Deck 13: Psychological Disorders

Question 1

Which of the following is not one of the criteria used by psychologists to determine whether a behavior is abnormal?

A)Morality
B)Social deviance
C)Dangerousness
D)Unusualness
E)Emotional distress

Answer 1

Morality

Question 2

As described in the text, behavioral models of abnormality assume that abnormal behavior

A)is learned in much the same way that normal behavior is learned.
B)is best explained by a different set of learning principles than those governing normal behavior.
C)is largely unlearned, but can be brought under the influence of the environment.
D)is the result of a blockage of a person's natural potential.
E)is largely the result of genetics, but can be influenced by learning.

Answer 2

is learned in much the same way that normal behavior is learned.

Question 3

Which theorists are associated with the humanistic model of understanding behavior?

A)Sigmund Freud and Anna Freud
B)Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
C)John B. Watson and Ivan Pavlov
D)Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck
E)Erik Erikson and Carl Jung

Answer 3

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow

Question 4

Felicia reports that she is hearing voices that continually demean and belittle her. By what criterion is her behavior considered abnormal?

A)Dangerousness
B)Maladaptive behavior
C)Social deviance
D)Emotional distress
E)Faulty perceptions or interpretations of reality

Question 5

Perhaps the earliest idea regarding abnormal behavior was that

A)supernatural forces or demonic spirits were at work.
B)the brains of people displaying abnormal behavior were defective.
C)it was the product of the inappropriate use of rewards and punishments.
D)it was the result of a moral weakness.
E)irrational thoughts or distorted thinking lead to emotional problems.

Question 6

The American Psychiatric Association once considered homosexuality as a type of mental disorder, but no longer does today. This fact is an example of which way that culture influences ideas about abnormality?

A)The same behavior may be judged abnormal at some points in time, but not at others.
B)Some forms of abnormal behavior in a particular culture may have no direct counterpart in another culture.
C)The same behavior can be normal in one culture but abnormal in another.
D)Abnormal behavior patterns may be expressed differently in different cultures.
E)Some behaviors may be abnormal in the majority culture, but normal in the minority culture.

Question 7

The criterion of maladaptive behavior used in determining whether behavior is abnormal would likely to be applied to which of the following cases?

A)Jonathan, who is hearing voices
B)Quincy, who is experiencing some symptoms of depression but is still functioning adequately.
C)Nate, who has developed a drug abuse problem that is affecting his health.
D)Tricia, who behaves in ways other people consider deviant.
E)Leslie, who believes he is hounded by demons.

Question 8

According to Freud, abnormal behavior results from

A)abnormal brain development.
B)unresolved unconscious conflicts from childhood.
C)learning experiences in early childhood.
D)genetic predispositions interacting with early learning experiences.
E)the social ills of society.

Question 9

Behavior that violates established social norms or standards describes which of the following criteria for determining abnormal behavior?

A)Dangerousness
B)Social deviance
C)Maladaptive behavior
D)Unusualness
E)Emotional distress

Question 10

According to Freud, psychological symptoms

A)arise from disturbed brain chemistry.
B)are a conscious cry for attention.
C)represent an outward expression of inner turmoil.
D)are produced voluntarily to obtain sympathy.
E)are learned through experience.

Question 11

As described in the text, psychological models of abnormal behavior based on classical conditioning were useful in developing explanations of

A)personality disorders.
B)phobias.
C)schizophrenia.
D)depression.
E)self-actualization.

Question 12

Which of the following individuals exhibits behaviors that would be considered maladaptive?

A)Michael, who wears women's clothing when no one is looking
B)Stanley, who battles depression
C)Gary, who believes that he is the son of George Washington
D)Irving, who hears voices
E)Roy, who is continues to use drugs despite the effects on his health and functioning

Question 13

The earliest major psychological model of abnormal behavior was the

A)cognitive model.
B)humanistic model.
C)behavioral model.
D)biopsychosocial model.
E)psychodynamic model.

Question 14

Which of the following statements regarding criteria for determining abnormal behavior is false ?

A)Psychologists use multiple criteria in determining whether behavior is abnormal.
B)The one determining feature of abnormal behavior is unusualness.
C)Most people feel anxious or depressed from time to time.
D)The same behavior may be judged normal under one circumstance and abnormal under another circumstance.
E)Psychologists take into account the cultural context when making judgments about abnormal behavior.

Question 15

Perceptions are to _____ as beliefs are to ______.

A)anxiety; depression
B)delusions; hallucinations
C)compulsions; obsessions
D)obsessions; compulsions
E)hallucinations; delusions

Question 16

George was committed to a psychiatric hospital after he was caught happily shopping at the local supermarket without any clothes on. By what criterion is George's behavior considered abnormal?

A)Dangerousness
B)Maladaptive behavior
C)Social deviance
D)Emotional distress
E)Faulty perceptions or interpretations of reality

Question 17

In experiments with Little Albert, Watson demonstrated

A)the need to consider cognitive, as well as learning, influences in abnormal behavior.
B)the inability of young children to acquire phobias.
C)the role of classical conditioning in the development of phobias.
D)the ease with which instinctual fears are demonstrated in young children.
E)the role of operant conditioning in fostering aggression.

Question 18

Humanistic theorists contend that abnormal behavior

A)is the result of unconscious processes.
B)is the result of conditioning.
C)develops from encountering obstacles on the road to personal growth.
D)involves distorted cognitions as well as learning influences.
E)results from the stress of coping with poverty and social disadvantage.

Question 19

Gina believes that she is the secret love child of the late Princess Diana and singer Elton John. Since she really is not their child, Gina's belief would be considered a(n)

A)diathesis.
B)delusion.
C)hallucination.
D)obsession.
E)compulsion.

Question 20

Garth goes to a psychodynamic therapist for treatment of his anxiety. What will be the goal of Garth's therapy?

A)To unroot unconscious conflicts that give rise to his anxiety
B)To determine the biological cause of his anxiety and find the right drug to treat it
C)To become aware of his true feelings, fix his self-image, and come to accept himself the way he is
D)To identify and change the irrational thought patterns that have led to his anxiety
E)To determine how factors like his gender, social class, and ethnicity interact to make him anxious

Question 21

Regarding anxiety disorders, which of the following statements is false ?

A)Such disorders involve excessive anxiety that may interfere with normal functioning.
B)Fear is a general feeling of anxiety or dread that is not specific to particular situations.
C)Anxiety disorders are some of the most commonly experienced psychological disorders.
D)Phobias are excessive or irrational fears of particular objects or situations.
E)Anxiety is an adaptive response in some situations.

Question 22

Major support for the sociocultural model of abnormal behavior is provided by evidence that

A)intelligent people are more likely to suffer from severe forms of abnormality.
B)psychological disorders appear with equal frequency in all cultures studied.
C)wealthy people rarely suffer psychological disorders.
D)severe disorders such as schizophrenia and depression are more prevalent in impoverished and otherwise disadvantaged groups.
E)severe disorders such as schizophrenia and depression are more prevalent in wealthy, industrialized nations.

Question 23

A diathesis is a

A)severely traumatic incident.
B)gene linked to a psychological disorder.
C)predisposition or vulnerability to a disorder.
D)learned pattern of abnormal behavior.
E)disturbance of mood, perception, or behavior.

Question 24

All of the following are criticisms of the DSM except

A)lack of reliability.
B)lack of validity.
C)lack of specific criteria for formulating diagnoses.
D)over-reliance on the medical model.
E)assumption that abnormal behaviors necessarily indicate a mental illness or disorder.

Question 25

Approximately what percentage of American adults has a diagnosable psychological disorder at some point in their life?

A)20%
B)35%
C)50%
D)60%
E)75%

Question 26

Ella finds herself extremely frightened whenever she sees a snake. This describes a form of

A)panic disorder.
B)specific phobia.
C)agoraphobia.
D)obsessive-compulsive disorder.
E)social anxiety disorder.

Question 27

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)uses the term _____ to describe abnormal patterns of behavior.

A)mental illness
B)mental disorder
C)psychological disorder
D)psychological illness
E)personality disorder

Question 28

Within the medical model, distinctive patterns of abnormal behavior are described as

A)psychological oddities.
B)biological disorders.
C)mental disorders or mental illnesses.
D)diatheses.
E)attributional styles.

Question 29

Regarding the diathesis-stress model, which of the following statements is false ?

A)Diatheses are generally genetic in nature, although they may also involve psychological factors.
B)Significant sources of stress may increase the risk of developing particular disorders.
C)The stronger the diathesis, the less stress is needed to produce a disorder.
D)Disorders may develop under benign life circumstances.
E)Whether a person having a diathesis develops a particular disorder is primarily dependent on his or her cluster of personality traits.

Question 30

Fannie goes to a humanist therapist. When she talks about her frustrations with attempting to satisfy other people's demands, her therapist may suggest that Fannie's attempts could lead to

A)a distorted self-image.
B)an inability to learn from experience.
C)an inflated ego.
D)unconscious aggressive desires.
E)irrational and distorted thinking patterns.

Question 31

Dr. Tomlin is a therapist working from the cognitive perspective. She is likely to describe abnormal behavior in terms of

A)the role of repressed thoughts and beliefs.
B)failure to achieve self-actualization.
C)classical conditioning.
D)the combination of classical and operant conditioning.
E)irrational or distorted thinking.

Question 32

The irrational or excessive fear of enclosed spaces is called

A)acrophobia.
B)social phobia.
C)claustrophobia.
D)obsessive-compulsive disorder.
E)agoraphobia.

Question 33

Fear of heights is to ______ as fear of enclosed spaces is to ______.

A)claustrophobia; acrophobia
B)acrophobia; claustrophobia
C)agoraphobia; claustrophobia
D)agoraphobia; acrophobia
E)acrophobia; agoraphobia

Question 34

Angelique has not left her house for two years. She is completely terrified of going out. Based on this description, she is probably suffering from

A)agoraphobia.
B)social anxiety disorder.
C)specific phobia.
D)panic disorder.
E)post-traumatic stress disorder.

Question 35

The sociocultural model explains abnormal behavior in terms of

A)disturbed learning processes.
B)failures of society.
C)distorted thinking.
D)the failure of certain cultures to promote self-actualization.
E)social influences on underlying biological factors.

Question 36

As described in the text, the diathesis-stress model is an example of which model of abnormal behavior?

A)Humanistic
B)Cognitive
C)Psychodynamic
D)Sociocultural
E)Biopsychosocial

Question 37

Jurgen has been diagnosed as having a phobia. This means that Jurgen experiences

A)sudden episodes of sheer terror with no apparent cause.
B)persistent anxiety without a specific focus.
C)nagging, intrusive thoughts.
D)an irrational or excessive fear of something.
E)a loss of a physical function that defies explanation.

Question 38

Which model of abnormal behavior is the most comprehensive?

A)Medical
B)Sociocultural
C)Psychodynamic
D)Biopsychosocial
E)Humanistic

Question 39

Pablo has an intense fear of giving oral presentations in class. He also is very fearful of dating. Based on this description, he is probably suffering from

A)agoraphobia.
B)specific phobia.
C)social anxiety disorder.
D)generalized anxiety disorder.
E)claustrophobia.

Question 40

All but which of the following people have a specific phobia?

A)Joe, who is afraid of spiders
B)Pat, who is afraid of heights
C)Nicole, who is afraid of venturing out into open places
D)Michael, who is afraid of snakes
E)Meghan, who is afraid of flying in airplanes

Question 41

Dissociative identity disorder is commonly referred to as

A)multiple personality disorder.
B)neurosis.
C)schizophrenia.
D)generalized anxiety disorder.
E)antisocial personality disorder.

Question 42

The cognitive model of panic disorder focuses on misinterpretations of

A)childhood experiences.
B)social cues.
C)bodily sensations.
D)others' intentions.
E)irregular brain wave patterns.

Question 43

Eleanor is a quiet 41-year-old housewife. Occasionally, she seems to "become" a 14-year-old male juvenile delinquent. Other times she "becomes" a 52-year-old, foul-mouthed alcoholic. This sounds like a textbook case of

A)schizophrenia.
B)manic-depressive disorder.
C)dissociative identity disorder.
D)conversion disorder.
E)bipolar disorder.

Question 44

Which anxiety disorder has the highest lifetime prevalence in the population?

A)Agoraphobia
B)Social anxiety disorder
C)Panic disorder
D)Generalized anxiety disorder
E)Specific phobia

Question 45

Twin and adoptee studies provide strong evidence for a __________ factor involved in anxiety disorders.

A)biochemical
B)genetic
C)biopsychosocial
D)neurotransmitter
E)prenatal

Question 46

Regarding dissociative disorders, which of the following statements is false ?

A)Dissociative disorders can involve amnesia.
B)Dissociative disorders include cases of people with "multiple personalities."
C)Dissociative disorders are among the most mystifying of psychological disorders.
D)Compared to other psychological disorders, dissociative disorders are relatively common.
E)Some mental health professionals question the existence of dissociative identity disorder.

Question 47

Which of the following biological factors is most likely to be considered in the cognitive explanation of anxiety disorders?

A)Genetic inheritance
B)Biochemical changes in the brain
C)Disturbances in the functioning of neurotransmitters
D)Heightened activity in certain regions of the brain
E)Minor changes in bodily sensations

Question 48

Different personalities in dissociative identity disorder may demonstrate all of the following except

A)different genders.
B)different ages.
C)different traits and manners of speech.
D)different eye colors.
E)different memories.

Question 49

Whenever Fritz leaves his house, he has a nagging thought that he is forgetting something. He goes back to check that he has turned off the water and stove and locked the door. Some days, it takes Fritz over an hour to actually leave the house. This sounds like a case of

A)somatoform disorder.
B)obsessive-compulsive disorder.
C)agoraphobia.
D)panic disorder.
E)acrophobia.

Question 50

Persistent anxiety that is not tied to any particular object or situation is called

A)generalized anxiety disorder.
B)obsessive-compulsive disorder.
C)agoraphobia.
D)social anxiety disorder.
E)panic disorder.

Question 51

Phobias develop through associations of aversive stimuli with previously neutral stimuli. This expresses the ______ explanation of phobia development.

A)cognitive
B)classical conditioning
C)operant conditioning
D)psychodynamic
E)sociocultural

Question 52

Regarding panic disorder, which of the following statements is false ?

A)Panic attacks can last more than an hour.
B)Panic disorder is characterized by intense physical symptoms.
C)Some people with this disorder mistake their symptoms for a heart attack.
D)Agoraphobia sometimes develops in people with panic disorder.
E)Panic attacks initially begin because of their association with a specific situation.

Question 53

A class of psychological disorders involving changes in consciousness, memory, or self-identity is known as

A)personality disorders.
B)phobias.
C)somatic symptom disorders.
D)mood disorders.
E)dissociative disorders.

Question 54

Because the anxiety is not tied to any particular object in generalized anxiety disorder, this type of anxiety is often described as

A)obsessive.
B)compulsive.
C)free-floating.
D)neurotic.
E)post-traumatic.

Question 55

Tako occasionally finds himself in a state of sheer terror. The sensation lasts for several minutes, and he often believes he is "going crazy." His symptoms most closely describe

A)agoraphobia.
B)post-traumatic stress disorder.
C)obsessive-compulsive disorder.
D)panic disorder.
E)generalized anxiety disorder.

Question 56

Which of the following people can be described as having features of obsessive-compulsive disorder?

A)Buckie, who locks and unlocks her door three times each time she enters and leaves her home
B)Scott, who has a low-level state of anxiety that seems to travel with him wherever he goes
C)Rick, who has an irrational fear of riding on escalators
D)Mary Jo, who refuses to leave her house because going out in public makes her panic
E)Guillermo, who experiences sudden, unexpected episodes of sheer terror

Question 57

Nagging, intrusive thoughts are called ______, and repetitive or ritual behaviors are called ______.

A)diatheses; delusions
B)compulsions; obsessions
C)obsessions; compulsions
D)diatheses; conversions
E)conversions; diatheses

Question 58

Dissociative amnesia is

A)a loss of memory due to head trauma.
B)another term for dissociative identity disorder.
C)another term for multiple personality disorder.
D)a loss of memory with no identifiable physical cause.
E)a loss of memory due to a neurological condition.

Question 59

Reduction of anxiety that occurs when feared objects are avoided is the basis of which explanation of phobic avoidance?

A)Biological
B)Classical conditioning
C)Operant conditioning
D)Cognitive
E)Humanistic

Question 60

Edwina is constantly worried. She cannot really identify why she feels this way, and she finds it nearly impossible to relax. Edwina's therapist believes her symptoms best represent

A)obsessive-compulsive.
B)generalized anxiety disorder.
C)panic disorder.
D)social anxiety disorder.
E)dissociative identity disorder.

Question 61

Critics of the concept of dissociative identity disorder suggest

A)it is really a form a schizophrenia.
B)it represents a form of attention-seeking role playing.
C)there are underlying physical causes that are unidentified.
D)it is not really an abnormal condition.
E)it fails to provide secondary gain.

Question 62

The basic explanation of dissociative identity disorder is that

A)there is a genetic factor involved.
B)it is a brain abnormality involving a lesion in the prefrontal cortex.
C)it represents a coping response to severe trauma.
D)it is an extreme form of Freudian conflict.
E)it results from extreme experiences of classical conditioning.

Question 63

Regarding major depression, which of the following statements is false ?

A)Major depression has a relatively high rate of recurrence.
B)Many psychologists believe that the stressors faced by many women today contribute to their increased risk of depression.
C)When left untreated, episodes of major depression can last months, or a year or more.
D)Researchers have found that women and men tend to cope with depression differently, with men more likely to ruminate.
E)About 16.5 percent of U.S. adults develop major depression at some point in their lives.

Question 64

Regarding major depressive disorder,

A)men are more likely than women to be affected.
B)men and women are equally likely to be affected.
C)women are more likely than men to be affected.
D)young women are more likely than young men to be affected, and the pattern reverses in middle age.
E)young men are more likely than young women to be affected, and the pattern reverses in middle age.

Question 65

A woman walks into a police station. She has no identification and reports that she was walking down the street with no sense of who she is or how she got there. She is referred to a neurologist who finds no physical explanation for her condition. This description sounds like a case of

A)dissociative amnesia.
B)dissociative identity disorder.
C)multiple personality disorder.
D)anterograde amnesia.
E)bipolar disorder.

Question 66

Although they have different symptoms and characteristics, dissociative disorders and somatic symptom disorders are often grouped together because they both involve _______ defenses against _____.

A)physical; anxiety
B)physical; depression
C)psychological; mania
D)psychological; depression
E)psychological; anxiety

Question 67

The type of psychological disorder that attracted Sigmund Freud to the study of psychological factors in abnormal behavior would now be called

A)dissociative amnesia.
B)dissociative identity disorder.
C)hypochondriasis.
D)schizophrenia.
E)functional neurological symptom disorder.

Question 68

In a manic episode of bipolar disorder, a person might be characterized by all but which of the following?

A)Extreme euphoria and energy
B)Pressured speech
C)Inflated sense of self-worth
D)Difficulty committing to decisions
E)Poor judgment

Question 69

Bonnie has been feeling extremely sad for the last two months. She has difficulty getting out of bed to face the day and has lost interest in formerly pleasurable activities. Occasionally, she thinks about committing suicide. She sounds like she may be suffering from ________ disorder.

A)manic
B)antisocial personality
C)bipolar
D)major depressive
E)functional neurological symptom

Question 70

A loss of physical function that has no organic cause is the primary symptom of

A)hypochondriasis.
B)dissociative identity disorder.
C)functional neurological symptom disorder.
D)schizophrenia.
E)dissociative amnesia.

Question 71

Which statement would be made by someone supporting a cognitive explanation for somatic symptom and related disorders?

A)People with these disorders are reinforced by others for adopting a "sick role" by drawing sympathy and support.
B)Conversion symptoms help the person avoid anxiety-invoking situations.
C)Conversion symptoms provide secondary gain.
D)Conversion symptoms are an outward sign of an unconscious dynamic struggle between opposing motives.
E)Like people with panic disorder, people with hypochondriasis tend to misinterpret bodily sensations as signs of catastrophic causes.

Question 72

After getting into an automobile accident while fighting with her fiancé, Chou reports that she cannot see. Examinations indicate no apparent medical condition. Based on this description, Chou may be suffering from

A)dissociative identity disorder.
B)hypochondriasis.
C)dissociative amnesia.
D)functional neurological symptom disorder.
E)bipolar disorder.

Question 73

Steven has bipolar disorder. All of the following may occur during his manic episodes except

A)flight of ideas.
B)pressured speech.
C)waxy flexibility.
D)grandiosity.
E)restlessness.

Question 74

Nikita experiences periods of extreme sadness that alternate with periods of euphoric or elevated mood. Based on this description, Nikita is most likely to be suffering from

A)schizophrenia.
B)bipolar disorder.
C)dissociative identity disorder.
D)agoraphobia.
E)functional neurological symptom disorder.

Question 75

What is the approximate prevalence of bipolar disorder in the adult U.S. population?

A)1%
B)4%
C)7%
D)10%
E)12%

Question 76

Bipolar disorder was formerly called

A)manic-depression.
B)hysteria.
C)illness anxiety disorder.
D)multiple personality disorder.
E)schizophrenia.

Question 77

Physical complaints that cannot be explained medically are characteristic of

A)dissociative identity disorder.
B)obsessive-compulsive disorder.
C)somatic symptoms and related disorders.
D)dissociative amnesia.
E)bipolar disorder.

Question 78

"La belle indifference" describes which feature of a psychological disorder?

A)The tendency for people with functional neurological symptom disorder to be unconcerned about their symptoms
B)The tendency for people with dissociative identity disorder to have been highly imaginative as children
C)The tendency for people with depression to have a maladaptive attributional style
D)The tendency for people with bipolar disorder to swing dramatically from one end of the mood spectrum to the other
E)The tendency for people with depression to show indifference toward their future

Question 79

Charmaine Coltraine is preoccupied with fears that she has a terrible health problem. Coltraine's fears are characteristic of

A)functional neurological symptom disorder.
B)somatic symptom disorder.
C)dissociative identity disorder.
D)dissociative amnesia.
E)hysteria.

Question 80

The secondary gain of conversion symptoms refers most closely to which of the following?

A)The symptom prevents the individual from having to confront stressful or conflict-laden situations.
B)The symptom symbolizes an underlying struggle between opposing motives.
C)The symptom enhances the employment of defense mechanisms.
D)The symptom causes the person to have a certain amount of indifference toward it.
E)The maintenance of the symptoms as conditioned responses.