Deck 17: Late Adulthood: Physical and Emotional Development

Question 1

Osteoarthritis is a painful, degenerative disease characterized by wear and tear on joints.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

People whose diets are rich in antioxidants may be less likely to develop heart disease.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Prospective memory helps us retrieve information from the past.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

An older male may enjoy orgasm as thoroughly as he did at a younger age.

Question 5

Medicines greatly improve memory functions in people with Alzheimer's disease, and their effects are far-reaching.

Question 6

Even if fluid intelligence remained intact, retrospective memory might decline.

Question 7

Chronic alcoholism has no impact on the development of dementia.

Question 8

Sleep problems in late adulthood may involve emotional changes that bring elders closer to family members.

Question 9

Following the decline in bone density in late adulthood, men stand about twice the risk of hip fractures and about eight times the risk of spine fractures that women do.

Question 10

Immunological theory is a cellular damage theory of aging.

Question 11

Free radicals are unstable molecules that cause damage to cells.

Question 12

The three major causes of death of Americans age 65 and older are heart disease, cancer, and respiratory diseases.

Question 13

Programmed theories see aging as a result of genetic instructions.

Question 14

Ageism refers to prejudices held against people because of their age.

Question 15

Today, older people are at a higher risk of dying from chronic diseases than from infectious diseases.

Question 16

One's life expectancy refers to the length of time a person in a given population group can expect to live.

Question 17

In normal aging, physiological processes decline slowly with age and the person is able to enjoy many years of health and vitality into late adulthood.

Question 18

Rampant diseases such as German measles, smallpox, polio, and diphtheria contribute to low life-expectancy rates today.

Question 19

Aging has a more detrimental effect on associative memory than on memory for single items.

Question 20

The frontal regions of the brain constitute the executive center of the brain.

Question 21

It is the length of time one can live under the best of circumstances best describes _____.

A) life span
B) life expectancy
C) mortality
D) resilience

Question 22

Age-related degenerative changes in the ear are a major cause of ______.

A) glaucoma
B) presbycusis
C) ear infections
D) radial swelling

Question 23

The prejudices that people experience because of their age is called _______.

A) age validation
B) age discrimination
C) age toxicity
D) ageism

Question 24

The buildup of fluid pressure inside the eyeball is the main feature of ______.

A) cataracts
B) myopia
C) glaucoma
D) blindness

Question 25

In the context of age-related changes in men and women, which of the following statements is accurate?

A) Hearing ability tends to decline more gradually in women than in men.
B) Men are more likely than women to die from liver cirrhosis and strokes.
C) Heart disease typically develops later in life in men than in women.
D) Arthritis is more common in men than women among African Americans.

Question 26

Identify a reason life expectancy among men trails that among women by about five years.

A) Men are less likely to die from accidents, cirrhosis of the liver, strokes, homicide, HIV/AIDS, and cancer.
B) Heart disease typically develops later in men as compared to women due to the presence of estrogen.
C) Men indulge in unhealthful habits that are more typical of them, such as drinking, reckless behavior, and smoking.
D) Women tend to avoid medical attention until preventable or treatable problems become life-threatening.

Question 27

In the context of the effects of aging on men and women, which of the following statements is true?

A) The risk of developing heart disease early is higher in women than in men.
B) Age-related changes tend to occur more gradually in women than in men.
C) Arthritis is more common in men than in women.
D) Osteoporosis poses a greater threat to women than to men.

Question 28

Today, the average American newborn female can expect to live about _____.

A) 71 years
B) 77 years
C) 82 years
D) 88 years

Question 29

Which of the following can lower the risk of osteoporosis in men?

A) Larger bone mass
B) Sedentary lifestyles
C) High levels of testosterone
D) Tough connective tissues

Question 30

Which of the following is true of bone fractures?

A) They pose a greater threat to men than to women due to the poor bone density of men.
B) They are characteristics of the normal aging process.
C) They are more common among women after menopause than among young women.
D) They pose a greater threat to those who engage in walking as a regular exercise than those who do not.

Question 31

Which of the following statements is true of life expectancy?

A) Environmental factors do not affect the life expectancy of an individual.
B) Life expectancy tends to be the same for both male and female members of a given population.
C) Differences in geographic location are unlikely to affect the life expectancy of members of a species.
D) Life expectancy tends to differ according to health-related behavior patterns.

Question 32

Genetic programming plays a major role in determining a species' _____.

A) life expectancy
B) mortality
C) life span
D) resilience

Question 33

Which of the following options is a reason that there is a gap of about five years between the life expectancies of men and women?

A) Men are reluctant to have regular physical checkups or talk to doctors.
B) Women are more likely to indulge in drinking, smoking, and risky sex.
C) Estrogen and progesterone make women vulnerable to heart disease.
D) Men are less likely to die from accidents and reckless behavior.

Question 34

Pam is a 78-year-old woman whose eyesight has reduced due to the clouding of the lens of her eyes. In this scenario, which of the following disorders has Pam developed?

A) Glaucoma
B) Cataracts
C) Myopia
D) Nystagmus

Question 35

Cataracts are often caused by _____.

A) poor sensitivity in the ocular nerves
B) chemical changes related to aging
C) wear in the muscles of the eyes
D) the breakdown of the immune system

Question 36

Osteoporosis is characterized by ______.

A) toughening of tissues
B) inflammation of joints
C) infection of bone marrow
D) brittleness of bones

Question 37

Elinor is a 78-year-old woman experiencing difficulty in hearing voices and sounds. Her hearing abilities were fine until her fifties, and have been steadily declining since then. Elinor is most likely suffering from _____.

A) presbyopia
B) retinitis
C) presbycusis
D) glaucoma

Question 38

Today, the average American newborn male can expect to live about _____.

A) 71 years
B) 77 years
C) 82 years
D) 88 years

Question 39

Benjamin is an 80-year-old man whose acuteness of hearing has dramatically decreased over the last decade. This indicates that he has most likely developed _______.

A) presbyopia
B) retinitis
C) glaucoma
D) presbycusis

Question 40

Identify a correct statement about glaucoma.

A) Glaucoma shortens one's stature by inches.
B) Glaucoma rarely occurs before age 40.
C) Glaucoma cannot be treated either by surgery or medication.
D) Glaucoma causes curvature of the spine.

Question 41

Who among the following is most likely to be suffering from sleep apnea?

A) Nia, who occasionally wakes up from sleep gasping for breath due to a temporary suspension of breathing
B) Sam, who sometimes walks around while still asleep without being consciously aware of doing so
C) Beth, who has difficulty falling asleep, wakes up quite often during the night, and has trouble going back to sleep
D) Mike, who consistently feels drowsy all day and tends to sleep a lot

Question 42

Immunological theories of aging argue that ______.

A) the immune system is preset to decline by an internal biological clock
B) the immune system is preset to grow by an internal biological clock
C) the immune system is capable of refreshing itself as a result of positive lifestyle changes
D) the immune system is capable of responding to infections independent of a person's age

Question 43

Which of the following factors renders the aging human body less able to fight off infections?

A) Decline in prospective memory
B) Production of antibodies
C) Production of fertile ova
D) Decline in associative memory

Question 44

Nocturnal erections in late adulthood _______.

A) increase in frequency
B) indicate an abnormal enlargement of the prostate gland
C) disappear as part of the normal aging process
D) diminish in intensity and duration

Question 45

Antioxidants delay aging by _______.

A) disarming free radicals
B) enabling cross-linking of cell proteins
C) lengthening telomeres
D) regulating hormone levels in the body

Question 46

Which of the following factors might help older women reduce the risk of hip fractures?

A) A no-dairy diet intake
B) High-intensity cardio workouts
C) A high-protein diet intake
D) Walking as regular exercise

Question 47

Which of the following factors may compensate for reduced physical responses during sexual activity among older people?

A) Paler and thinner vaginas
B) Unreasonable expectations
C) Guilt about sexual urges
D) Years of sexual experience

Question 48

Which of the following is true of free radicals?

A) They are produced during metabolism by oxidation.
B) They elongate telomeres.
C) They loosen body proteins and tissues.
D) They accelerate the secretion of enzymes by the endocrine system.

Question 49

Each time human cells divide, telomeres _____.

A) shrink
B) lengthen
C) broaden
D) halve

Question 50

Which of the following is true of physical changes in late adulthood that affect sexual behavior of individuals?

A) The vaginal opening in women tends to expand.
B) Older men ejaculate more easily as they age.
C) Erections tend to become less firm for older men.
D) Nocturnal erections disappear altogether for older men.

Question 51

Samuel, a 75-year-old man, repeatedly wakes up during the night gasping for breath. This happens because he stops breathing while he's asleep. Samuel is most likely suffering from _______.

A) sleep apnea
B) astigmatism
C) sleepwalking
D) lung collapse

Question 52

In the context of the physical changes in older women, which of the following statements is true?

A) There tends to be an increase in vaginal lubrication.
B) There tends to be an increase in the production of estrogen.
C) The vagina and the vaginal opening tend to shrink in size.
D) The labia majora tend to thicken due to increased fatty deposits.

Question 53

Men with enlarged prostate glands commonly need to _____.

A) masturbate to reach orgasm
B) urinate during the night
C) urinate before eating
D) avoid all sexual activity

Question 54

Which of the following theories is a cellular damage theory of aging?

A) The telomere theory
B) The endocrine theory
C) The wear-and-tear theory
D) The immunological theory

Question 55

Studies showing that longevity tends to run in families validate _______.

A) maintenance theories of aging
B) error theories of aging
C) programmed theories of aging
D) cellular damage theories of aging

Question 56

Which of the following options is a result of the cross-linking of cell proteins?

A) Stiffening of collagen
B) Production of antioxidants
C) Soft and supple skin
D) Loss of bone calcium

Question 57

In the context of aging, which of the following is true?

A) Elevated levels of stress hormones make the body vulnerable to chronic diseases.
B) The stretching of telomeres with each cell division limits the number of times a cell can divide.
C) The stiffening of body tissues retards the process of aging.
D) Elevated levels of free radicals in the body lower the risk of developing heart disease.

Question 58

Following menopause, women also produce ______.

A) more estrogen every month
B) more vaginal lubrication
C) less vaginal lubrication
D) less estrogen every month

Question 59

In the context of programmed theories of aging, which of the following is likely to determine the number of times a cell can divide and survive?

A) The free radical content in the body
B) The length of telomeres for a species
C) The extent of cross-linking
D) The extent of wear-and-tear of the body through use

Question 60

Sleep problems in late adulthood _______.

A) occur in just a small percentage of individuals
B) are unlikely to be linked to chronic illnesses
C) may symptomize psychological disorders
D) do not involve physical changes

Question 61

Dementia is a condition characterized by _______.

A) temporary suspension of breathing while sleeping
B) pain and stiffness of the joints
C) sudden loss of vision and hearing ability
D) dramatic deterioration of mental abilities

Question 62

Which of the following is the leading cause of death among adults over the age of 80 in America?

A) Cirrhosis of the liver
B) HIV/AIDS
C) stroke
D) Heart disease

Question 63

What is Medicare?

A) It is a federal program that regulates healthcare costs for all uninsured Americans.
B) It is a federal program that fully covers healthcare costs of terminally ill older adults in America.
C) It is a federal program that partially funds health care for older Americans and the disabled.
D) It is a federal program that covers a portion of the healthcare costs of people of all ages who are otherwise unable to afford coverage.

Question 64

The ability to recall the order in which events have occurred can be attributed to _______.

A) temporal memory
B) sensory memory
C) prospective memory
D) implicit memory

Question 65

Autobiographical memory is a type of _______.

A) explicit memory
B) implicit memory
C) prospective memory
D) procedural memory

Question 66

Elaine, an overweight 70-year-old woman, suffers from painful joints. The bones of her knees and hips grind together, causing pain. She takes over-the-counter anti-inflammatory drugs prescribed by her physician to relieve the discomfort. Elaine is most likely suffering from _____.

A) osteoarthritis
B) tuberculosis
C) diabetes mellitus
D) chronic bronchitis

Question 67

Which of the following statements is true of rheumatoid arthritis?

A) It affects the entire body.
B) It does not affect the bones and cartilage.
C) It is characterized by wear and tear on joints.
D) It is a hereditary congenital disorder.

Question 68

Which of the following memories is likely to be helpful in developing sight vocabulary?

A) Sensory memory
B) Associative memory
C) Prospective memory
D) Echoic memory

Question 69

Felipe, a 75-year-old-man, has developed a brain condition that makes it difficult for him to manage daily tasks. He fails to speak in full sentences and does not recognize friends. He also experiences hallucinations. Felipe is most likely suffering from _____.

A) Crohn's disease
B) Alzheimer's disease
C) German measles
D) Asperger's syndrome

Question 70

Which of the following statements about arthritis is true?

A) Arthritis is less common in African Americans than European Americans.
B) Arthritis is more common in women than men.
C) Children are unlikely to be affected by arthritis.
D) The risk of arthritis tends to be highest in adolescence.

Question 71

Brain infections such as meningitis, HIV, and encephalitis; chronic alcoholism, strokes, and tumors are some of the causes of _____.

A) diabetes
B) tuberculosis
C) dementia
D) diphtheria

Question 72

Which of the following is a result of the stiffening of collagen?

A) Brittle bones
B) Coarse and dry skin
C) Increase in vaginal lubrication
D) Excessive apoptosis

Question 73

Mark suffers from severe pain in his knees due to an inflammation of the membranes surrounding the joints. He finds it extremely painful to walk. If Mark's condition is due to his tissues being attacked by his body's immune system, he is suffering from ______.

A) rheumatoid arthritis
B) osteoarthritis
C) septic arthritis
D) psoriatic arthritis

Question 74

Implicit memory is associated with the ability to _______.

A) visually associate people with their names
B) automatically recall things learnt by repetition
C) remember past incidents and general knowledge
D) recollect our plans for the future

Question 75

Which of the following is commonly used to treat rheumatoid arthritis?

A) Anti-inflammatory drugs
B) Electroconvulsive therapy
C) Laxatives
D) Hormone therapy

Question 76

To prepare her students for an examination, a teacher made them recite the names of all the continents thrice before beginning her lessons every day. At the end of three weeks of this exercise, every student could recollect the names of continents. This example demonstrates the concept of _______.

A) explicit memory
B) implicit memory
C) episodic memory
D) haptic memory

Question 77

Muira, a 70-year-old woman, has been diagnosed with a progressive brain disease that makes it difficult for her to manage daily tasks such as selecting clothes, recalling names and addresses, and driving. She becomes confused and gets lost in streets and stores. She also suffers from paranoid delusions. Muira is most likely suffering from _____.

A) Alzheimer's disease
B) Crohn's disease
C) German measles
D) Asperger's syndrome

Question 78

Medicaid is a federal program that _______.

A) regulates healthcare costs for all uninsured tourists visiting the United States
B) fully covers healthcare costs of terminally ill cancer patients among older adults in the United States
C) funds reproductive health care for female citizens of all ages in the United States
D) covers a portion of the healthcare costs of people of all ages who are unable to afford coverage

Question 79

Which of the following statements is true in the context of cognitive development in older adults?

A) Aging is unlikely to affect the processing speed of individuals.
B) Aging has little effect on the retrospective memory of individuals.
C) Aging tends to affect explicit memory more than implicit memory.
D) Aging has a more detrimental effect on memory for single items than on associative memory.

Question 80

Older adults are more likely to be intoxicated by alcohol consumption compared to younger adults due to ______.

A) the slowdown in the metabolic rate of older adults
B) the low level of free radical content in the body of older adults
C) the increase in the processing speed of older adults
D) the increase in antibodies secreted by the endocrine system of older adults