that the immigrants will take jobs away from them. These feelings can best be explained by

A) system justification theory.
B) social identity theory.
C) social categorization theory.
D) realistic conflict theory.

Question 68

James is not satisfied with his $5 million annual salary because he feels that other basketball All-Stars are paid far more money. James' dissatisfaction is most likely the result of

A) realistic conflict theory.
B) ingroup favoritism.
C) outgroup homogeneity.
D) relative deprivation.

Question 69

Which of the following is not predicted by social identity theory?

A) Self-esteem is derived from positive ingroup associations.
B) Threats to self-esteem tend to decrease ingroup favoritism.
C) Expressions of ingroup favoritism tend to increase self-esteem.
D) Self-esteem is increased to the extent that the ingroup is perceived as better than the outgroup.

Question 70

Research using minimal groups has demonstrated that

A) competition for limited resources is necessary for ingroup favoritism.
B) ingroup favoritism will not occur in trivial laboratory groups.
C) ingroup cohesion is necessary to produce ingroup favoritism.
D) mere categorization is sufficient to produce ingroup favoritism.

Question 71

Which of the following statements concerning the relationship between competition and prejudice is false ?

A) Imagined competition can lead to prejudice just as much as actual competition.
B) The perception that one is not doing as well as outgroup members is sufficient to produce prejudice.
C) Prejudice can result from competitive threat to the ingroup as well as the individual.
D) Superordinate goals help diffuse conflict between children, but not adults.

Question 72

The Robbers Cave experiment demonstrated that

A) ingroup favoritism is inevitable.
B) social dominance is a natural aspect of the human race.
C) prejudice is a function of social class.
D) prejudice can result from intergroup competition.

Question 73

Which of the following statements best epitomizes the role of socialization in explaining stereotypes?

A) Larry tends to sort objects into groups rather than thinking of each item as unique, and he does the same thing when perceiving other people.
B) Cheryl relies on stereotypes because it saves her cognitive effort and energy.
C) Jeff thinks that all Italians are loud and easily excited because he has heard his father describe them in this manner.
D) Susie responds to threats to her self-esteem by stereotyping other groups to make herself feel better.

Question 74

Which of the following best exemplifies realistic conflict theory?

A) The conflict over land ownership between Arabs and Israelis in the Middle East
B) The conflict between Protestants and the Catholics in Ireland due to religious differences
C) The conflict between Democrats and Republicans regarding U.S. political ideology
D) The conflict over whether abortion should be legal or illegal

Question 75

Fein and Spencer (1997) conducted a study in which participants evaluated a job applicant whom they believed to be either Jewish or non-Jewish. Which of the following statements about this study is false ?

A) Participants were more likely to discriminate against the Jewish applicant when they had previously been given negative feedback about their own abilities.
B) Participants who were able to avoid discriminating against the Jewish applicant demonstrated the biggest boost to their own self-esteem.
C) The study was conducted on a campus where negative stereotypes about Jewish women were pervasive.
D) Their results provide supporting evidence for one of the basic predictions of social identity theory.

Question 76

Realistic conflict theory proposes that

A) conflict between groups is a function of interpersonal hostility.
B) intergroup hostility arises from competition among groups for scarce but valued resources.
C) intergroup conflict is largely a function of how realistically groups view one another.
D) realistic groups do not have to worry about intergroup conflict.

Question 77

Michigan and Ohio State are rival universities. Students at the two schools tend to only interact when the athletic teams they play for compete against each other. Sheriff's Robbers Cave experiment suggests that the students will

A) limit their competition to the playing field and behave cooperatively off the field.
B) only change their negative stereotypes once they have interacted on the playing field.
C) develop friendships only with members of the same race on the other team.
D) develop negative views of one another and behave in a hostile manner.

Question 78

Zoe just learned that she did not get into the college of her choice. She comes upon Alec, a resident of a nearby neighborhood and one that most outsiders find distasteful. It is likely that the news Zoe just received will cause her to judge Alec more ____, making her feel ____ about herself.

A) positively; worse
B) negatively; worse
C) positively; better
D) negatively; better

Question 79

The Jets and the Sharks are two groups of local youths who regularly-and belligerently-compete against each other. The Robbers Cave experiment would suggest that one way of healing the rift between these groups is to

A) allow the youths to date each other.
B) force one group to accept the belief that they are inferior to the other.
C) have them work together on a goal that requires cooperative efforts.
D) have each group note the good qualities of the other group.

Question 80

Which of the following can be inferred from the Robbers Cave study?

A) Intergroup conflict can be easily resolved with a propaganda campaign.
B) Competition between two groups can stir conflict.
C) The best way to reduce intergroup conflict is simply to bring group members together.
D) Young boys exhibit greater aggressive tendencies than young girls.