Deck 8: Critical Criminology and Restorative Justice

Question 1

The owners of the means of production are the ________________.

Answer 1

capitalist bourgeoisie

Question 2

Conflict promotes crime by creating a social atmosphere in which the ______ is a mechanism for controlling dissatisfied, have-not members of society while the wealthy maintain their power.

Answer 2

law

Question 3

In his_____________________, Marx focused his attention on the economic conditions perpetuated by the capitalist system.

Answer 3

Communist Manifesto

Question 4

The _____________ are the people termed by Marx as the working class members of society who produce goods and services but who do not own the means of production.

Question 5

______________ holds that street criminals prey on the poor and disenfranchised, thus making the poor doubly abused, first by the capitalist system and then by members of their own class.

Question 6

Hegel argued that for every idea, or thesis, there exists an opposing argument, or _________, that results in a merger or synthesis.

Question 7

______________________view criminal law and the criminal system as instruments for controlling the poor, have-not members of society.

Question 8

_______________ believe that the law is not the exclusive domain of the rich but instead is used to maintain the long-term interests of the capitalist system.

Question 9

According to critical criminologists, crime is a __________ concept designed to protect the power and position of the upper classes at the expense of the poor.

Question 10

Vold argued that laws are created by political groups who seek assistance from the _____________ to help them defend their rights and interests.

Question 11

Ralf Dahrendorf argued that modern society is organized into a plurality of competing __________.

Question 12

The roots of critical criminology can be traced to the social philosopher _____________, who identified the economic structures in society that control all human relations.

Question 13

In 1973, critical theory was given a powerful academic boost when British scholars Ian Taylor, Paul Walton, and Jock Young published __________________.

Question 14

__________ thrusts people outside the economic mainstream, forcing them to live in areas conducive to crime.

Question 15

The study of war crimes, crimes against humanity, and the penal system in which such crimes are prosecuted and tried are known as ________________.

Question 16

The fringe members at the bottom of society who produce nothing and live, parasitically, off the work of others are known as ______________.

Question 17

In 1968, a group of British sociologists formed the ___________________, made up of 300 members who were critical of positivist criminology and rejected the conservative stance of criminologists and their close financial relationships with government agencies.

Question 18

___________________ may be responsible for unrest in financial systems and in so doing has created a fertile ground for contemporary enterprise crimes.

Question 19

Critical thinkers believe that the key crime-producing element of modern corporate capitalism is the effort to create  _____________________.

Question 20

By 1847, Marx and Engels had joined with a group of primarily German socialist revolutionaries known as the __________________.

Question 21

High schools located in poverty-stricken inner cities with completion rates of 40% or less are referred to as:

A) dropout factories.
B) level-three schools.
C) bottom schools.
D) disadvantaged institutions.

Question 22

According to Ralf Dahrendorf, modern society is comprised of:

A) competing interest groups.
B) general community consensus.
C) a majority rule.
D) united groups.

Question 23

Within Marxist thought, the owners of the means of production are called:

A) lumpen proletariat.
B) capitalist proletariat.
C) capitalist bourgeoisie.
D) lumpen bourgeoisie.

Question 24

Conflict theorists believe this occurs when people are thrust outside the economic mainstream, forcing a larger portion of the population to live in areas conducive to crime.

A) classification
B) symbolic interaction
C) marginalization
D) economic interaction

Question 25

Which theorist argued that modern society is organized into imperatively coordinated associations: those who possess authority and those who lack authority?

A) Willem Bonger
B) Ralf Dahrendorf
C) George Vold
D) Karl Marx

Question 26

The purpose of _______________ is to promote a peaceful and just society.

Question 27

In 1848, Karl Marx issued his famous:

A) Communist Manifesto.
B) Mein Kampf.
C) Marxist Manifesto.
D) Declaration of Dialectic Method.

Question 28

Conflict theorists are concerned with which of the following?

A) the role government plays in creating a criminogenic environment
B) the relationship between personal or group power and the shaping of criminal law
C) the prevalence of bias in the justice system operations
D) all of these

Question 29

Hegel argued that for every idea, or thesis, there exists an opposing argument or:

A) antithesis.
B) subthesis.
C) hypothesis.
D) synthesis.

Question 30

The view held by Marx that the laboring class produces goods whose value exceeds that of wages is known as:

A) surplus profit.
B) surplus value.
C) surplus efficiency.
D) surplus production.

Question 31

The attachments that exist among the people producing goods and services are known as:

A) productive forces.
B) productive relations.
C) productive handicaps.
D) productive facilitators.

Question 32

Richard Quinney's theory that criminal definitions represent the interests of those who hold power in society is known as:

A) Marxist feminism.
B) radical feminism.
C) social reality of crime.
D) dialectic method.

Question 33

In  Restorative Justice , Sullivan and Tifft reaffirm their belief that society must seek ___________ forms of justice without resorting to brutal punishment.

Question 34

According to Willem Bonger, crimes are considered antisocial acts because they are harmful to:

A) the general consensus.
B) the working class.
C) the ruling class.
D) all classes.

Question 35

Although the number of traditional _______________ families is in steep decline, in those that still exist, a wife's economic dependence ties men more securely to wage-earning jobs, further serving the interests of capitalists by undermining potential rebellion against the system.

Question 36

Rather than punish law violators harshly and make them outcasts of society, peacemakers look for ways to bring them back to the community. This peacemaking movement has adopted nonviolent methods and applied them to what is known as  _______________.

Question 37

Within Marxist thought, the people who perform the actual work are called:

A) productive forces.
B) lumpen proletariat.
C) capitalist bourgeoisie.
D) the proletariat.

Question 38

Braithwaite's vision rests on the concept of  ___________; the feeling we get when we don't meet the standards we have set for ourselves or that significant others have set for us.

Question 39

Productive forces include such things as:

A) technology.
B) energy sources.
C) material resources.
D) all of the above.

Question 40

According to Marx, those at the bottom of the class structure are the _______, who produce nothing and live off the work of others.

A) proletariat
B) capitalist bourgeoisie
C) lumpen proletariat
D) lumpen bourgeoisie

Question 41

When conducting a meta-analysis of literature on police arrest practices, Koche, Wilson, and Mastrofski found that after being stopped by the police:

A) ​ minority suspects were significantly more likely to be arrested than   white suspects.
B) ​ White suspects were significantly more likely to be arrested than minority suspects.
C) ​ minority and white suspects had an equal  likelihood of being arrested.
D) ​ middle- and lower - class individuals had an equal likelihood of being arrested.

Question 42

Which of the following is the view that criminal law and the criminal justice system are means of defending and preserving the capitalist system

A) critical feminist theory
B) instrumental critical theory
C) power-control theory
D) structural critical theory

Question 43

In 2013, a leak of documents stolen from the National Security Agency (NSA) by contract employee Edward Snowden revealed an example of: A) illegal domestic surveillance.
B) evidence tampering.
C) the failures of Obamacare.
D) war crimes in third word countries.

Question 44

According to the instrumental view of critical criminology, the poor may or may not commit more crimes than the rich but:

A) their crimes are less visible.
B) they are arrested and punished less often.
C) their crimes are more serious.
D) they are arrested and punished more often.

Question 45

According to instrumental theorists, unmasking the true purpose of law and justice is said to _____________ it.

A) destigmatize
B) discredit
C) dishonor
D) demystify

Question 46

In his Masculinities and Crime , what did Messerschmidt call men's struggle to dominate women in order to prove their manliness?

A) "doing domination"
B) "doing machismo"
C) "doing tough"
D) "doing gender"

Question 47

The system of _______, in which men dominate public, social, economic, and political affairs, sustains female oppression at home and in the workplace.

A) equiarchy
B) oligarchy
C) matriarchy
D) patriarchy

Question 48

According to Messerschmidt, men commit more crime than females because of ______, which argues that men control women both economically and biologically.

A) feminist stance
B) double marginality
C) dual discrimination
D) double control

Question 49

For members of which movement is the main purpose of criminology to promote a peaceful and just society?

A) peacemaking
B) left realism
C) postmodernism
D) globalization

Question 50

The desire for ___________was one of the primary reasons for Japan's invasion of China and other Eastern nations that sparked their entry into World War II.

A) ​natural resources
B) ​cheap labor
C) ​slaves
D) ​revenge

Question 51

In what type of families do husbands and wives share similar positions of power at home and the workplace?

A) matriarchal
B) patriarchal
C) paternalistic
D) egalitarian

Question 52

Which of the following is the best example of a role-exit behavior?

A) running away from home
B) hanging out with deviant peers
C) living in an egalitarian family
D) shoplifting on a regular basis

Question 53

According to Bonn, the ________ administration initiated a campaign to convince the U.S. public and the world that Iraq was involved in the attacks of 9/11 as an example of state-ordered crime. 

A) Bush
B) Obama
C) Clinton
D) Nixon

Question 54

According to power-control theory, families in which fathers and mothers assume the traditional role of the man working outside the home and women working inside the home are called _______ families.

A) maternal families
B) egalitarian families
C) paternalistic families
D) power families

Question 55

Which is the branch of conflict theory that focuses on the emergence of a strict "law and order" philosophy and that believes street criminals prey on the poor and disenfranchised, thus making the poor doubly abused, first by the capitalist system and then by members of their own class?

A) power control
B) peacemaking theory
C) critical realism
D) left realism

Question 56

Consider the relationship between patriarchy, powerlessness, and crime. When lower-class males are shut out of the economic opportunity structure, they try to build their self-image through acts of machismo; such acts may involve:

A) self-mutilation.
B) violent abuse of women.
C) drug use.
D) the use of weapons.

Question 57

Critical theorists believe that the motives of multinational corporations for providing jobs in third-world counties is to:

A) build the economies of these countries.
B) provide the poorest individuals better jobs.
C) supply the poor in the United States with affordable goods.
D) exploit natural resources and desperate workers while avoiding regulations.

Question 58

Left-realists do not view police to be inherently evil tools of capitalism, but they do wish that police would:

A) reduce their use of force.
B) increase their sensitivity to the public.
C) be more responsive to community needs.
D) all of the above.

Question 59

Which key element of power-control theory has been supported by research?

A) Middle-class girls in egalitarian households are the most likely to violate the law.
B) Females in paternalistic households are more likely to experience stigma and shame than their brothers.
C) Females in paternalistic households have learned to fear legal sanctions more than have their brothers.
D) Females in egalitarian households are more likely to have the same expectations of career success as their brothers.

Question 60

Which of the following is defined by law as criminal and committed by state officials, either elected or appointed, in pursuit of their jobs as government representatives?

A) ​state-organized crime
B) ​government-sanctioned crime
C) ​state-fostered criminality
D) ​fiscal crime

Question 61

_________ emerged from Native American culture; they require people accused of breaking the law to meet with community members, victims, village elders, and agents of the justice system.

A) Mediation programs
B) Sentencing circles
C) Jails
D) Probation

Question 62

Structural theorists believe that the justice system is designed to change the status quo to create a more balanced system.

Question 63

Some schools have embraced restorative justice practices to deal with students who are involved in drug and alcohol abuse without having to resort to more punitive measures such as expulsion.

Question 64

One challenge facing restorative justice is the difficult task of balancing:

A) the degree of stigma with the degree of reintegration.
B) the rehabilitation of the offender with the offender's symbolic punishment.
C) the concept of justice with the concept of deterrence.
D) the needs of offenders with those of their victims.

Question 65

Marx claimed that the character of every civilization is determined by its mode of production.

Question 66

Braithwaite's view of restorative justice rests on the concept of shame. What is known about shame?

A) Symbolic shaming is more effective that actual shame.
B) Sentencing circles rely heavily on shaming the offender.
C) As a specific deterrent stigmatization is doomed to failure.
D) All of these are known about shame.

Question 67

The racial threat hypothesis states that as the number of minority group members in the community increases, law enforcement agents become more punitive.

Question 68

According to the instrumental view, capitalist justice serves the powerful and rich and enables them to impose their morality and standards of behavior on the entire society.

Question 69

As the rate of surplus value increases, more people are displaced from productive relationships and the size of the marginal population swells.

Question 70

There are more than 1,700 dropout factories in the United States.

Question 71

Research has found that jurisdictions with significant levels of economic disparity are also the most likely to have large numbers of people killed by police officers.

Question 72

If in the United States the EPA refuses to deal with or turns a blind eye to environmental crimes of the fracking industry, this would be an example of state-corporate crime.

Question 73

The United States is only one of three countries with no examples of state-organized crime.

Question 74

According to Marxist theory, class does not refer to an attribute of a person, rather it is one's position in relation to others.

Question 75

Globalization has replaced imperialism and colonization as a new form of economic domination and oppression.

Question 76

Critical analysis shows that despite legal controls the use of the death penalty seems to be skewed against racial minorities

Question 77

Some experts believe that globalization can improve the standard of living in third-world nations by providing jobs and training .

Question 78

Restorative processes generally include which basic elements?

A) asking the offender to accept responsibility
B) a determination of community support and assistance for both the victim and the offender
C) turning the justice system into a healing process
D) all of the above.

Question 79

Rather than punishment and prison, peacemaking scholars advocate such policies as:

A) mediation and conflict resolution.
B) counseling and probation.
C) stigmatization and deterrence.
D) fines and detention.

Question 80

Instrumentalists view the criminal law and criminal justice system solely as an instrument for controlling the elite members of society.