Deck 1: Introduction

Question 1

As I look at the spotlight, I am reminded of the sun. This example illustrates Aristotle's law of _____.

A) contiguity
B) contrast
C) proximity
D) similarity

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Samantha's neighbor Amir mows his lawn every Sunday. Samantha is so used to the sound of his lawn mower that she imagines the sound even on those Sundays when Amir does not mow his lawn. In this scenario, Samantha's behavior illustrates Aristotle's law of _____.

A) contrast
B) contingency
C) frequency
D) proximity

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Jason believes that great scientists are born and not made, while Allison believes that great scientists have simply been given superior training. Jason is best described as a(n) _____, while Allison is best described as a(n) _____.

A) functionalist; structuralist
B) empiricist; nativist
C) structuralist; functionalist
D) nativist; empiricist

Answer 3

D

Question 4

We easily associate birds with trees and tires with cars. This example illustrates Aristotle's law of _____.

A) contiguity
B) contingency
C) proximity
D) similarity

Question 5

Who among the following philosophers suggested that at least some types of behaviors are mechanistic and can therefore be scientifically investigated?

A) Aristotle
B) Descartes
C) John Locke
D) William James

Question 6

According to the text, learning is a(n) _____ in behavior that results from some type of experience.

A) temporary change
B) permanent change
C) relatively permanent change
D) irreversible change

Question 7

The word "behavior" refers to any activity of an organism that can be _____.

A) ob served
B) v isualized
C) precisely measured
D) Both a and b are correct.

Question 8

When Trish saw a lush green forest, it reminded her of the desert that she had visited last year. This example illustrates Aristotle's law of _____.

A) contiguity
B) similarity
C) contrast
D) frequency

Question 9

A student studying hard to win a medal is to _____ conditioning as salivating in response to food is to _____ conditioning.

A) operant; classical
B) classical; operant
C) cognitive; classical
D) cognitive; operant

Question 10

Aristotle's laws of _____ and _____ are still considered important aspects of learning.

A) contiguity; proximity
B) frequency; similarity
C) contrast; contingency
D) frequency; contiguity

Question 11

Classical conditioning is to _____ behavior as operant conditioning is to ______ behavior.

A) novel; involuntary
B) reflexive; voluntary
C) reflexive; novel
D) voluntary; reflexive

Question 12

Which of the following is an example of classical conditioning?

A) A student being punctual because he has been praised before for his punctuality
B) An infant throwing tantrums as this helps her get her parents' attention
C) A dog learning to perform some tricks in order to get food from its master
D)  rat learning to jump in response to a clap that was previously accompanied by a shock

Question 13

If your friend smiles after you give her a compliment, you are more likely to compliment her in the future. Which of the following types of conditioning does this example illustrate?

A) Classical conditioning
B) Cognitive learning
C) Observational learning
D) Operant conditioning

Question 14

In operant conditioning, behaviors are:

A) reflexive or involuntary.
B) elicited by external stimulations.
C) controlled by their consequences.
D) largely innate.

Question 15

As I look at my messy apartment, I am reminded of my friend's neat and organized apartment. This is best described as an example of Aristotle's law of _____.

A) contiguity
B) contrast
C) proximity
D) similarity

Question 16

"I am able to control only some of my behaviors." This statement best exemplifies _____ theory of human behavior.

A) Descartes'
B) Plato's
C) John Locke's
D) Edward B. Titchener's

Question 17

Joseph once witnessed an accident in which a car had plowed into a big oak tree. Now, each time he drives by that tree, he is reminded of the accident. Joseph's behavior illustrates Aristotle's law of _____.

A) frequency
B) contrast
C) contiguity
D) similarity

Question 18

Seeing someone who is very old makes me wonder what he or she looked like as a young person. This example illustrates Aristotle's law of _____.

A) frequency
B) contrast
C) contiguity
D) similarity

Question 19

Aristotle was a(n) _____, while Plato was a(n) _____.

A) empiricist; nativist
B) structuralist; functionalist
C) functionalist; structuralist
D) nativist; empiricist

Question 20

Descartes believed that the behavior of nonhuman animals is:

A) entirely operant
B) entirely reflexive.
C) freely chosen.
D) partially reflexive.

Question 21

The statement "A person is both a physical being and a spiritual being" agrees with the approach to psychology proposed by _____.

A) Aristotle
B) J ohn Locke
C) Descartes
D) B.F. Skinner

Question 22

Structuralism is to functionalism as _____ is to _____.

A) William James; Edward Titchener
B) Edward Titchener; William James
C) John Watson; John Locke
D) John Locke; John Watson

Question 23

Which of the following perspectives holds that it is possible to understand the structure of the mind by identifying the basic elements that compose it?

A) Structuralism
B) Behaviorism
C) Nativism
D) Empiricism

Question 24

The notion of "tabula rasa" was proposed by _____.

A) Edward Titchener
B) John Lock
C) René Descartes
D) B. F. Skinner

Question 25

William James was a _____, while Titchener was a _____.

A) behaviorist; functionalist
B) functionalist; structuralist
C) structuralist; functionalist
D) functionalist; behaviorist

Question 26

The British empiricists promoted the notion that almost all knowledge is a function of _____.

A) heredity
B) reflection
C) experience
D) divine intervention

Question 27

Although _____ believed that the conscious mind consists of various combinations of basic elements, it was researchers associated with the approach known as _____ who actually began to test that idea.

A) the British empiricists; Platonism
B) Plato; British empiricism
C) the British empiricists; structuralism
D) structuralists; functionalism

Question 28

Who among the following philosophers strongly believed that there is a fundamental difference between humans and animals?

A) B. F. Skinner
B) René Descartes
C) William James
D) Clark Hull

Question 29

Judith, a chess player, is asked to report her precise thought patterns as she plans each move in the game. This scenario illustrates the method of _____.

A) cognitive perception
B) attentive perception
C) cognitive elucidation
D) i ntrospection

Question 30

One similarity between structuralism and functionalism is that both approaches:

A) used animals for experiments.
B) focused on overt behavior.
C) emphasized the study of adaptive processes.
D) utilized the method of introspection.

Question 31

The structuralist emphasis on _____ helped establish psychology as a scientific discipline.

A) i nferences
B) systematic observation
C) observable behavior
D) unconscious processes

Question 32

Who among the following philosophers put forward the notion that a newborn's mind is a blank slate?

A) Edward Titchener
B) B. F. Skinner
C) René Descartes
D) John Locke

Question 33

Who among the following strongly promoted the notion that almost all knowledge is a function of experience?

A) René Descartes
B) The British empiricists
C) Plato
D) All of these are correct.

Question 34

The statement "All that we are is a function of what we have experienced" illustrates the approach to psychology advocated by _____.

A) British empiricists
B) structuralists
C) cognitive behaviorists
D) neobehaviorists

Question 35

Functionalists believed that psychology should be the study of:

A) the elements of conscious experience.
B) mind-body dualism.
C) observable behavior.
D) adaptive processes.

Question 36

Which of the following approaches to psychology was partially derived from Darwin's theory of evolution?

A) British empiricism
B) Structuralism
C) Functionalism
D) Mind-body dualism

Question 37

In the method of _____, the subjects in an experiment try to accurately describe their inner thoughts and emotions.

A) attentive vigilance
B) cognitive mapping
C) introspection
D) introversion

Question 38

Which of the following schools of psychology was the immediate predecessor to behaviorism?

A) Functionalism
B) British empiricism
C) Structuralism
D) Gestalt psychology

Question 39

"What purpose is served by our ability to dream?" This question would most likely be asked by a psychologist who follows the approach of _____. 

A) associationism
B) structuralism
C) mind-body dualism
D) f unctionalism

Question 40

An individual who believes that humans and animals are fundamentally different would most likely agree with the views of _____.

A) Clark Hull
B) Ivan Pavlov
C) René Descartes
D) B. F. Skinner

Question 41

Natural selection leads to:

A) homogenization of traits within a species.
B) changes in species across generations.
C) changes in species within a generation.
D) reduced competition among the members of a species.

Question 42

Who among the following individuals is most likely a behaviorist?

A) Amir believes that the existence of internal events can be inferred using intervening variables.
B) Herman believes that psychological processes should be approached from a molar, holistic perspective.
C) Abigail believes that the method of introspection is highly unreliable to study human psychology.
D) Angelina believes that internal events, observable behavior, and environmental factors interact with each other.

Question 43

Who among the following strongly criticized psychologists for emphasizing the study of conscious experience?

A) Edward Titchener
B) John Watson
C) John Locke
D) William James

Question 44

Following his banishment from a university position, James Watson:

A) retired from psychology.
B) became the pop psychologist of his era.
C) attempted to promote a more scientific study of advertising.
D) Both b and c are correct.

Question 45

Which school of behaviorism is most likely to consider reports about thoughts and feelings to be unscientific?

A) Radical behaviorism
B) Methodological behaviorism
C) Neobehaviorism
D) S ocial learning theory

Question 46

Which of the following statements is true of James Watson?

A) He was quite uncomfortable with the discussion of feelings.
B) He was extremely interested in the meaning of dreams.
C) He hated animals.
D) All of these are correct.

Question 47

James Watson's methodological behaviorism played a valuable role in enabling psychology to:

A) focus more strongly upon human, as opposed to animal, behavior.
B) become more experimental in nature.
C) break free from the extreme mentalism of the time.
D) emphasize the role of biological factors.

Question 48

Which of the following are the three components to the principle of natural selection?

A) Traits vary within a population; Organisms must compete for limited resources; Individuals learn to adapt to their environment.
B) Organisms must compete for limited resources; Traits are heritable; Successful individuals are better able to survive.
C) Traits vary within a species; Traits are heritable; Some species live longer than others.
D) Traits vary within a species and between species; Traits are heritable; Organisms must compete for limited resources.

Question 49

Which of the following statements is true of behaviorism?

A) It encourages the use of introspection in studying conscious experiences.
B) It recommends an objective, natural science approach to psychology.
C) It strongly rejects the value of animal research in psychology.
D) It considers internal events as an important determinant of behavior.

Question 50

The concept that individuals or species that are capable of adapting to environmental pressures are more likely to reproduce and pass along their adaptive characteristics than those that cannot adapt is called _____.

A) inheritanc
B) functionalism
C) natural selection
D) Darwinism

Question 51

Methodological behaviorism asserts that psychologists should study those behaviors that can be:

A) investigated in animal experiments.
B) directly observed.
C) indirectly observed.
D) All of these are correct.

Question 52

From an evolutionary perspective, the ability to learn is considered to be:

A) a non-genetic trait.
B) an invariant trait.
C) an adaptation.
D) All of these are correct.

Question 53

While participating in a debate on psychology, Julia argues that the study of internal events should be strictly avoided as they are too subjective. In this scenario, Julia most likely adheres to the approach to psychology known as _____.

A) behaviorism
B) neobehaviorism
C) cognitive behaviorism
D) purposive behaviorism

Question 54

Behaviorism, as originally defined by James Watson, is a _____ approach to psychology that emphasizes the study of _____ on observable behavior.

A) natural science; internal events
B) cognitive; environment influence
C) natural science; environmental influences
D) cognitive; internal events

Question 55

Which of the following statements is true of behaviorism?

A) It proposed that thoughts and behavior influence each other.
B) It suggested that learning takes place when a particular kind of behavior is rewarded or punished.
C) It used mediating events to infer the existence of internal events.
D) It approached psychology as an objective science based solely on the study of directly observable behavior.

Question 56

Which of the following is not considered an aspect of evolution?

A) Some individuals acquire more resources than others based on some inherited traits that give them an advantage.
B) Successful individuals hold reproductive advantage over unsuccessful individuals.
C) Traits vary, both within a species and between species.
D) All of these are correct.

Question 57

According to _____, a major problem with the study of internal events is that one has to make inferences that are often _____.

A) Albert Bandura; too simplistic
B) John Watson; unreliable
C) John Watson; too simplistic
D) Albert Bandura; unreliable

Question 58

According to John Watson, a major problem with the study of internal events is that:

A) one has to make inferences that are often unreliable.
B) it requires a large number of subjects.
C) the role of genetic factors is often ignored.
D) it is too simplistic to produce anything of value.

Question 59

One of the major difficulties with the structuralist approach to psychology was that the method of _____ was unreliable.

A) deduction
B) induction
C) contemplation
D) introspection

Question 60

Which of the following theorists would have been most likely to refute the psychological importance of daydreaming?

A) Clark Hull
B) John Watson
C) B. F. Skinner
D) Albert Bandura

Question 61

According to the study on expert performance conducted by Ericsson et al. (1993), heredity may influence expert performance in determining:

A) innate ability.
B) the extent to which one becomes interested in an endeavor.
C) one's ability to endure the hard work needed to become a top performer.
D) Both b and c are correct.

Question 62

John Watson's specific theory of learning was:

A) based largely on operant conditioning.
B) a type of stimulus-response theory.
C) a cognitive-reflex theory.
D) based largely on the study of innate patterns of behavior.

Question 63

The "middle man" or broker in a business transaction is analogous to what Hull referred to as a(n) _____.

A) extraneous variable
B) intervening variable
C) independent variable
D) confounding variable

Question 64

Neobehaviorism utilizes intervening variables, usually in the form of hypothesized _____, to help explain behavior.

A) cognitive processes
B) fixed action patterns
C) physiological processes
D) unconscious conflicts

Question 65

"Sean walks quickly to the cafeteria as he is hungry due to food deprivation." This statement illustrates _____ brand of behaviorism.

A) Tolman's
B) Skinner's
C) Hull's
D) Bandura's

Question 66

Which school of behaviorism would be most likely to study the effect of thirst on behavior?

A) Neobehaviorism
B) Radical behaviorism
C) Purposive behaviorism
D) Methodological behaviorism

Question 67

The mediating events that Hull incorporated into his theory consisted largely of physiological-type reactions, for example, a "hunger drive" that can be _____ as number of hours of food deprivation.

A) experienced
B) enhanced
C) operationalized
D) suppressed

Question 68

A major challenge to methodological behaviorism came from _____, who used intervening variables, usually in the form of hypothesized physiological processes, to help explain behavior.

A) Clark Hull
B) Edward Tolman
C) B. F. Skinner
D) John Watson

Question 69

In a study on expert performance, Ericsson et al. (1993) reported that top-level performers practice their craft:

A) for only one or two hours per day.
B) for eight or more hours per day.
C) only when they feel like practicing.
D) for about four hours per day.

Question 70

With respect to the nature-nurture debate, _____ shifted over time toward becoming an extreme proponent of the _____ perspective with respect to human behavior.

A) B. F. Skinner; nurture
B) John Watson; nurture
C) B. F. Skinner; nature
D) John Watson; nature

Question 71

Who among the following behaviorists would most likely to reject the assumption that genes play a strong role in determining differences in math ability?

A) John Watson
B) Albert Bandura
C) B. F. Skinner
D) Edward Tolman

Question 72

Which of the following statements is true of John Watson's specific theory of learning?

A) It was a type of stimulus-response theory.
B) It derived from Pavlov's work on classical conditioning.
C) Both a and b are correct.
D) Neither a nor b is correct.

Question 73

According to the stimulus-response theory, learning involves the formation of connections between _____ stimuli and _____ responses.

A) general; general
B) specific; specific
C) observable; covert
D) covert; covert

Question 74

The statement "Daydreams cannot be scientifically investigated" would most likely come from a _____.

A) methodological behaviorist
B) neobehaviorist
C) cognitive behaviorist
D) radical behaviorist

Question 75

Researchers have discovered that expert performers:

A) are not born with talent.
B) show superlative skills in many different fields of endeavor.
C) usually require at least 10 years of practice to achieve a high level of performance.
D) Both a and b are correct.

Question 76

Who among the following behaviorists would be the least interested in your inner thought processes while solving a math problem?

A) B. F. Skinner
B) Edward Tolman
C) William James
D) John Watson

Question 77

Karen is an excellent tennis player. According to Ericsson, Krampe, and Tesch-Römer, Karen's ability is most likely the result of:

A) excellent motor skills that were inherited from her parents.
B) high self-efficacy.
C) high self-esteem.
D) an extensive amount of deliberate practice.

Question 78

Who among the following is most likely a methodological behaviorist?

A) Neil, who believes that all learning involves a stimulus-response reaction
B) Meera, who believes that internal events can be studied by operationalizing them
C) Karen, who believes that behavior should be studied at a molar, holistic level
D) Judith, who believes that learning occurs even when there are no visible signs of it

Question 79

Based on research findings, Ericsson et al. (1993) argued that the most critical factor in determining expert performance is _____.

A) unstructured play
B) deliberate practice
C) innate ability
D) Both a and c are correct.

Question 80

Which of the following behaviorists would be least interested in conducting an experiment on a person's ability to form mental images?

A) B. F. Skinner
B) Clark Hull
C) John Watson
D) Edward Tolman