Deck 7: Social Process Theories Socialization and Society

Question 1

_________________ offers the principle that becoming a criminal is a learning process in which potential delinquents and criminals master techniques that enable them to counterbalance or neutralize conventional value and drift back and forth between illegitimate and conventional behavior.

Answer 1

Neutralization theory

Question 2

Supportive, effective, and noncoercive parenting is referred to as _____________________.

Answer 2

parental efficacy

Question 3

Today, more than ________________ percent of children live in single-parent homes.

Answer 3

30

Question 4

__________________ involves norm violations or crimes that have very little influence on the actor and that can be quickly forgotten.

Question 5

Males are more likely to socialize with deviant peers than are females, and they are more likely to be deeply influenced by these deviant peers. This finding explains how __________________ may explain the gender difference in the crime rate.

Question 6

__________________ occurs when an individual learns from the rewards and punishments associated with a behavior.

Question 7

__________________ are the morally tinged influences that have become entrenched in the culture but are publicly condemned.

Question 8

Social process theories hold that criminality is a function of human _________.

Question 9

__________________ occurs when a deviant event comes to the attention of significant others or social-control agents who apply a negative label.

Question 10

_____________________ are designed to remove both juvenile and adult offenders from the normal channels of the criminal justice process by placing them in programs designed for rehabilitation.

Question 11

When parents or friends express their disapproval of crime, an _________ attitude toward criminality occurs.

Question 12

Sutherland's research on _______________, professional theft, and intelligence led him to dispute the notion that crime was a function of the inadequacy of people in the lower classes.

Question 13

According to Akers and Burgess, _________________ occurs when deviant and conventional behaviors are learned and reinforced by interactions with others.

Question 14

Testing Labeling theory, former U.S. representative ________________ served New York's ninth congressional district from January 1999 until June 2011, and was a rising political star, until his "sexting" forced his resignation.

Question 15

Of the 1.2 million students who drop out of school each year, most dropouts say they left either because they did not like school or because ________________.

Question 16

According to social bond theory, a person's sensitivity to and interest in others is termed _________. Without this element of social bond, psychologists believe a person becomes a psychopath and loses the ability to relate coherently to the world.

Question 17

The association between crime and divorce may be due to __________________.

Question 18

In his _________ theory, Reckless argued that a strong self-image insulates a youth from the pressures and pulls of criminogenic influences in the environment.

Question 19

When parents, friends, teachers, and law enforcement officials amplify negative labels via stigmatization, a person may begin to reevaluate their identity. This process is referred to as the _________.

Question 20

According to neutralization theory, juvenile delinquents _________ between delinquent behaviors and conforming behaviors.

Question 21

Research on differential association theory finds that having delinquent friends:

A) has no effect on delinquency.
B) decreases the likelihood of delinquency
C) increases the likelihood of having nondelinquent friends
D) increases the likelihood of delinquency

Question 22

According to Matza, __________ refers to the process of moving from one extreme of behavior to another. Further, this helps to explain why a youth's behavior may be law abiding sometimes and deviant at other times.

A) anomie
B) drift
C) strain
D) dramatization

Question 23

According to differential reinforcement theory, what determines whether deviant or criminal behavior persists?

A) the degree to which living conditions influence behavior
B) the degree to which offenders are able to neutralize their behaviors
C) the degree to which it has been rewarded or punished
D) the degree to which conventional ties to society are broken or weakened

Question 24

The age of children when they first encounter definitions of criminality impacts the _____ of an association.

A) frequency
B) duration
C) priority
D) intensity

Question 25

Whose name do we associate with the prominent social learning theory of differential association?

A) Matza
B) Sykes
C) Bell
D) Sutherland

Question 26

Which of the following is the study of human interactions and relationships that emphasizes such issues as group dynamics and socialization?

A) ​social learning theory
B) ​psychological sociology
C) ​sociological social psychology
D) ​social psychological syntality

Question 27

One way in which schools perpetuate stigmatization is through  ________, which identifies some students as college-bound and others as academic underachievers or potential dropouts.

A) ​the track system
B) ​athletics
C) ​the head start program
D) ​prep courses

Question 28

Social learning theory suggests that crime is a/an ___ behavior

A) learned
B) chronic
C) group
D) isolated

Question 29

According to differential association theory, everyone has both favorable and unfavorable ______ of/to crime.

A) meanings
B) actions
C) social reactions
D) definitions

Question 30

In every level of the social structure, youths who fall in with a "bad crowd" become more susceptible to:

A) rape.
B) disdaining religion.
C) criminal behavior patterns.
D) being assaulted by members of this peer group.

Question 31

 Theorists who believe that an individual's socialization determines the likelihood of criminality adopt the ______ approach to human behavior.

A) ​social process
B) ​social learning
C) ​social stigma
D) ​social reaction

Question 32

Which of the following refers to the type of social structure that integrates children into families while giving parents the ability to assert their individuality and regulate their own behavior

A) parental efficacy
B) social ability
C) parent control
D) organizational parenting

Question 33

A criticism of learning theories is that they fail to adequately explain:

A) drug use.
B) spontaneous acts of violence.
C) subterranean behaviors.
D) minor crimes such as vandalism and shoplifting.

Question 34

Approximately _____ percent of youths with criminal fathers become chronic offenders.

A) 10
B) 37
C) 47
D) 53

Question 35

The importance and prestige attributed to individuals or groups from whom the definitions are learned is the _____ element of an association.

A) priority
B) duration
C) intensity
D) frequency

Question 36

When behavior is punished, this is referred to as:

A) direct conditioning.
B) reconditioning.
C) labeling reinforcement.
D) negative reinforcement.

Question 37

The process of human development and enculturation is known as:

A) stigmatization.
B) socialization.
C) drift.
D) amplification.

Question 38

Criminologists have long studied the critical elements of socialization to determine how they contribute to a burgeoning criminal career. Prominent among these elements are the family, the peer group, and ______________.

A) ​school
B) ​religion
C) ​employment
D) ​athletic ability

Question 39

The view, according to Akers, that both deviant and conventional behaviors are learned is called:

A) differential association theory.
B) labeling theory.
C) social reaction theory.
D) differential reinforcement theory.

Question 40

When friends or parents demonstrate their disapproval of crime, what can occur?

A) aging-out and desistance
B) disassociations
C) anomie
D) definitions unfavorable toward criminality

Question 41

Which is not an element of the social bond?

A) achievement
B) containment
C) commitment
D) involvement

Question 42

By denying the wrongfulness of an act, criminals are able to neutralize illegal behavior. This is known as:

A) denial of responsibility.
B) denial of victim.
C) condemnation of the condemners.
D) denial of injury.

Question 43

One consequence of labeling is the concept of _____, which brings about a reassessment of one's self-image that reflects actual or perceived judgments made by others, such as parents.

A) reflected assessments
B) reflected appraisals
C) reflected reactions
D) reflected associations

Question 44

The theory that links the onset of criminality to the weakening of the ties that bind people to society is:

A) social learning theory.
B) differential association theory.
C) differential reinforcement theory.
D) social bond theory.

Question 45

In his ____, pioneering control theorist Walter Reckless argued that a strong self-image insulates a youth from the pressures and pulls of criminogenic influences in the environment.

A) containment theory
B) normative group theory
C) social bond theory
D) social reaction theory

Question 46

Sykes and Matza base their neutralization theory on a variety of observations about criminals. Among these observations is that:

A) criminals hope to plea bargain based upon dispelling their responsibility for their offenses.
B) criminals view all victims as equal prey for their offenses.
C) criminals sometimes voice a sense of guilt about their illegal acts.
D) criminals show respect for their "street smart" peers.

Question 47

Behavior is reinforced by being either rewarded or punished while interacting with others; this is called differential reinforcement or __________________.

A) ​direct conditioning
B) ​direct modeling
C) ​differential assumption
D) ​indirect conditioning

Question 48

Which social bond refers to how much time an individual spends engaged in noncriminal activities?

A) achievement
B) attachment
C) commitment
D) involvement

Question 49

Which technique of neutralization refers to youths denying that they are to blame for their delinquent acts?

A) deny injury
B) condemn condemners
C) deny responsibility
D) withhold responsibility

Question 50

Which social bond refers to how much an individual cares about what others think of them?

A) achievement
B) attachment
C) commitment
D) involvement

Question 51

Which type of deviance is the result of the criminal label?

A) primary
B) civil
C) delinquency
D) secondary

Question 52

Criminals sometimes neutralize wrongdoing by maintaining that the victim of crime "had it coming." This is known as:

A) denial of responsibility.
B) denial of injury.
C) denial of victim.
D) condemnation of the condemners.

Question 53

Which social bond refers to how much a person has invested in conventional society or how much she has to lose?

A) achievement
B) attachment
C) commitment
D) involvement

Question 54

According to social reaction theory, labels are believed to produce:

A) stigma
B) primary deviance
C) differential associations
D) anomie

Question 55

Which view states that becoming a criminal is a learning process in which potential delinquents master skills that enable them to counterbalance conventional values and drift back and forth between illegitimate and conventional behavior?

A) social reaction theory
B) differential association theory
C) differential reinforcement theory
D) neutralization theory

Question 56

Numerous research efforts have supported the core principles of differential association. These generally show a correlation between having deviant parents and friends,  holding deviant attitudes, and _____________.

A) ​committing deviant acts
B) ​prison length
C) ​broken homes
D) ​negative marriages

Question 57

Control theories argue that noncriminal individuals have developed a _______ that requires them to obey the laws of society.

A) commitment to conformity
B) tie to society
C) dedication to norms
D) fear of criminal punishment

Question 58

The theory of  _______ presupposes a condition that allows people to explain away unconventional norms and values by using such slogans as "I didn't mean to do it" and "I didn't really hurt anybody."

A) ​neutralization
B) ​reaction formation
C) ​social strain
D) ​displacement

Question 59

Labeling theorists use a/an ___ definition of crime.

A) legal
B) perceived
C) interactionist
D) consensus

Question 60

Novice criminals often argue that they are caught in the dilemma of being loyal to their own peer group while at the same time attempting to abide by the rules of the larger society. This is known as:

A) denial of responsibility.
B) appeal to higher loyalties.
C) condemnation of the condemners.
D) denial of victim.

Question 61

Which of the following occurs when norm violations or crimes have very little influence on the actor and can be quickly forgotten?

A) anomie
B) primary deviance
C) secondary deviance
D) stigma

Question 62

Techniques of neutralization argue that delinquents are constantly and consistently engaged in delinquent behavior and rarely ever engage in conforming behavior.

Question 63

Kids whose parents go to prison are much more likely to be at risk for delinquency than children of nonincarcerated parents

Question 64

Social learning theory assumes that people are born good and learn to be bad.

Question 65

  Youths who grow up in households characterized by conflict and tension, and in which there is a lack of familial love and support, are susceptible to the crime-promoting forces in the environment.

Question 66

Numerous studies show that there is no significant association between child maltreatment and delinquency, even when taking into account gender, race, and class.

Question 67

Social learning theories assume that people are born either "bad" or "good" and that their degree of criminality can be unlearned with proper socialization.

Question 68

 More than 40 years ago in a now classic study, Travis Hirschi and Rodney Stark found that, contrary to expectations, the association between religious attendance and belief and delinquent behavior patterns is negligible and insignificant.

Question 69

Which of the following occurs when a deviant event comes to the attention of significant others or social-control agents who then apply a negative label?

A) anomie
B) primary deviance
C) secondary deviance
D) stigma

Question 70

Almost half of all female dropouts left school because they were pregnant or had already given birth.

Question 71

More than 46 million Americans live below the poverty line.

Question 72

Bullies have children who bully others, and these "second-generation bullies" grow up to become fathers of children who also become bullies.

Question 73

The fear of punishment is diminished among kids who hang with delinquent friends.

Question 74

Social control theory asserts that individuals are pushed into crime by an unfair and unequal society.

Question 75

Children born into high-risk families, such as those with single teen mothers, can avoid delinquency if their friends refrain from drug use and criminality.

Question 76

Research conducted in both the United States and abroad shows that children raised in homes with one or both parents absent may be prone to antisocial behavior.

Question 77

When young offenders claim their unlawful acts were simply not their fault, it is known as denial of responsibility.

Question 78

When parents are alienated from their children, their negative labeling reduces their children's self-image and increases delinquency.  This is known as:

A) reflected appraisals.
B) reflective role-taking.
C) stigma.
D) primary deviance.

Question 79

Criminal techniques are learned, including the motives, drives, rationalizations, and attitudes associated with crime.

Question 80

When an offender views the world as a corrupt place with a dog-eat-dog code, it is known as denial of injury.