Deck 8: Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

LaDonna experiences a state of biological tension because she is hungry. Her hunger motivates her to stop at the local deli after class. Which theory best explains LaDonna's choice to go to the deli?

A)arousal theory
B)drive theory
C)instinct theory
D)need theory
E)set point theory

Answer 1

drive theory

Question 2

According to drive theory, secondary drives are

A)learned through experience.
B)homeostatically controlled.
C)based on instincts.
D)essential for survival.
E)biological needs that demand satisfaction.

Answer 2

learned through experience.

Question 3

Who conducted research suggesting that humans and many other animals have basic needs for exploration and activity?

A)Charles Darwin
B)David McClelland
C)Abraham Maslow
D)Dacher Keltner
E)Harry Harlow

Answer 3

Harry Harlow

Question 4

Homeostasis is the basis for which theory of motivation?

A)instinct theory
B)arousal theory
C)drive theory
D)need theory
E)hierarchy of needs theory

Question 5

Which theorists supported instinct theory?

A)Walter Cannon and Philip Bard
B)William Masters and Virginia Johnson
C)Harry Harlow and Marvin Zuckerman
D)Abraham Maslow and Darryl Bem
E)Sigmund Freud and William James

Question 6

When Walter's blood sugar dips, he becomes hungry. He eats, and then he is no longer hungry-his body is back in balance. This balancing is an example of

A)the two-factor model.
B)instinct.
C)homeostasis.
D)optimal level of arousal.
E)self-actualization.

Question 7

The foremost advocate of drive theory was

A)Clark Hull.
B)Sigmund Freud.
C)William James.
D)William McDougall.
E)Harry Harlow.

Question 8

Motives address the fundamental question of the _____ of behavior.

A)who
B)what
C)why
D)where
E)when

Question 9

In drive theory, biological drives are also known as

A)arousal drives.
B)essential drives.
C)primary drives.
D)instinctual drives.
E)secondary drives.

Question 10

Which of the following is the best definition of drive?

A)An incentive that pulls one in the direction of obtaining it
B)A reward or other stimulus that motivates one to act
C)A state of deprivation or deficiency
D)A genetically programmed pattern of response specific to members of a particular species
E)A state of bodily tension that arises from an unmet need

Question 11

Which of the following words is/are derived from the Latin movere , meaning "to move"?

A)arousal
B)motivation
C)emotion
D)motivation and emotion
E)motivation, emotion, and arousal

Question 12

Which of the following is a secondary drive?

A)hunger
B)thirst
C)sexual desire
D)desire to earn money
E)need for sleep

Question 13

The instinct theory of human motivation was replaced by the

A)arousal theory.
B)incentive theory.
C)hierarchy of needs theory.
D)drive theory.
E)set point theory.

Question 14

What is an instinct?

A)a drive that is acquired through experience
B)a factor that activates, directs, and sustains goal-directed behavior
C)a fixed inborn pattern of responding that is species-specific
D)an internal state that prompts stimulation-seeking behavior
E)an innate reward or other stimulus that motivates one to act

Question 15

Shelby, an avid bird watcher, explains that birds build nests because that is their nature. Shelby advocates ________ theory.

A)drive
B)incentive
C)instinct
D)arousal
E)set point

Question 16

In drive theory, inborn is to ______ as experience is to ______.

A)primary drives; secondary drives
B)biological drives; primary drives
C)homeostasis; imbalance
D)imbalance; homeostasis
E)secondary drives; primary drives

Question 17

A need is

A)another word for instinct.
B)a state of deprivation or deficiency.
C)a state of bodily tension.
D)a learned desire.
E)a reward that motivates.

Question 18

Motivation includes factors that _______ goal-directed behavior.

A)activate
B)direct
C)sustain
D)activate and direct
E)activate, direct, and sustain

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT an argument against instinct theory for human behavior?

A)The list of instincts grew too large to be useful.
B)The theory does not explain behavior; it only labels it.
C)Human behavior is too variable to be explained by instincts.
D)The list of instincts was not large enough to account for human behavior.
E)Instinct theory fails to consider culture and learning.

Question 20

You have particular needs or wants that drive your behavior and help explain why you do the things you do. These are called your

A)instincts.
B)motives.
C)perceptions.
D)incentives.
E)emotions.

Question 21

Regarding stimulus motives, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Stimulus motives disappear as people age.
B)Stimulus motives encourage organisms to explore their environments and manipulate objects.
C)Stimulus motives may represent a biologically based need to maintain an optimal level of arousal.
D)Stimulus motives are observed in humans as well as other animals.
E)Stimulus motives challenge the idea that all drives satisfy basic needs.

Question 22

Quentin has a strong need to excel at whatever he does. Quentin's need is called need for

A)achievement.
B)arousal.
C)affiliation.
D)sensation.
E)external rewards.

Question 23

Regarding sources of motivation, self-gratification is to ______ as money is to ______.

A)intrinsic; avoidance
B)avoidance; intrinsic
C)extrinsic; avoidance
D)avoidance; extrinsic
E)intrinsic; extrinsic

Question 24

Even though Fabiola does not need a new dress, she buys one because she really feels drawn toward it. This is an example of

A)homeostasis.
B)incentive value.
C)primary drive.
D)drive reduction.
E)sensation-seeking.

Question 25

Who is a major researcher in the study of need for achievement?

A)Abraham Maslow
B)Clark Hull
C)Dacher Keltner
D)David McClelland
E)Harry Harlow

Question 26

In motivation theories, psychosocial needs are also known as

A)emotional needs.
B)arousal needs.
C)interpersonal needs.
D)homeostatic needs.
E)secondary needs.

Question 27

"Curiosity killed the cat." The cat's curiosity probably reflects its

A)need for drive reduction.
B)need for homeostasis.
C)stimulus motives.
D)secondary drives.
E)avoidance motivation.

Question 28

Regarding achievement motivation, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Achievement motivation develops early in life.
B)People with high achievement motivation were generally encouraged as children to be independent.
C)People with high achievement motivation were generally encouraged as children to attempt difficult tasks.
D)All people with achievement motivation are primarily driven by intrinsic motivation.
E)Parental practices have a strong influence on the development of achievement motivation.

Question 29

Incentives are

A)physiologically based needs.
B)homeostatically controlled drives.
C)rewards that motivate us to behave in a certain way.
D)instinctually based motives.
E)drives acquired through experience.

Question 30

Incentive value is

A)the lowest need in Maslow's hierarchy.
B)the highest point in Maslow's hierarchy.
C)the strength of a reward's "pull" on one's behavior.
D)the amount of drive reduction a behavior has.
E)the amount of effort expended in attaining a difficult goal.

Question 31

Regarding the incentive theory of motivation, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Incentive values are influenced by past learning experiences.
B)Compared to drive theory, incentive theory is more concerned with internal need states.
C)Incentive values are influenced by expectancies.
D)Compared to drive theory, incentive theory is more concerned with the "pull" than the "push" of motivation.
E)Cultural influences play a large role in determining individual incentive values.

Question 32

Sandra has a strong need to have social relationships. Psychologists use the term ______ to describe Sandra's needs.

A)need for affiliation
B)need for acceptance
C)need for arousal
D)need for sensation
E)need for achievement

Question 33

After looking at the exotic desserts presented on the dessert tray, Colin decides to have one of the desserts even though he is not hungry. This is best described as an example of

A)incentive motivation.
B)drive reduction.
C)instinctual behavior.
D)arousal theory.
E)cognitive dissonance.

Question 34

Donald has a higher need for arousal than the average person. In psychological terms, Donald would be described as

A)having an antisocial personality.
B)having a high need for achievement.
C)a sensation-seeker.
D)an obsessive-compulsive.
E)having performance anxiety.

Question 35

Stephen has a low need for achievement. Generalizing from research, we would predict that Stephen will set goals that are

A)so low they are always attainable.
B)so high they are never attainable.
C)so low they are always attainable or so high they are never attainable.
D)challenging but realistic.
E)challenging and unrealistic.

Question 36

Terry is described as having extrinsic motivation for the achievement of his goals. This means that Terry

A)focuses on immediate outcomes.
B)focuses on short-term outcomes.
C)has a desire for external rewards.
D)has a desire for internal gratification.
E)has low achievement motivation.

Question 37

According to the text, the most widely studied psychosocial need is the need for

A)affiliation.
B)acceptance.
C)achievement.
D)arousal.
E)social relationships.

Question 38

Anne and Norman were both offered a promotion. Anne willingly accepted the promotion offer because she felt it would help her be successful in her career, while Norman refused to accept it because he was afraid he would be unsuccessful. Which motivational concept(s)are Anne and Norman demonstrating?

A)Anne demonstrates avoidance motivation, while Norman demonstrates achievement motivation.
B)Anne demonstrates achievement motivation, whereas Norman demonstrates avoidance motivation.
C)Both are demonstrating achievement motivation.
D)Anne demonstrates achievement motivation, whereas Norman demonstrates performance anxiety.
E)Anne demonstrates avoidance motivation, whereas Norman demonstrates performance anxiety.

Question 39

Generalizing from Zuckerman's research on sensation seeking, which of the following statements best describes a sensation-seeker?

A)prefers being with familiar people over meeting new people
B)prefers sleeping in a comfortable bed and room over camping out
C)would probably not be interested in trying hypnosis
D)would enjoy going to a loud nightclub instead of a quiet restaurant
E)prefers quiet parties to wild ones

Question 40

The desire to steer clear of failure is called

A)achievement motivation.
B)avoidance motivation.
C)performance anxiety.
D)defensive motivation.
E)lack of self-actualization.

Question 41

Which hormone do scientists believe works on the hypothalamus to stimulate appetite and eating?

A)melatonin
B)neuropeptide Y
C)endorphins
D)dopamine
E)leptin

Question 42

Ramona had a stroke that damaged her ventromedial hypothalamus. Generalizing from animal research, you might expect Ramona to

A)eat more and lose weight.
B)eat more and gain weight.
C)eat less and lose weight.
D)eat less and gain weight.
E)eat regularly and maintain weight.

Question 43

The rate at which one's body burns calories at rest is called

A)set point.
B)homeostasis.
C)basal metabolism or basal metabolic rate.
D)the vasocongestion or parabolic rate.
E)the caloric consumption rate.

Question 44

The set point theory of obesity suggests that

A)body weight is regulated around a genetically predetermined level.
B)food intake is controlled by genetics.
C)metabolism is controlled by genetics.
D)the number of fat cells is controlled by genetics.
E)body weight is determined by the incentive value of food.

Question 45

The highest needs in Maslow's hierarchy are

A)physiological needs.
B)safety needs.
C)esteem needs.
D)self-actualization needs.
E)love and belongingness needs.

Question 46

Changes in blood sugar and circulating fats are detected by the

A)hippocampus.
B)thalamus.
C)cortex.
D)hypothalamus.
E)amygdala.

Question 47

What is the typical sequencing of needs in Maslow's hierarchy?

A)Love/belongingness, physiological, safety, esteem, self-actualization
B)Safety, physiological, love/belongingness, esteem, self-actualization
C)Physiological, safety, esteem, love/belongingness, self-actualization
D)Physiological, love/belongingness, safety, esteem, self-actualization
E)Physiological, safety, love/belongingness, esteem, self-actualization

Question 48

In his research on hunger and the brain, Dr. VanderZyl stimulates the lateral hypothalamus of his animal subjects. This stimulation

A)induces eating only in animals that have not eaten in a while.
B)induces eating in animals, even if they are full.
C)induces eating only in animals that have recently eaten but are still hungry.
D)reduces eating in animals that are hungry.
E)reduces eating in animals that are full.

Question 49

Maslow's hierarchy of needs has how many levels?

A)2
B)3
C)5
D)7
E)12

Question 50

After not having eaten for a while, blood sugar _______ and fat cells ________.

A)falls; absorb excess fat
B)falls; release fat
C)rises; absorb excess fat
D)rises; release fat
E)falls; are destroyed

Question 51

The hierarchy of needs model of human motivation was developed by

A)Maslow.
B)Hull.
C)Keltner.
D)Zuckerman.
E)McClelland.

Question 52

According to set point theory, when people lose weight

A)food intake is increased.
B)food intake is decreased.
C)metabolic rate is increased.
D)metabolic rate is decreased.
E)stores of fat are released.

Question 53

Maslow referred to the need to fulfill one's own unique potential as the need for

A)self-esteem.
B)self-actualization.
C)intrinsic motivation.
D)self-sufficiency.
E)achievement.

Question 54

Regarding the regulation of hunger and appetite, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Both neurotransmitters and hormones play important roles in regulating hunger.
B)The brain leads to the feelings that people describe as hunger.
C)When a person is hungry, eating typically results in homeostasis of blood sugar levels.
D)The lateral hypothalamus regulates feelings of satiety, whereas the ventromedial hypothalamus initiates eating.
E)When a person has not eaten in a while, the levels in the brain of neuropeptide Y increase.

Question 55

Regarding obesity, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Recently, rates of obesity have leveled off among U.S. men, but risen among U.S. women.
B)About two-thirds of the adult American population is overweight.
C)Obesity cuts life expectancy by about six to seven years.
D)Obesity is a major risk factor in many illnesses, including heart disease, diabetes, and some cancers.
E)About one-third of American children and teenagers is either overweight or obese.

Question 56

All but which of the following would be part of one's esteem needs?

A)Fulfillment of individual potential
B)Achievement
C)Status
D)Respect
E)Approval

Question 57

In contrast to the lateral hypothalamus, stimulation of the ventromedial hypothalamus

A)makes a hungry animal eat.
B)makes an animal stop eating.
C)has no effect on eating.
D)makes a full animal start eating.
E)restores homeostasis.

Question 58

According to the text, severely obese people have about______ fat cells.

A)100 million
B)between 200 and 500 million
C)5 to 25 billion
D)50 to 100 billion
E)200 billion or more

Question 59

Each of the following is identified in the text as a factor in obesity EXCEPT

A)genetics.
B)set point theory.
C)metabolic rate.
D)portion size.
E)willpower.

Question 60

Regarding Maslow's theory of motivation, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Maslow's model has intuitive appeal.
B)One criticism of Maslow's model is that the same behavior may reflect multiple needs.
C)Maslow's theory has been criticized for focusing too much on psychosocial needs and not enough on biological needs.
D)A person's needs may not be ordered in the fixed manner suggested by Maslow's hierarchy.
E)Maslow believed that we all have the ability to follow our own paths toward achieving self-actualization.

Question 61

All but which of the following are common medical complications arising from bulimia?

A)potassium deficiency
B)decay of tooth enamel
C)constipation
D)frequent vomiting
E)loss of menstruation

Question 62

According to the text, each of the following factors plays a major role in obesity EXCEPT

A)laziness.
B)environmental factors like television commercials.
C)genetics.
D)behavioral patterns.
E)eating in response to emotional cues.

Question 63

Bulimia nervosa

A)is a major cause of obesity.
B)involves recurrent episodes of binging and purging, with severe weight loss.
C)involves recurrent episodes of binging and purging, with maintenance of a relatively normal weight.
D)is a form of self-starvation resulting in extremely low body weight.
E)is a major cause of death among adolescents and young adults.

Question 64

Anorexia nervosa is

A)a form of food restriction that results in extremely low body weight.
B)an eating disorder among individuals of relatively normal weight.
C)a disorder in which episodes of binge eating are followed by purging.
D)a major cause of obesity.
E)equally prevalent in men and women.

Question 65

The psychological sense of femaleness or maleness is called

A)gender.
B)sex.
C)gender role.
D)sexual orientation.
E)gender identity.

Question 66

Charlize has anorexia nervosa. She is at risk for developing any of the following EXCEPT

A)irregular heartbeat.
B)diabetes.
C)low blood pressure.
D)loss of menstruation.
E)chronic constipation.

Question 67

The theory that the brain regulates body weight around a genetically predetermined level is identified as

A)metabolic constancy theory.
B)self-regulatory theory.
C)set point theory.
D)genetic determination theory.
E)basal metabolism theory.

Question 68

All of the following factors may be associated with eating disorders EXCEPT

A)issues of control and perfectionism.
B)cultural pressures to be thin.
C)abnormally low or high set points.
D)sexual or physical abuse.
E)disturbances in brain mechanisms.

Question 69

A group of co-workers at Acme Corporation decides to diet together. Over six months, they collectively shed 349 pounds. Now that they have lost weight, they would like to maintain their loss. Based on recommendations from the text, the group should do all but which of the following?

A)learn to control portion sizes
B)limit fat intake to less than 30% of daily calories
C)eat quickly to avoid being at the table around food
D)beware of hidden calories in items like colas and fruit drinks
E)engage in regular physical activity to help increase the metabolic rate

Question 70

Vasocongestion (blood pooling in genitals)characterizes which phase of the sexual response cycle?

A)excitement phase in males
B)excitement phase in females
C)excitement phase in both females and males
D)excitement phase in males and orgasm phase in females
E)orgasm and excitement phase in females and males

Question 71

Which of the following approaches to weight loss leads to the highest rate of long-term success?

A)Commercial weight loss programs that allow people to shed weight quickly
B)Diet drugs that are widely available over the counter
C)Anti-obesity medications
D)Low-calorie, low-fat diets combined with exercise
E)Modified fasting diets that take the food choice away from dieters

Question 72

Based on research cited in the text, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)In men, body dissatisfaction is linked to the desire to be lean and muscular.
B)One in seven college women report that they would be embarrassed to buy a candy bar in a store.
C)Research indicates that media portrayals of the thin ideal, as well as peer influences, negatively affect body image and self-esteem in girls as young as three.
D)Recovery from eating disorders is typically a long-term process and continued symptoms and relapses are quite common.
E)Despite the attention on eating disorders in the U.S., eating disorders are actually more common in non-Western countries.

Question 73

The body's downward adjustment of metabolic rate during times of famine is explained by which of the following theories?

A)metabolic adjustment theory.
B)self-regulatory theory.
C)dietary control theory.
D)set point theory.
E)basal metabolism theory.

Question 74

In what order do the phases of the sexual response cycle occur?

A)excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution
B)excitement, orgasm, plateau, resolution
C)excitement, orgasm, resolution, plateau
D)plateau, excitement, orgasm, resolution
E)plateau, excitement, resolution, orgasm

Question 75

Which researcher(s)identified the sexual response cycle?

A)Seligman and Ekman
B)Maslow
C)Masters and Johnson
D)Freud
E)Bem

Question 76

In a particular society, men are expected to provide protection and monetary support, while women are expected to tend to the home and children. These expectations reflect _______ for females and males in the society.

A)gender identities
B)gender roles
C)gender confusion
D)sex roles
E)sexual orientations

Question 77

During which phase of her sexual response cycle will Sasha experience an expansion and thickening of her vagina?

A)Excitement
B)Plateau
C)Orgasm
D)Arousal
E)Resolution

Question 78

Regarding research on restaurant portion sizes reported in the text, which of the following statements is TRUE?

A)Portion sizes have increased, but consumers have responded by asking to take home the extra food instead of consuming it at the restaurant.
B)People who select larger portions are less likely to exercise.
C)When portions are presented on larger plates, people tend to select more food; however, portion size does not affect how much food people select to eat.
D)When portion sizes are larger, people tend to select more food to eat, but they do not select more food when the portions are simply placed on a larger plate.
E)When portion sizes are larger or are offered on larger plates, people tend to select more food.

Question 79

Droplets of sperm-carrying fluid are secreted and accumulate at the tip of a man's penis during which stage of the sexual response cycle?

A)orgasm
B)excitement
C)plateau
D)arousal
E)resolution

Question 80

The sexual response cycle consists of how many phases?

A)2
B)4
C)6
D)12
E)An unknown number