Deck 5: Trait Theories

Question 1

Psychologist John Bowlby believed that the ability to form _________-that is, emotionally bond to another person - has important lasting psychological implications that follow people across the life span.

Answer 1

attachments

Question 2

The man, who first applied the concept of moral development to issues in criminology was  _____________________ .

Answer 2

Lawrence Kohlberg

Question 3

_________  is a complex delusional behavior issue resulting in the people thinking that everyone is out to get them and is marked by depression and or manic depression.

Answer 3

Schizophrenia

Question 4

_________focuses on the mental processes and how people perceive and mentally represent the world around them and solve problems.

Question 5

_________ is a condition that occurs when glucose (sugar) levels in the blood fall below what is necessary for normal and efficient brain functioning.

Question 6

The first scientific studies of criminology that applied the positivist model were conducted by _________.

Question 7

Lombroso argued that born criminals had ________________ and that their behavior could be explained by their primitive traits.

Question 8

Psychological behavior theory maintains that human actions are developed through _______________.

Question 9

A deficit in emotional  cognition that prevents people from being aware of their feelings or unable to talk about their emotions is known as __________________.

Question 10

It is possible that what appears to be a genetic effect, evidenced in twin research, is actually the effect of sibling influence on criminality referred to as the _________.

Question 11

___________________ theorists, notably Albert Bandura, state that people are not born criminals, but instead develop criminality through interactions and observations.

Question 12

Many children with ADHD also suffer from _________ and continually engage in aggressive and antisocial behavior in early childhood.

Question 13

The study of brain activity is termed _________. Some researchers believe neurological and physical abnormalities are acquired as early as the fetal or prenatal stage and that they control behavior throughout the life span.

Question 14

_________________ is a mental state in which the perception of reality is distorted.

Question 15

Television violence increases the _________ of viewers and makes them more prone to act aggressively.

Question 16

The _________ develops as a result of incorporating moral standards and values within the personality.

Question 17

Research shows that those who start drinking before 14 are ________ times more likely to become alcoholics.

Question 18

A number of biosocial theorists believe that abnormal levels of the male sex hormone _________ produce aggressive behavior and may explain gender differences in the crime rate.

Question 19

Sociobiology differs from earlier theories of behavior in that it stresses that biological and genetic conditions affect how social behaviors are _________ and _________.

Question 20

According to _________, over the history of the human species, aggressive males have had the greatest impact on the gene pool.

Question 21

The view that intelligence is not inherited but is largely part of the environment is known as ______________________.

Question 22

Which criminologist believed that criminals could be identified by observing the physical traits of offenders?

A) Beccaria
B) Bentham
C) Lombroso
D) Bell

Question 23

A branch of psychology that stresses self-awareness and getting in touch with feelings is known as ________________.

Question 24

The belief that no serious consideration should be given to biological factors when attempting to understand human nature is known as:

A) choice theory.
B) biophobia.
C) nature theory.
D) nurture theory.

Question 25

Henry Goddard, Richard Dugdale, and Arthur Estabrook were advocates of which school of thought?

A) rational choice
B) inheritance school
C) Chicago school
D) primitive school

Question 26

Androgens affect the brain structure in the left hemisphere of the ______.

A) neocortex
B) frontal lobe
C) temporal lobe
D) thought cortex

Question 27

The condition that occurs when glucose levels in the blood fall below what is necessary for normal and efficient brain functioning is known as:

A) glycemic disorder.
B) hypoglycemia.
C) glycogen deficiency.
D) glucose intolerance.

Question 28

The view that intelligence is largely determined genetically and that low intelligence is linked to criminal behavior is referred to as ________________________.

Question 29

The onset of the menstrual cycle triggers excessive amounts of female sex hormones, which affect antisocial, aggressive behavior. This condition is commonly referred to as:

A) premenstrual syndrome.
B) paranoia.
C) postpartum depression.
D) bipolar disorder.

Question 30

The type of crime-control programs called __________________ are aimed at helping offenders who have already been identified.

Question 31

Sociobiology differs from earlier theories of behavior in that it stresses that genetic and biological conditions affect:

A) how cognitive processes develop from birth to adulthood.
B) how cognitive processes shape socialization and perception.
C) how social behaviors are perceived.
D) how social behaviors are transmitted.

Question 32

____ involves employing the scientific method to produce research findings that can validate a theory.

A) Positivism
B) Classicalism
C) Utilitarianism
D) Deontology

Question 33

___________________ is a branch of cognitive psychology that focuses on the ways in which people process, store, and encode information to make decisions.

Question 34

Biosocial theorists have evaluated the association between violent behavior episodes and hormone levels. Their findings suggest that abnormal levels of which male sex hormones influence the neocortex and have been linked to aggressive behavior.

A) androgens
B) glycogens
C) endorphins
D) endogens

Question 35

Reasonably stable patterns of behavior, including thoughts or emotions, that distinguish one individual from another are referred to as _____________________.

Question 36

____ cause an excessive reaction in the brain, whereas ____ affect the nervous system. Both are linked to mental, emotional, and behavioral problems.

A) Endo-allergies, neuroallergies
B) Neuroallergies, cerebral allergies
C) Cerebral allergies, neuroallergies
D) Neuroallergies, endo-allergies

Question 37

Which of the following statements pertaining to the link between lead and crime is inaccurate?

A) Lead ingestion is linked to lower IQ scores, a factor linked to aggressive behavior.
B) Criminologists have reported that areas with the highest concentration of lead also reported the highest levels of homicide.
C) Lead exposure is linked to mental illnesses, which have been linked to antisocial behaviors.
D) The average blood lead level has increased over the past decade.

Question 38

_____ occur(s) when glucose levels in the blood fall below what is necessary for normal and efficient brain functioning.

A) Conduct disorder
B) Hypoglycemia
C) Cerebral allergies
D) ADHD

Question 39

A number of environmental contaminants have been associated with emotional and behavioral disorders. Which of the following has been linked to aggressive behaviors on both a macro, or national, level and on a micro, or individual, level?

A) cadmium
B) lead
C) copper
D) zinc

Question 40

According to William Sheldon, who believed that criminals manifest distinct physiques, which somatotype was most likely to become criminal?

A) endomorph
B) mesomorph
C) ectomorph
D) mendomorph

Question 41

A disorder in which a child shows a developmentally inappropriate lack of attention and an excess of impulsivity is known as:

A) attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
B) oppositional defiance disorder.
C) impulse dysfunctional disorder.
D) conduct disorder.

Question 42

Explosive rage disorder is considered an important cause of spouse and child abuse, suicide, aggressiveness, and motiveless homicide. This disorder is a type of:

A) cerebral allergy.
B) minimal brain dysfunction.
C) hormonal imbalance.
D) neurotransmitter disorder.

Question 43

Neurological deficits may interact with another trait or social condition to produce antisocial behaviors. Research conducted by Raine found that children who had experienced birth complications and who then experienced ______ were more likely to engage in criminal offending than children who did not experience these factors.

A) paternal rejection
B) maternal rejection
C) bullying at school
D) peer pressure

Question 44

Some researches feel that what appears to be a genetic effect, evidenced in twin research, is actually the effect of sibling influence on criminality. This is referred to as the:

A) twin effect.
B) contagion effect.
C) proximity effect.
D) immediacy effect.

Question 45

Social learning theory holds that people learn to be aggressive through their life experiences. Which of these is not a source of this behavior-modeling process?

A) family interaction
B) religious affiliation
C) environmental experiences
D) mass media

Question 46

The study of brain activity is called:

A) criminology.
B) anatomology.
C) coprology.
D) neurophysiology.

Question 47

John Bowlby is most closely associated with whch theory?

A) ​attachment
B) ​power-control
C) ​social learning
D) ​delinquent subculture theory

Question 48

People at the highest stages of moral development refrain from crime because they:

A) have outlooks characterized by self-interest.
B) fear punishment.
C) believe the concept of general deterrence.
D) believe in duty to others and universal rights.

Question 49

It has been argued that declining levels of which hormone help to explain the aging-out process?

A) estrogen
B) serotonin
C) testosterone
D) progesterone

Question 50

According to Freud, the superego is the _____ aspect of one's personality.

A) moral
B) reality
C) pleasure
D) guilt

Question 51

According to Freud, which part of the brain controls impulses and desires for immediate gratification?

A) id
B) superego
C) ego
D) super id

Question 52

Errors in cognition and information processing have been used to explain the behavior of child abusers. What distorted thinking pattern/perception is expressed by child abusers?

A) Abusers perceive children as wanting to engage in sexual activity.
B) Abusers perceive that sexual activity does not cause harm and may be beneficial to the child.
C) Abusers perceive that they are entitled to have sex with whomever they want.
D) Abusers express all these thinking patterns/perceptions.

Question 53

The concept used to describe people who have feelings of inadequacy and compensate for them with a drive for superiority (controlling others) is:

A) inferiority complex.
B) power-control complex.
C) ego complex.
D) neuroticism.

Question 54

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is often accompanied by which disorder?

A) rule disorder
B) low testosterone
C) high testosterone
D) conduct disorder

Question 55

The notion that some individuals may engage in crime because of the attraction of "getting away with it" is known as:

A) risk theory.
B) arousal theory.
C) thrill-seeking theory.
D) conduct disorder.

Question 56

The psychodynamic model of the criminal offender depicts an aggressive, frustrated person dominated by events that occurred during:

A) the adolescent years.
B) the process of socialization.
C) the phallic stage.
D) early childhood.

Question 57

One of the most widely used psychological tests designed to measure many different personality traits, including psychopathic deviation, schizophrenia, and hypomania, is known as the:

A) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory.
B) Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire.
C) California Personality Inventory.
D) Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale.

Question 58

What do studies of monozygatic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins indicate?

A) There is a significantly higher risk for suicidal behavior among MZ twin pairs than among DZ twin pairs.
B) MZ twin pairs who suffer child abuse are more likely to engage in antisocial activity than DZ twin pairs.
C) If one member of a twin pair was delinquent, so was the other, and the effect was greater for MZ twin pairs.
D) Studies indicate all these findings.

Question 59

Some violent offenders have a disturbed character structure commonly referred to as psychopathy, sociopathy, or antisocial personality. What is known about the psychopathic personality?

A) Children who lack the opportunity to form an attachment to a father figure during the first three years of life are most likely to develop psychopathic personalities.
B) Children who lack the opportunity to form an attachment to a mother figure during the first three years of life are most likely to develop psychopathic personalities.
C) Psychopaths are less likely to become chronic offenders than are non-psychopaths.
D) Psychopaths, as a rule, experience an inordinate number of abnormal fears.

Question 60

According to Freud, which part of the brain is involved in instant gratification?

A) id
B) superego
C) ego
D) super id

Question 61

The antisocial personality concept seems to mesh with what is known about chronic offending. Which percent of chronic offenders exhibit sociopathic behavior patterns?

A) 20
B) 40
C) 60
D) 80

Question 62

Children suffering from measurable neurological deficits at birth are believed to also suffer from antisocial traits throughout their life, from habitual lying to violence.

Question 63

Trait theories can be divided into two major subdivisions: one that stresses psychological functioning and the other that stresses biological make-up.

Question 64

Farrington's Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development showed evidence that few delinquent youths had criminal fathers.

Question 65

According to the moral and intellectual development branch of cognitive theory, what is wrong with criminals?

A) They have low levels of moral reasoning development.
B) They have  overdeveloped ids.
C) They have  overstimulation of mental capacities.
D) They have  all of the above.

Question 66

Recent research on IQ and crime suggests that low IQ increases the likelihood of criminal behavior through its effect on:

A) socioeconomic status.
B) job skills and employment.
C) school performance.
D) parenting skills.

Question 67

Some trait theorists believe that biochemical conditions, including those that are genetically predetermined and those acquired through diet and environment, control and influence antisocial behavior.

Question 68

The work of Cesare Lombroso (the "born criminal") and his contemporaries is regarded today as a historical curiosity, not scientific fact.

Question 69

Which crime-prevention programs focus on reducing recidivism rates?

A) primary prevention programs
B) secondary prevention programs
C) tertiary prevention programs
D) reactive prevention programs

Question 70

David Berkowitz is a prime example of an individual suffering from psychosis.

Question 71

Children with ADHD are more likely to use drugs, alcohol, and cigarettes in adolescence, to be arrested, to be charged with a felony, and to have multiple arrests.

Question 72

Biosocial theory contends that all humans are born with equal potential to learn and achieve.

Question 73

Biophobia is the belief that serious consideration should be given to biological factors when attempting to understand human nature.

Question 74

Psychologist Hans Eysneck linked personality to crime when he identified two distinct traits-extroversion-introversion and

A) ​stability - instability.
B) ​polar - bipolar.
C) ​social - antisocial.
D) ​rational - irrational.

Question 75

A frequently administered personality test used to distinguish deviant from nondeviant groups is the.

A) ​California Personality Inventory.
B) ​Charleston Character Calculation Examination.
C) ​Minnesota Personal Inventory Examination.
D) ​Trezpap Deviant Group Inventory.

Question 76

Estrogen, the most abundant androgen, has been found in higher levels among prisoners who committed violent crimes than in other prisoners.

Question 77

Studies of twins have not produced any evidence to suggest that genetics may be linked to crime.

Question 78

Recent studies suggest that lead ingestion is linked to aggressive behaviors on a national, or macro, level but not on an individual, or micro, level.

Question 79

Latent delinquency is found in youngsters whose personalities require them to seek immediate gratification, who consider satisfying their personal needs more important than relating to others, and who satisfy instinctive urges without considering right and wrong.

Question 80

Maternal alcohol abuse and smoking during gestation have long been linked to prenatal damage and subsequent antisocial behavior in adolescence.