Deck 12: Probation and Intermediate Sanctions

Question 1

The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that home confinement violates the right to privacy.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Restitution orders are determined by prison wardens rather than by judges.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

A study of probation in the 1990s found that the majority of probationers have no direct contact with their probation officer.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Community corrections recognizes that factors within the community that encourage criminal behavior can never be changed.

Question 5

By law, the revocation of probation cannot result in incarceration.

Question 6

States are prohibited from using probation for more serious offenses such as robbery or assault.

Question 7

Rates of recidivism for those under community supervision are no higher than for those who go to prison.

Question 8

Passive electronic monitoring systems send constant streams of information to the receiver.

Question 9

All intermediate sanctions are administered primarily by the judiciary.

Question 10

Some offenders serving home confinement are allowed to go to work or school.

Question 11

Fines are considered unfair because they exact a heavier economic toll on the poor than the wealthy.

Question 12

One problem for probation officers is their heavy caseload.

Question 13

Probation and intermediate sanctions are sentences imposed for lesser offenses in an effort to avoid the expense and consequences of imprisonment.

Question 14

All crime victims can expect to receive full restitution from the offenders who harmed them.

Question 15

Fines must be used in conjunction with some other form of punishment because merely paying a fine is not considered a punishment under the Constitution.

Question 16

Probation works best when the judge and the supervising officer have close contact.

Question 17

Assets seized through forfeiture are usually insubstantial .

Question 18

Assets gained from forfeiture are often used to increase law enforcement agencies' budgets.

Question 19

Probation is a relatively low cost correctional alternative.

Question 20

When a probationer is taken into custody for violating the conditions of probation, a preliminary hearing must be held to determine probable cause.

Question 21

Boot camp programs often provide aftercare to help offenders transition back into the community.

Question 22

Which of the following would not be a condition of probation?

A) Drug testing
B) Obeying curfew
C) Maintaining good relations with your family
D) Staying away from certain people
E) Maintaining employment

Question 23

RICO and CCE changed the laws regarding restitution in the 1970s.

Question 24

Which of the following would not be a reason cited by proponents in support of community corrections?

A) Not all offenses are serious enough to warrant a prison sentence.
B) Community supervision is cheaper than incarceration.
C) The community has a right to supervise those individuals who have harmed its members.
D) Community corrections does not affect rates of recidivism.
E) Ex-inmates require support and supervision.

Question 25

The use of community corrections is expected to decline in the 21st century.

Question 26

The fact that ex-inmates require both support and supervision as they try to remake their lives in the community:

A) has no role in community corrections.
B) is often cited by opponents of community corrections.
C) is often cited by proponents of community corrections.
D) is often overstated as a need.
E) reduces the probability of returning to prison.

Question 27

A continuing issue for probation officers is the:

A) size of their caseloads.
B) requirement to work with dangerous offenders.
C) increase in the amount of paperwork required .
D) continued frustration over conducting drug testing.
E) lack of career satisfaction and advancement.

Question 28

A day reporting sentence requires the offender to spend one night a week at the given facility.

Question 29

Community corrections must have public support to be successful.

Question 30

A return to criminal behavior is the definition of:

A) return activity.
B) jailing.
C) recidivism.
D) failure.
E) parole.

Question 31

Probation is defined as:

A) a period of forced home confinement.
B) monitored release from prison.
C) a short jail sentence.
D) supervised release under specified conditions.
E) supervised release mandated by the probation board.

Question 32

The current orientation of probation is best described as:

A) risk management.
B) retribution.
C) incapacitation.
D) moral leadership.
E) therapeutic counseling.

Question 33

The principle goal of community corrections is to:

A) punish the offender as severely as possible.
B) teach the offender to resist temptation by increasing the offender's contact with the criminal world.
C) punish the offender with the least restrictive alternative.
D) humanize the offender in the eyes of the community.
E) attend to the needs of the community rather than those of the offender.

Question 34

Probation and intermediate sanctions are sentences imposed for lesser offenses in an effort to avoid the expense and consequences of:

A) trial.
B) bail.
C) imprisonment.
D) probation.
E) parole.

Question 35

Many offenders today require closer supervision than in the past.

Question 36

Which of the following statements regarding community corrections is true?

A) In general offenders assigned to community corrections have committed less serious offenses.
B) Community supervision is more expensive than incarceration.
C) The rates of recidivism for those under community supervision are higher than those who go to prison.
D) Community supervision is more destructive to the offender than going to prison.
E) Community corrections does not build ties between the offender and his or her family.

Question 37

The philosophy of community corrections assumes that:

A) only the offender needs to change.
B) only the community needs to change.
C) both the offender and the community need to adapt.
D) the offender and the community do not need to adapt.
E) the offender cannot change, but can be prevented from further wrongdoing through the close supervision of the community.

Question 38

Probation was first developed in the United States by:

A) Caesare Lombroso
B) Jeremy Bentham
C) James Q. Wilson
D) Travis Hirchi
E) John Augustus

Question 39

Offenders sentenced to community service receive small amounts of pay for their work.

Question 40

ISP stands for "Integrative Studies in Parole."

Question 41

Which of the following statements about probation is true?

A) Probation is the unconditional release of the offender into the community.
B) Probation is limited because it cannot be combined with other sanctions, such as fines, restitution, and community service.
C) James Q. Wilson was the first to suggest it.
D) Probation is used mainly for more serious offenses.
E) Probation is significantly less expensive than imprisonment.

Question 42

What is the most likely punishment for a traffic violation?

A) Incarceration
B) Restitution
C) Fines
D) Forfeiture
E) Probation

Question 43

As a form of corrections, probation falls under the administration of the _____ branch.

A) judicial
B) bureaucratic
C) executive
D) legislative
E) administrative

Question 44

In the ______, probation officers begin providing offenders with concrete social services such as assistance with employment, housing, finances, and education.

A) 1940s
B) 1950s
C) 1960s
D) 1970s
E) 1980s

Question 45

Which of these is not one of the criterion probation officers use to classify clients?

A) The offenders' service needs
B) The element of risk they  pose to the community
C) The chance that they will commit another offense
D) The likelihood of the offender finding work
E) ​H istory of offending

Question 46

Which of the following statements about the use of fines is true?

A) The collection of fines is a high priority of the court's staff.
B) Fines are used more frequently in Europe than in the United States.
C) Only the United States uses fines as punishment.
D) Fines in the United States are always based upon the offender's income.
E) If offenders do not pay their fines immediately at the sentencing hearing, they are sent to jail until they pay.

Question 47

The probationer's failure to abide by the rules and conditions of probation results in a _____ violation.

A) petty violation.
B) technical violation.
C) major violation.
D) male in se violation.
E) motion violation.

Question 48

In which decade did the goals of rehabilitation and reintegration give way to "risk management."

A) 1940s
B) 1950s
C) 1960s
D) 1970s
E) 1980s

Question 49

Most people on probation:

A) eventually end up in prison.
B) are very likely to commit a second offense.
C) do not become career criminals.
D) cannot obtain jobs after their sentence.
E) have committed felony offenses.

Question 50

Which of the following statements about probation is true?

A) Pennsylvania officials calculated that it costs the state more than $32,000 per year for each offender on probation.
B) Today, less than one million offenders are on probation.
C) Pennsylvania officials calculated that it costs the state less than $3,000 per year  for each offender in prison.
D) The prosecutor retains authority over the probationer.
E) Probation budgets in many states have been cut and caseloads increased as lawmakers struggle with shrinking resources.

Question 51

Repaymen t b y a n offende r t o compensate a victi m for their financia l los s i s know n as:

A) shock probation.
B) home arrest.
C) recidivism.
D) restitution.
E) day fine.

Question 52

Fines are a preferred way of dealing with criminality and are normally the sole sanction for a wide range of crimes in what continent?

A) Europe
B) North America
C) Africa
D) South America
E) Asia

Question 53

Which of the following statements about a combined probation revocation and sentencing hearing is true?

A) The probationer is not permitted to attend.
B) The probationer is being tried on new criminal charges.
C) The probationer is subject to a "three strikes" life sentence.
D) The probationer is entitled to be represented by counsel.
E) The probationer is not entitled to be represented by counsel.

Question 54

What percentage of offenders are sentenced to probation after being found guilty of a felony?

A) 20
B) 30
C) 40
D) 50
E) 60

Question 55

In which decade was there a growing interest in probation's role as part of community justice?

A) 1960s
B) 1970s
C) 1980s
D) 1990s
E) 2000s

Question 56

By the 1940s the development of _______ as a field of social science research led probation officers to shift their emphasis from moral leadership to therapeutic counseling.

A) biology
B) history
C) political science
D) sociology
E) psychology

Question 57

Which of the following statements about home confinement is false?

A) Home confinement is problematic because crimes can be committed from the home.
B) Electronic monitoring in home confinement is more expensive than imprisonment.
C) Home confinement raises the issue of the right to privacy because governmental corrections supervision has invaded a private home.
D) Electronic monitoring in home confinement may be rendered more difficult by technical problems with the equipment.
E) Home confinement allows offenders to work while serving punishment.

Question 58

Most states place probation services under the state's:

A) prosecutor's control.
B) bureaucratic branch.
C) legislative branch.
D) judicial branch.
E) executive branch.

Question 59

Rates of recidivism for those under community supervision:

A) are lower than for those who go to prison.
B) are not tracked by law enforcement.
C) are no higher than for those who go to prison.
D) are much higher than for those who go to prison.
E) are tracked by independent researchers, and are therefore questionable.

Question 60

The model that emphasizes reparations to the victim is known as:

A) local control.
B) community justice.
C) just desserts.
D) community standards.
E) community response.

Question 61

Sometimes the people who run intermediate sanctions only want to select offenders with the best chance of success in order to:

A) ensure future funding
B) have high rates of recidivism
C) make sure the most serious offenders are included in their program
D) avoid problems related to selection bias
E) avoid problems related to "creaming"

Question 62

A type of sanction that has increased substantially in the last 30 years, which involves the governmental seizure of property and other assets derived from criminal activity, is known as:

A) community service.
B) home.
C) jail.
D) forfeiture.
E) boot camp.

Question 63

Funds raised from forfeitures go to:

A) the state correctional budget.
B) the police agency that made the arrest.
C) the prosecutor's office who wins the case.
D) the offender's defense attorney.
E) state funding for higher education.

Question 64

Which of the following  is not an intermediate sanction administered in the community?

A) Home confinement
B) Community service
C) Fines
D) Day reporting centers
E) Intensive supervision probation (ISP)

Question 65

A type of sentence that requires the offender to remain inside an approved, designated location during specified periods is called:

A) home confinement.
B) fines.
C) community service.
D) day reporting.
E) intensive supervision probation.

Question 66

A type of probation granted under conditions of strict reporting to a probation officer with a limited caseload is called a(n):

A) intensive supervision probation.
B) halfway house.
C) home confinement.
D) community service.
E) day reporting center.

Question 67

Which of the following  is an intermediate sanction administered in institutions and the community?

A) Fines
B) Community service
C) Boot camps, or shock incarceration
D) Day reporting centers
E) Intensive supervision probation (ISP)

Question 68

Which of the following is another name for boot camp?

A) Shock incarceration
B) Military indoctrination
C) Part-time incarceration
D) Inside/outside programming
E) Halfway house

Question 69

Which of the following is a type of ISP?

A) Home confinement
B) Day reporting center
C) Shock incarceration
D) Fines
E) Community service

Question 70

Which of the following  is an intermediate sanction administered by the judiciary?

A) Home confinement
B) Community service
C) Fines
D) Day reporting centers
E) In tensive supervision probation (ISP)

Question 71

One of the purposes of boot camps is to build:

A) life skills.
B) educational skills.
C) self-esteem.
D) physical endurance.
E) vocational skills

Question 72

Which of the following  is an intermediate sanction administered by the community?

A) Fines
B) Day reporting centers
C) Restitution
D) Forfeiture
E) Jails

Question 73

How many different types of basic electronic monitoring devices are currently available?

A) 2
B) 4
C) 6
D) 8
E) 10

Question 74

Which of the following  intermediate punishment imposes the lowest level of control upon an offender?

A) Community service
B) Home confinement
C) Jail
D) Boot camp
E) Intensive supervision probation

Question 75

A drug treatment program in which offenders must visit for daily drug testing would be classified as:

A) intensive supervision probation.
B) a halfway house.
C) home confinement.
D) community service.
E) a day reporting center.

Question 76

Net widening occurs when the criminal justice system:

A) increases its control over a greater number of individuals.
B) decreases its control over a lesser number of individuals.
C) releases more individuals without punishment.
D) releases inmates from prison.
E) increases length of incarceration for inmates.

Question 77

Which of the following functions is not likely to be assigned as a community service?

A) Helping at the local food bank
B) Volunteering for a civic organization
C) Wearing an electronic monitoring device
D) Cleaning parks and roadsides
E) Assisting shut-ins

Question 78

In the two-stage process of determining a day fine, a judge will typically consider:

A) the type of offense and income of the offender.
B) the age and the income of the offender.
C) the gender of the offender and the type of offense.
D) the age and gender of the offender.
E) the education and the income of the offender.

Question 79

A type of diversion that selects low-risk offenders already sentenced to prison and provides supervision for them in the community  is called a(n) _______ diversion.

A) probation
B) institutional
C) incarceration
D) specialty
E) lifestyle

Question 80

Which of the following statements concerning intermediate sanctions is true?

A) Judges use intermediate sanctions that only require a low level of control over the offender.
B) Judges use intermediate sanctions that only require a high level of control over the offender.
C) Judges use intermediate sanctions that require no control over the offender.
D) Judges use a range of intermediate sanctions requiring a low level to high level of control over the offenders.
E) Intermediate sanctions are not used by judges.