Deck 12: Adolescence: Social and Emotional Development

Question 1

In the context of identity statuses theorized by James Marcia, identity diffusion does not include either exploration or commitment.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Erik Erikson believed that there were gender differences in the development of identity.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

People's sexual orientation does not always correspond to their sexual identity.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Parents and adolescents are usually quite different in their values and beliefs concerning social and economic issues.

Question 5

Adolescents have fewer friends than younger children do.

Question 6

During adolescence, individuals become less aware of the disparity between their ideal selves and their real selves.

Question 7

Friendship reduces psychological adjustment in adolescents.

Question 8

Males with a homosexual orientation are referred to as straight males.

Question 9

Teens who initiate sexual activity earlier are less likely to use contraception.

Question 10

The moratorium stage of identity development characterizes commitment to specific ideals or career choices.

Question 11

A poor sense of identity is associated with high self-esteem in adolescents.

Question 12

Unexamined ethnic identity is similar to James Marcia's foreclosure status.

Question 13

During adolescence, girls tend to have one or two close friends, whereas boys tend to congregate in larger, less intimate groups.

Question 14

Adolescent mothers are more likely to experience medical complications during the months of pregnancy and their labor is likely to be prolonged.

Question 15

Dating relationships tend to be more stable and committed in early adolescence, whereas in late adolescence, relationships tend to become casual and short-lived.

Question 16

Teenagers have more conflicts with their mothers, yet they view their mothers as being more supportive and knowing them better.

Question 17

Erik Erikson's fifth stage of psychosocial development, associated with adolescence, is called identity versus role diffusion.

Question 18

In early adolescence, most teenagers tend to be either in exploration or moratorium statuses.

Question 19

The development of self-identity is less complicated for adolescents who belong to ethnic minority groups.

Question 20

It is possible that an individual's sex organs can develop in one direction while the biological factors that may underlie one's sexual orientation develop in another direction.

Question 21

In Erik Erikson's fifth stage of psychosocial development, the primary task for adolescents is to develop ______.

A) ego identity.
B) ego differentiation.
C) ego transcendence.
D) ego integrity.

Question 22

Antonio is a studious high school student. He is taking into account his parents' and teachers' opinions when deciding which college he should choose. Antonio is also speaking to a career counselor to weigh his options. In the context of James Marcia's identity statuses, Antonio is most likely in the _____.

A) exposure stage
B) moratorium stage
C) reinforcement stage
D) foreclosure stage

Question 23

Nikita is a 15-year-old girl. Her performance at school is poor, and she has no hobbies or interests. She has no goals for her future and is content to spend her life one day at a time. In the context of James Marcia's identity statuses, Nikita is most likely in the _____.

A) identity actualization stage
B) identity diffusion stage
C) identity realization stage
D) identity achievement stage

Question 24

Leo is a 14-year-old boy whose father is an ardent sports fan and wants Leo to become a sportsman. Leo is influenced by his father's opinion and decides to train and become a professional basketball player without considering other career options. In the context of James Marcia's identity statuses, Leo's decision illustrates _____.

A) moratorium
B) foreclosure
C) identity diffusion
D) identity achievement

Question 25

In the context of the identity statuses theorized by James Marcia, the moratorium status is associated with:

A) active exploration of alternatives.
B) submission to imposed duties.
C) commitment to identified priorities.
D) conformation to standards set by peers.

Question 26

According to James Marcia, which of the following is the least advanced status of psychological development associated with adolescence?

A) Moratorium
B) Foreclosure
C) Ego integrity
D) Identity diffusion

Question 27

In which status do individuals make commitments without considering alternatives?

A) Moratorium
B) Foreclosure
C) Identity achievement
D) Identity diffusion

Question 28

Most suicides among adolescents and adults are linked to feelings of euphoria and mania.

Question 29

Alexis has always been keen on photography from a young age. As her parents and grandparents are doctors, they expect her to choose medicine as her career. However, she declares that she wants to be a travel photographer after considering the other career options available to her. In the context of James Marcia's identity statuses, Alexis is most likely in the _____.

A) identity realization stage
B) identity actualization stage
C) identity diffusion stage
D) identity achievement stage

Question 30

During _____, adolescents undergo an identity crisis in which they examine their values and make decisions about their life roles.

A) the stage of identity diffusion
B) a psychological moratorium
C) the stage of foreclosure
D) ego transcendence

Question 31

Rob is a teenager who often skips school to go to the movies. He has no interest in studies and gets angry when his parents try to speak to him about his attitude. In the context of James Marcia's identity statuses, Rob is most likely in the _____.

A) identity actualization stage
B) identity realization stage
C) identity achievement stage
D) identity diffusion stage

Question 32

Boys are much more likely than girls to engage in delinquent behavior.

Question 33

Ethan likes to sing and play the guitar and wants to pursue a career in country music. However, his parents advise him to take up a traditional career option. Finally, after considering other career options, he decides to pursue his passion. In the context of James Marcia's identity statuses, Ethan is most likely in the _____.

A) identity diffusion stage
B) identity realization stage
C) identity achievement stage
D) identity actualization stage

Question 34

Which of the following is characteristic of adolescents in the stage of identity diffusion?

A) They tend to be alienated and rebellious.
B) They tend to exhibit suicidal tendencies.
C) The have established personal goals.
D) They set high standards for themselves.

Question 35

Extensive body piercing is rarely considered a warning sign of suicide among adolescents.

Question 36

Ego identity is best described as a(n) ______.

A) sense of what one stands for.
B) identity of self that is adopted from one's parents.
C) inflated sense of one's abilities.
D) distorted perception of one's worth.

Question 37

Amelia's teachers are of the opinion that she can become a successful lawyer and encourage her to achieve that goal. Inspired by their encouragement, she plans to study business law in college. However, she takes this decision without considering other career options. In the context of James Marcia's identity statuses, this scenario exemplifies the stage of _____.

A) moratorium.
B) identity diffusion.
C) foreclosure.
D) identity achievement.

Question 38

Tamara is about to graduate from high school. She is confused about options for college. She enjoys studying both languages and life sciences. She has taken an appointment with the high school career counselor to explore her options. In the context of James Marcia's identity statuses, Tamara is most likely in the _____. ​

A) foreclosure stage
B) moratorium stage
C) exposure stage
D) reinforcement stage

Question 39

Jonah is a 15-year-old boy. His parents believe that Jonah has all the qualities required to become a scientist and encourage him to plan his future accordingly. Influenced by his parents' encouragement, Jonah decides to take up research in the field of science. He selects his career solely on the basis of his parents' views. In the context of James Marcia's identity statuses, Jonah's decision illustrates _____.

A) identity achievement
B) moratorium
C) identity diffusion
D) foreclosure

Question 40

Which of the following statuses is characteristic of younger adolescents and of older adolescents who drift through life or become alienated and rebellious?

A) Moratorium
B) Generativity
C) Identity diffusion
D) Ego integrity

Question 41

Which of the following statements is true of parental and peer influence during adolescence?

A) Parents and peers seem to exert influence on different domains.
B) Parental influence is lesser on girls than on boys.
C) Peer influence decreases drastically, whereas parent influence increases during adolescence.
D) Parents and peers are usually competing influences.

Question 42

In the context of the development of identity in humans, which of the following is an assumption made by Erik Erikson?

A) Erik Erikson assumed that women were more likely than men to reject the minority culture for the dominant culture.
B) Erik Erikson assumed that a woman's relationships with her peers did not play a role in her identity development.
C) Erik Erikson assumed that relationships were more important to women's development of identity than occupational matters.
D) Erik Erikson assumed that men, unlike women, were less concerned with ideological matters during adolescence.

Question 43

Identify a true statement about friendships in adolescence.

A) Adolescents and their friends tend to have opposing views about drug use and sexual activity.
B) Friendships in adolescence are less likely to stress mutual understanding as compared to friendships of childhood.
C) Adolescents and their friends typically belong to the same age, race, and gender.
D) Friendships in adolescence are less likely to stress intimate self-disclosure as compared to friendships of childhood.

Question 44

Identify a true statement about adolescents.

A) Adolescents spend more time with their parents than they did in childhood.
B) During adolescence, individuals may develop a less idealized view of their parents.
C) Unlike conflicts with mothers, conflicts with fathers are unlikely to affect adolescents.
D) Adolescents who feel close to their parents are likely to have low self-esteem.

Question 45

Which of the following statements is true of adolescents' relationships with their parents? ​

A) Adolescents interact more with their mothers than their fathers.
B) Adolescents who are close to their parents tend to be less self-reliant.
C) Adolescents spend more time with their parents than they did in childhood.
D) Adolescents tend to have fewer conflicts with their mothers than with their fathers.

Question 46

In comparison to adolescent girls, adolescent boys are ______.

A) more likely to share personal feelings with friends.
B) less likely to interact with those of similar status.
C) more likely to engage in organized group activities.
D) less likely to have large friendship networks.

Question 47

Peers exhibit higher influence on adolescents than parents in matters pertaining to _____.

A) speech patterns
B) educational goals
C) moral values
D) religious beliefs

Question 48

Which of the following best describes a crowd?

A) A large, loosely organized group of people who are identified by the activities of the group
B) A small group of individuals who hang around together and who share confidences
C) A group of people who are involved in different fields of work but who interact regularly
D) A group of people who come together as a result of shared ideologies or religious principles

Question 49

Which of the following statements is true of adolescent girls?

A) They are less likely than boys to expect loyalty and companionship from their friends.
B) They are more likely than boys to have a smaller, exclusive network of friends.
C) They are less likely than boys to disclose personal or intimate details to friends.
D) They are more likely than boys to engage in organized group activities.

Question 50

Homosexual people have an erotic orientation toward______.

A) members of the opposite gender
B) members of their own gender
C) members of all genders
D) members of other genders

Question 51

Which of the following statements is true of dating in adolescence?

A) Members of adolescent peer groups belong to one particular gender which reduces instances of dating.
B) Dating restricts adolescents from having fun.
C) Romantic relationships do not begin until late adolescence.
D) Dating prepares adolescents for adult courtship.

Question 52

Which of the following statements is true of adolescents?

A) During adolescence, parents are viewed as providing more support than same-gender friends.
B) Most adolescents feel that they are close to and get along with their parents.
C) Adolescents respond best to the authoritarian style of parenting.
D) Adolescents tend to develop an idealized view of their parents.

Question 53

In the context of parenting styles, which of the following statements is true?

A) Adolescents from authoritative homes have low self-esteem.
B) Adolescents whose parents use the authoritarian parenting style are the most competent.
C) Adolescents whose parents use the permissive parenting style are the most competent.
D) Adolescents from authoritative homes show the most competent behavior.

Question 54

Which of the following statements is true of self-esteem?

A) High self-esteem is a characteristic of individuals who are depressed or suicidal.
B) Individuals who feel close to their parents tend to have low self-esteem and self-reliance.
C) Self-esteem tends to decline after middle childhood and improves after the age of 12 or 13.
D) Individuals in the stage of identity diffusion are likely to have high self-esteem and self-acceptance.

Question 55

Conflicts between adolescents and parents typically center on issues such as _______.

A) political views.
B) curfews.
C) economic status.
D) health problems.

Question 56

In comparison to friendships of childhood, friendships in adolescence are _______.

A) unlikely to illustrate gender differences.
B) less likely to stress the importance of acceptance.
C) unlikely to be influenced by age.
D) more likely to stress the importance of intimate self-disclosure.

Question 57

Which of the following statements best describes a clique?

A) A large group of people who are identified by the activities of the group
B) A group of people belonging to the same age group who are involved in illegal activities
C) A small group of individuals who hang around together and share common interests
D) A group of people who temporarily come together for a specific purpose, the completion of which ends their interaction

Question 58

In the context of the identity statuses theorized by James Marcia, the stage of identity achievement is characterized by individuals who ______.

A) have high self-esteem and self-acceptance.
B) have made unsuitable career commitments without exploring any alternatives.
C) have no firm commitments.
D) are rebellious.

Question 59

Unlike childhood peer groups, adolescent peer groups _______.

A) disregard the importance of shared activities.
B) are less likely to be influenced by a similarity in attitudes.
C) may include more members of the opposite gender.
D) are controlled by parents.

Question 60

Identify a true statement about adolescents' relationship with their parents.

A) As adolescents grow older, parents are more likely to use punishment.
B) There is little evidence of a generation gap between parents and adolescents.
C) As adolescents grow older, parents are less likely to relax controls.
D) Adolescents spend more time with their parents than they did in childhood.

Question 61

Which of the following statements is true of masturbation?

A) It causes a decline in one's sex drive if practiced frequently.
B) It is a sexual outlet that does not require a partner.
C) It is widely practiced by women and not men.
D) It is an indication of a homosexual orientation.

Question 62

Which of the following hormones is associated with sexual behavior in adolescent boys?

A) Dopamine
B) Testosterone
C) Estrogen
D) Progesterone

Question 63

Which of the following statements is true of sexual self-stimulation?

A) It causes a decline in one's sex drive if practiced frequently.
B) It is the most common sexual outlet in adolescence.
C) It is widely practiced by women and not men.
D) It is an indication of a bisexual orientation.

Question 64

In comparison with adolescents who do not communicate well with their parents, those who do _______.

A) are more likely to have adjustment issues.
B) are less likely to be self-reliant or independent.
C) are more likely to use birth control.
D) are more likely to have low self-esteem.

Question 65

Ava is a young woman who is sexually attracted to other women. She has been aware of her sexual preference since her teenage years. In this scenario, Ava has a _____.

A) homosexual orientation
B) heterosexual orientation
C) asexual orientation
D) bisexual orientation

Question 66

Which of the following is an example of juvenile delinquency?

A) Chris, a 15-year-old, committing homicide during a fight in the high school campus
B) Sebastian, a 12-year-old, running away from home after an argument with his parents
C) Kimberly, a 16-year-old, exploring her sexuality with multiple partners
D) Ariana, a 13-year-old with a homosexual orientation, falling in love with a girl in her class

Question 67

Which of the following best describes the term juvenile delinquency?

A) It refers to children or adolescents suffering from severe depression.
B) It refers to adolescents engaging in sexual activities.
C) It refers to children or adolescents engaging in illegal behavior or activities.
D) It refers to adolescents suffering from low self-esteem and self-reliance.

Question 68

Which of the following situations is the least likely to cause a teenager to initiate sexual activity at an early age?

A) Having close relationships with their parents
B) Facing trouble communicating with their parents
C) Having sexually active peers
D) Experiencing precocious puberty and have older friends

Question 69

Which of the following individuals has a homosexual orientation?

A) Laura, a girl who has never been out on a date with the boy she likes
B) Alex, a boy who likes girls but is scared to ask one out
C) Barbara, a young female who has sexual relationships with both males and females
D) Michael, a young male who has been dating another male for three years

Question 70

Which of the following statements is true of sexual behavior?

A) Sex hormones predispose lower animals to stereotypical masculine or feminine mating patterns.
B) Genetic factors are unlikely to determine the sexual orientation of individuals.
C) Sexual differentiation of sex organs and brain begin at the same time.
D) Individuals are genetically predisposed to have a homosexual orientation.

Question 71

Who among the following is most likely a bisexual?

A) Matt, a man who is not sexually aroused by women but fantasizes about being sexually intimate with his male colleague, John
B) Dave, a commitment-phobic young man who has been sexually intimate with several women in his life
C) Jacob, a man who is confused about his sexual identity and feels that he might be a woman trapped in a man's body
D) James, a young man who is sexually intimate with his girlfriend Elaine as well as with his neighbor Mark, an older male

Question 72

Ryan is a young man who he has had multiple intimate relationships with other men over the years. At present, he is in a stable relationship with Jerry and wants to marry him. In this scenario, Ryan has a _____.

A) heterosexual orientation
B) bisexual orientation
C) asexual orientation
D) homosexual orientation

Question 73

Who among the following individuals is most likely a bisexual?

A) Monika, a woman who is not sexually aroused by men but fantasizes about being sexually intimate with her friend Jenna
B) Hannah, a young woman who has enjoyed sexual intimacy with several men in her life and is about to marry one of them
C) Kelly, a girl who is confused about her sexual identity and feels that she might be a man trapped in a woman's body
D) Lillian, a young woman who is sexually intimate with her boyfriend Justin as well as with her colleague Judy, an older female

Question 74

Which of the following statements is true of petting?

A) It is used by adolescents to express affection.
B) It is limited to sexual self-stimulation.
C) It causes teenage pregnancy.
D) It causes decreased libido in men.

Question 75

According to Ritch Savin-Williams, _____.

A) the development of sexual orientation in gay males and lesbians involves several steps
B) human beings are genetically predisposed to have a homosexual orientation
C) human beings are genetically predisposed to have a bisexual orientation
D) gay males and lesbians feel more comfortable in disclosing their sexual orientations to their parents than to their friends

Question 76

Who among the following individuals is most likely straight?

A) Elijah, a man in his thirties who has been dating Sam, a young man, for two years
B) Arnold, a young man who enjoys sexual intimacy with both men and women
C) Edward, a man who is sexually attracted to his older male colleague Jose
D) Chloe, a woman in her twenties who is sexually attracted only to younger men

Question 77

In the context of sexual orientation, a lesbian ______.

A) desires sexual intimacy with men.
B) is sexually attracted to both men and women.
C) feels like a male trapped in a female body.
D) desires sexual intimacy with women.

Question 78

Which of the following best exemplifies a homosexual orientation?

A) Mia, a young female who is in an intimate relationship with a girl
B) Alan, a young male who has sexual relationships with both males and females
C) Pablo, a boy who feels that he should have been a girl
D) Alicia, a girl who is in love with a married man

Question 79

Who among the following is most likely straight?

A) Perry, a woman in her forties who has been dating Sarah, a young woman, for two years
B) Helen, a young woman who enjoys sexual intimacy with both men and women
C) Kate, a woman who is sexually attracted to her female colleague Veronica
D) Ricky, a man in his fifties who is sexually attracted only to young women

Question 80

Which of the following statements is true of the development of sexual identity?

A) Sexual differentiation of sex organs and brain occur at different times.
B) Individuals are genetically predisposed to have a bisexual orientation.
C) Adolescents are unlikely to be aware of their sexual orientation.
D) Sexual orientation of individuals is unlikely to be determined before their birth.