Deck 10: Corrections

Question 1

The Pennsylvania penitentiary system had a separate system, while the New York pen itentiary system had a congregate system.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Throughout the history of the United States, ideas about punishment have remained roughly the same.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Under the lease system, prisoners were "leased" to private companies for labor.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

The development of penitentiaries were considered an advancement in how best to deal with criminals.

Question 5

The rehabilitation model of corrections involved contributions from social science researchers.

Question 6

For the most part, correctional goals and methods are not influenced by social and political values.

Question 7

The basic principles of the Pennsylvania system included an emphasis on the social interaction among prisoners.

Question 8

Female offenders were treated no differently than male offenders in Europe and North America at the beginning of the nineteenth century.

Question 9

The Declaration of Principles concerning corrections addressed the issue of female prisoners.

Question 10

Under the "mark system," inmates received marks for disruptive or other negative behavior.

Question 11

Under the New York system, prisoners produced goods for sale to cover operating costs.

Question 12

The community corrections model of corrections is based on the goal of reintegrating the offender into the community.

Question 13

The rehabilitation model of corrections is based on the assumption that criminal behavior is caused by biological or psychological conditions that require treatment.

Question 14

Approximately 50 percent of people incarcerated in the United States are women.

Question 15

Private prisons are believed to have lower operating costs than state prisons.

Question 16

Prior to 1800, Americans followed the same general standards of correction that were practiced in Europe, which included physical punishment such as flogging.

Question 17

The community corrections model of corrections is based on the assumption that criminal behavior can be controlled by greater use of incarceration and other forms of strict supervision.

Question 18

Prior to the nineteenth century, female prisoners were treated no differently than male prisoners.

Question 19

"Supermax" prisons keep prisoners in shackles whenever they leave their cells.

Question 20

The Enlightenment,  which emphasized rationality and reason, began in the United States as a way of addressing criminal justice issues.

Question 21

Most inmates in jails are completing one-year sentences for misdemeanors.

Question 22

Which of the following statements does not reflect a principle of the separate confinement system?

A) Solitary confinement would prevent further corruption inside prison.
B) Prisoners would be treated vengefully for their offenses.
C) Having prisoners in a solitary confinement system would be economical.
D) In isolation, prisoners can reflect on their transgressions.
E) Because human beings are naturally social, solitary confinement serves as punishment.

Question 23

Jails are operated locally by elected officials.

Question 24

At a revocation hearing, a parolee must have specific rights recognized such as the right to confront witnesses and the right to be notified of charges.

Question 25

The hands-off policy prevents prison staff from placing their hands of the inmate population.

Question 26

Which was not one of the methods of punishment used in criminal justice in America prior to the 1830s?

A) Corrections.
B) Law enforcement.
C) Courts.
D) Penitentiary.
E) Penal decisions.

Question 27

The war on drugs has drastically reduced drug use.

Question 28

Corrections' officers unions have widely supported private prisons.

Question 29

Most judges prior to the 1960s felt that prisoners and probationers were entitled to their rights and were actively involved in their supervision.

Question 30

The Penitentiary Act of 1779 required that institutions be based on all of the following principles except:

A) a secure and sanitary building.
B) inspection to ensure that offenders followed the rules.
C) abolition of the fees charged offenders for their food.
D) reformatory regime.
E) defendant access to legal counsel.

Question 31

The U.S. Constitution states that people who have committed crimes forfeit their rights and civil liberties.

Question 32

Prior to the 1830s, criminal justice in America incorporated several techniques of punishment. Which of the following was not one of the methods used?

A) Flogging
B) Branding
C) Maiming
D) Probation
E) Enforced silence

Question 33

The period of history in which philosophers and reformers began to challenge the prison tradition with new ideas about the individual, limits of government, and rationalism was known as the:

A) Enlightenment.
B) Renaissance.
C) Civil War.
D) Reconstruction.
E) Progressive periiod.

Question 34

The U.S. Supreme Court has approved restrictions on access to written materials for prisoners, for example in Beard v. Banks in Pennsylvania.

Question 35

The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that prisoners do not share the same rights against unreasonable search and seizure as nonincarcerated individuals.

Question 36

In the case of Cooper v. Pate , the U.S. Supreme Court found that prison officials have a right to search cells and confiscate any materials found.

Question 37

In order to revoke parole, there must be a determination of probable cause that the parolee violated the conditions of release established by the parole board and a subsequent finding that the violation, in fact, occurred.

Question 38

A place that offers criminals penitence to punish and reform is:

A) a jail.
B) probation.
C) parole.
D) a penitentiary.
E) shock incarceration.

Question 39

One potential explanation advanced to account for the increase in the U.S. incarceration rate during the 1990s was that the number of arrests had increased.

Question 40

Which correctional "era" was characterized by separate confinement, isolation, and inmate labor?

A) Colonial
B) Penitentiary
C) Reformatory
D) Progressive
E) Medical

Question 41

During the nineteenth century, which of the following was not a principle that guided female prison reform?

A) The separation of women prisoners from men
B) The provision of care in keeping with the needs of women
C) The management of women's prisons by female staff
D) Making female prisons decidedly "female institutions"
E) The emphasis on teaching women skills to aid employment

Question 42

The central goal of the community corrections approach is that of:

A) crime control.
B) reintegration.
C) curing crime.
D) incarceration.
E) deterrence.

Question 43

The _____ system was used under Zebulon Brockway, in which prisoners can reduce their term of imprisonment and gain release.

A) Mark
B) Good time
C) Earned time
D) Postrelease
E) Prerelease

Question 44

Inmates remained in their cells for eating, sleeping, and working in the  _____ system.

A) southern  penitentiary
B) Pennsylvania penitentiary
C) Elmira  penitentiary
D) London  penitentiary
E) colonial  penitentiary

Question 45

Redemption of the offender through the well-ordered routine of the prison was the goal of the _____ system.

A) southern  penitentiary
B) Pennsylvania penitentiary
C) Elmira  penitentiary
D) London  penitentiary
E) colonial  penitentiary

Question 46

Which of the following statements about the lease system is true?

A) Prisoners received pay for their labors.
B) Prisoners signed agreements to work for a set amount of time that was generally shorter than the jail time they had received.
C) The lease system was primarily employed in densely settled areas of the United States.
D) The death rate of prisoners under this system was very low.
E) Because businesses rented the labor of these prisoners, they were never considered slaves.

Question 47

What model of corrections is based on the assumption that criminal behavior is caused by biological or psychological conditions that require treatment?

A) Congregate model
B) Medical model
C) Rehabilitation model
D) Community corrections model
E) Crime control model

Question 48

Which of the following is one way in which prisons in the southern U.S. differed from those in the northeast?

A) Southern prisons used the contract labor system.
B) The use of reformatories began in the south, then spread to the northeast.
C) The lease system was frequently used in southern prisons.
D) The first prisons for women were in the south.
E) The south built many more prisons than the northern states following the Civil War.

Question 49

Many early American ideas regarding corrections came from:

A) England.
B) France.
C) Spain.
D) Norway.
E) Germany.

Question 50

What model of corrections is based on the assumption that criminal behavior can be controlled by greater use of incarceration and other forms of strict supervision?

A) Congregate model
B) Medical model
C) Rehabilitation model
D) Community corrections model
E) Crime control model

Question 51

In this system, inmates' labor was sold on a contractual system to private employers who provided the machinery and raw materials with which inmates made salable products in the institutions.

A) The reformatory movement
B) The congregate movement
C) The rehabilitation movement
D) The contract labor system
E) The communal movement

Question 52

The person whose ideas were encapsulated into the Penitentiary Act of 1779 was:

A) Elizabeth Gurney Fry.
B) John Howard.
C) Mary Belle Harris.
D) John Walker Lindh.
E) ​ Zebulon Brockway.

Question 53

Which agency of the government manages federal prisons?

A) Federal Bureau of Prisons
B) Federal Probation and Parole Supervision
C) State Correctional Systems
D) State Community Correctional Systems
E) State Institutions for Women

Question 54

What is the penitentiary system in which each inmate was held in isolation during the night but worked with inmates during the day?

A) New York system
B) Pennsylvania system
C) California system
D) Florida system
E) Virginia system

Question 55

Which of the following correctional models is based upon the assumption that the goal of corrections should be to reintegrate the offender into the community?

A) Congregate model
B) Medical model
C) Rehabilitation model
D) Community corrections model
E) ​C rime control model

Question 56

Which movement immediately followed the penitentiary movement?

A) The reformatory movement
B) The congregate movement
C) The rehabilitation movement
D) The community corrections movement
E) The communal movement

Question 57

The Penitentiary Act of 1779 occurred in which era of corrections?

A) Colonial
B) Penitentiary
C) Reformatory
D) Progressive
E) Medical

Question 58

Redemption of the offender through the well-ordered routine of the prison was the goal of the _____ system.

A) New York  penitentiary system.
B) federal penitentiary system.
C) Elmira  penitentiary system.
D) London  penitentiary system.
E) colonial  penitentiary system.

Question 59

In which system were inmates to be redeemed by staying in isolation at night but coming together to eat and work?

A) Southern  penitentiary system
B) Pennsylvania penitentiary system
C) Elmira  penitentiary system
D) New York  penitentiary system
E) Federal  penitentiary system

Question 60

The difference between the  Pennsylvania penitentiary system and the New York  penitentiary system is the:

A) Pennsylvania penitentiary system had a congregate system and New York had a separate system.
B) Pennsylvania penitentiary system had a separate system and New York had a congregate system.
C) Pennsylvania penitentiary system had a combined system and New York had a single system.
D) Pennsylvania penitentiary system had a single system and New York had a combined system.
E) ​ Pennsylvania penitentiary system had a combined system and New York had a separate system.

Question 61

State correctional facilities are classified according to which of the following criteria?

A) Size of prison population
B) Level of security
C) Race of the prisoners
D) Educational level of prisoners
E) Geographic characteristics

Question 62

Which of the following policies did federal courts generally maintain with respect to prisoners' rights prior to the 1960s?

A) "Hands-on," or active intervention for many prisoners' rights
B) "Hands-off," or rare recognition of any prisoners' rights for prisoners
C) Intervention for freedom of speech only
D) Intervention to prevent unreasonable searches only
E) Intervention only to provide medical care

Question 63

Which of the following is a part of the state corrections systems?

A) Community corrections
B) Federal detention centers
C) Jails
D) Private prisons
E) ​Community watch groups

Question 64

Supermax prisons:

A) house the least violent offenders.
B) house inmates perceived as "hardened criminals."
C) house the "toughest of  the tough."
D) place greater emphasis on work and rehabilitation than maximum security prisons.
E) confine inmates to their cells 23 hours per day.

Question 65

In which type of prisons do inmates spend up to 23 hours a day in their cells?

A) Supermax
B) Medium security
C) Minimum security
D) Close security
E) Maximum security

Question 66

Which group won major court cases securing religious freedom for prisoners in the United States?

A) Black Muslims
B) Catholics
C) Jews
D) Scientologists
E) Jehovah Witnesses

Question 67

Prisoners' right to due process requires that:

A) they be allowed to conduct religious services.
B) they be given food and medical care.
C) they have access to television and recreation.
D) they have hearings when charged with serious disciplinary infractions.
E) they participate in forming the prisons' policies and rules.

Question 68

For which claimed freedom or right have prisoners been least successful in persuading federal courts to provide protection?

A) Freedom of speech
B) Freedom of religion
C) Right against unreasonable search and seizure
D) Right against cruel and unusual punishment
E) Right to equal protection

Question 69

State corrections systems include all of the following except:

A) community corrections.
B) state prison systems.
C) state institutions for women.
D) private prisons.
E) ​probation offices.

Question 70

Which of the following statements regarding privately run prisons is true?

A) Private prisons are regarded as less costly.
B) Private prisons are regarded as more flexible.
C) The profit incentive does not interfere with the quality of service.
D) Private prisons must comply with the standards of federal agencies.
E) Private prisons have fewer issues than other types of prisons.

Question 71

State correctional institutions for men are usually classified by level of security. Which is a classification level that would not be used for a state correctional institution?

A) Maximum security
B) Medium security
C) Minimum security
D) General security
E) ​Supermax

Question 72

This U.S. Supreme Court case allows inmates to sue correctional establishments when their rights have been violated.

A) Cooper v. Pate (1964)
B) Monell v. Department of Social Services of the City of New York (1978)
C) Gagnon v. Scarpelli (1973)
D) Hudson v. Palmer (1984)
E) Morrissey v. Brewer (1972)

Question 73

Medium security prisons:

A) house the least violent offenders.
B) house inmates perceived as "hardened criminals."
C) allow prisoners to live in dormitories.
D) place greater emphasis on work and rehabilitation than maximum security prisons.
E) confine inmates to their cells 23 hours per day.

Question 74

Seventeen percent of the estimated 34,000 individuals detained by Immigrations and Customs Enforcement and the U.S. Department of Homeland Security are in:

A) private prisons
B) public prisons
C) federal prisons
D) county jails
E) district jails

Question 75

The Fourteenth Amendment equal protection clause has been a source of protection against discrimination applied to prisoners because of their:

A) race.
B) gender.
C) religion.
D) all of the above.
E) none of the above.

Question 76

This case stated that prison officials have the authority to search cells and confiscate any materials found.

A) Cooper v. Pate (1964)
B) Monell v. Department of Social Services of the City of New York (1978)
C) Gagnon v. Scarpelli (1973)
D) Hudson v. Palmer (1984)
E) Morrissey v. Brewer (1972)

Question 77

The primary function of jails is to:

A) hold persons for less than 1 year.
B) hold persons for more than 1 year.
C) hold persons for more than 5 years.
D) hold persons for more than 10 years.
E) hold persons for more than 20 years.

Question 78

In all states, the administration of prisons is:

A) the responsibility of the executive branch.
B) the responsibility of the legislative branch.
C) the responsibility of the judicial branch.
D) the joint responsibility of the executive and legislative branches.
E) the joint responsibility of the judicial and legislative branches.

Question 79

Approximately 95 percent of the cost of all correctional activities in the United States is paid by:

A) state and local governments.
B) the U.S. Correctional Association.
C) regional governing associations.
D) the federal government.
E) police departments.

Question 80

Jails are administered locally by:

A) private citizens who volunteer.
B) appointed civil servants.
C) elected officials.
D) off-duty police officers.
E) any of the above, depending on the community.