Deck 11: Personality

Question 1

Freud's psychoanalytic theory posits that the pleasure principle is _____.

A)information that we have in mind at any given moment in time
B)the demand for instant gratification without regard to social rules or customs
C)primitive sexual and aggressive impulses, memories of troubling emotional experiences, and unacceptable wishes or ideas
D)information that can be retrieved from memory and brought into awareness at any time
E)the internalized moral teachings of parents or other significant others that may be partially conscious and partially unconscious.

Answer 1

the demand for instant gratification without regard to social rules or customs

Question 2

From a psychoanalytic perspective, someone with a very strong sense of morality might be described as having a very strong

A)id.
B)superego.
C)ego.
D)preconscious.
E)conscious.

Answer 2

superego.

Question 3

Freud developed an approach to personality called ______ theory.

A)psychoanalytic
B)trait
C)social-cognitive
D)humanistic
E)levels of consciousness

Answer 3

psychoanalytic

Question 4

Freud believed that personality consists of _____ structures, and they are called _____.

A)3; self-concept, self-esteem, and self-efficacy
B)5; neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness
C)5; oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital
D)3; unconscious, preconscious, and conscious
E)3; id, ego, and superego

Question 5

You meet a psychologist who explains behavior in terms of ego, defense mechanisms, and psychosexual stages. This psychologist represents which view of personality?

A)trait
B)social-cognitive
C)humanist
D)psychoanalytic
E)levels-of-consciousness

Question 6

In psychoanalytic theory, ______ is to reality principle as ______ is to pleasure principle.

A)ego; superego
B)superego; id
C)id; ego
D)superego; ego
E)ego; id

Question 7

Freud might say that someone who was displaying excessive aggression was acting according to his or her

A)id.
B)ego.
C)superego.
D)conscience.
E)reality principle.

Question 8

Using an iceberg analogy, the tip of the iceberg is most like which level of consciousness in Freud's theory?

A)preconscious
B)unconscious
C)ego
D)conscious
E)superego

Question 9

Regarding the definition of personality, all but which of the following belong?

A)relatively unstable
B)psychological characteristics
C)behavioral patterns
D)accounting for individuality and consistency
E)environmental adaptation

Question 10

Freud's psychoanalytic theory posits that the preconscious consists of _____.

A)information that we have in mind at any given moment in time.
B)the demand for instant gratification without regard to social rules or customs.
C)primitive sexual and aggressive impulses, memories of troubling emotional experiences, and unacceptable wishes or ideas.
D)information that can be retrieved from memory and brought into awareness at any time.
E)the internalized moral teachings of parents or other significant others that may be partially conscious and partially unconscious.

Question 11

Id, ego, and superego refer to which component of psychoanalytic theory?

A)They describe the levels of consciousness.
B)They are types of defense mechanisms.
C)They describe the stages of psychosexual development.
D)They are methods of psychoanalytic therapy.
E)They describe the structure of personality.

Question 12

Freud's psychoanalytic theory posits that the superego consists of _____.

A)information that we have in mind at any given moment in time.
B)the demand for instant gratification without regard to social rules or customs.
C)primitive sexual and aggressive impulses, memories of troubling emotional experiences, and unacceptable wishes or ideas.
D)information that can be retrieved from memory and brought into awareness at any time.
E)the internalized moral teachings of parents or other significant others that may be partially conscious and partially unconscious.

Question 13

Frank says, "My conscience is bothering me." Using Freud's terminology, Frank is referring to his

A)superego.
B)ego.
C)id.
D)conscious.
E)unconscious.

Question 14

Regarding Freud's psychoanalytic theory, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Freud suggested that animal drives and instinctual pleasures are contained in the id.
B)Freud uses the reality principle and the pleasure principle to explain the governing principles of the ego and the id.
C)Freud believed that the id, ego, and superego were structures in the brain that would eventually be located.
D)The id is proposed to be the only psychic structure that is present at birth.
E)Freud felt that the superego develops between ages three and five.

Question 15

Your textbook defines personality as _____.

A)the relatively stable set of psychological characteristics and behavior patterns that make individuals unique and account for the consistency of their behavior over time
B)the complex of characteristics that distinguishes an individual or a nation or group
C)the complex of all the attributes-behavioral, temperament, emotional and mental-that characterize a unique individual
D)an assumed role or manner of behavior that makes a person or thing distinct from another
E)enduring patterns of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about the environment and oneself

Question 16

Using the iceberg analogy, which personality structure(s)lies completely below the water?

A)superego and ego
B)ego and id
C)superego and id
D)superego only
E)id only

Question 17

The combination of psychological characteristics and behavior patterns that characterize the uniqueness of an individual and the ways in which the individual relates to the world and adapts to environmental demands is called

A)ego.
B)personality.
C)cognition.
D)superego.
E)temperament.

Question 18

In Freudian theory, the level of consciousness that corresponds to our current level of awareness is the

A)unconscious.
B)conscious.
C)preconscious.
D)superego.
E)ego.

Question 19

In psychoanalytic theory, the personality structure that organizes ways to handle delays of gratification and represents "reason and good sense" is the

A)ego.
B)id.
C)superego.
D)conscience.
E)unconscious.

Question 20

According to Freud, most of the human mind resides in the ______, and primitive sexual and aggressive instincts lie in the ______.

A)preconscious; unconscious
B)unconscious; unconscious
C)conscious; preconscious
D)unconscious; preconscious
E)conscious; unconscious

Question 21

Regression is

A)keeping unacceptable thoughts from awareness.
B)refusing to recognize a threatening thought.
C)the use of self-justifications to explain unacceptable behavior.
D)the return of behavior that is typical of earlier stages of development.
E)channeling unacceptable impulses into acceptable behaviors.

Question 22

Ruth has conflicting feelings about getting married that she has not allowed to enter her consciousness. On the night before her wedding, Ruth says, "Tomorrow I'm going to my funeral." Ruth's comment is an example of a(n)

A)displacement.
B)projection.
C)rationalization.
D)inferiority complex.
E)Freudian slip.

Question 23

The psychoanalytic perspective suggests that too much or too little gratification at a psychosexual stage may result in

A)an inferiority complex.
B)repression.
C)reaction formation.
D)fixation.
E)regression.

Question 24

Emilio's therapist says that Emilio's personality is fixated at the earliest stage of development. In layman's terms, the therapist means that Emilio's personality is ______ at the earlier stage.

A)defended
B)mapped
C)comfortable
D)malfunctioning
E)stuck

Question 25

In Freudian theory, the failure to acknowledge a threatening impulse or desire is called

A)rationalization.
B)regression.
C)projection.
D)denial.
E)reaction formation.

Question 26

Angela unconsciously despises old people. Yet, she volunteers two days each week at a retirement home. This is a classic case of

A)regression.
B)displacement.
C)reaction formation.
D)sublimation.
E)projection.

Question 27

From the psychoanalytic perspective, it is possible for a person to unconsciously banish unacceptable wishes, urges, and impulses. This type of motivated forgetting, thought by Freud to be a primary defense mechanism, is called

A)sublimation.
B)repression.
C)regression.
D)reaction formation.
E)projection.

Question 28

What is the correct ordering of Freud's psychosexual stages of development?

A)anal, oral, latency, phallic, genital
B)oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
C)oral, anal, latency, phallic, genital
D)oral, phallic, anal, latency, genital
E)anal, oral, phallic, latency, genital

Question 29

It is often said of substance abusers that the first step in recovery is admitting they have a problem. In Freudian terms, we might say they need to overcome

A)projection.
B)denial.
C)reaction formation.
D)rationalization.
E)displacement.

Question 30

After six-year-old Samantha's baby brother was born, she started to have temper tantrums the way she had when she was two. This may be a case of

A)repression.
B)regression.
C)projection.
D)displacement.
E)sublimation.

Question 31

Which part of the personality might be described as "the great compromiser"?

A)self-concept
B)self-esteem
C)superego
D)ego
E)id

Question 32

In Freudian theory, different parts of the body associated with sexual pleasure are referred to as

A)erogenous zones.
B)fixations.
C)archetypes.
D)defense mechanisms.
E)psychosexual.

Question 33

Rodina has suffered from substance abuse for many years. She stopped using and now competes in extreme sports. She may be demonstrating

A)projection.
B)displacement.
C)rationalization.
D)regression.
E)sublimation.

Question 34

A strategy that prevents awareness of unacceptable desires is a ______, and the ______ makes use of such strategies.

A)defense mechanism; ego
B)defense mechanism; id
C)defense mechanism; superego
D)fixation; ego
E)fixation; superego

Question 35

According to Freud, the purpose of defense mechanisms is to

A)satisfy the id.
B)destroy the id.
C)prevent threatening thoughts from attaining awareness.
D)unite the id and superego.
E)protect the superego from troubling impulses.

Question 36

Regarding Freud's view on personality development, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Freud believed that physical activities connected to basic life functions are basically sexual in nature.
B)Freud believed that personality formed through five stages of development.
C)Freud believed that the stages of personality development involve a shift in the focus of erogenous zones.
D)Freud believed that the stages of personality development are related to the ways in which children seek pleasure from sexually sensitive parts of the body.
E)Freud believed that boys develop womb envy and girls develop penis envy.

Question 37

Rationalization is

A)using self-justifications to explain away unacceptable behavior.
B)directing unacceptable impulses into socially constructive pursuits.
C)imposing one's own impulses or wishes onto another.
D)refusal to recognize a threatening impulse or desire.
E)transferring unacceptable impulses away from threatening persons toward safer or less threatening objects.

Question 38

Ingmar's boss ridiculed him in front of the whole office. When Ingmar returns home, he yells at his wife and children and kicks his dog. This is an example of

A)projection.
B)reaction formation.
C)regression.
D)displacement.
E)sublimation.

Question 39

Imposing one's own impulses or wishes onto another is called

A)projection.
B)sublimation.
C)displacement.
D)rationalization.
E)reaction formation.

Question 40

Paul forgets to call his mother-in-law on her birthday. He says it just slipped his mind. In the Freudian view, this type of forgetting may represent the defense mechanism of

A)repression.
B)sublimation.
C)rationalization.
D)reaction formation.
E)displacement.

Question 41

According to Freud, the Oedipus complex arises during which stage of psychosexual development?

A)anal
B)phallic
C)latency
D)genital
E)oral

Question 42

Stable and enduring personal characteristics are called

A)habits.
B)tendencies.
C)traits.
D)types.
E)genes.

Question 43

Which of the following is most likely in Freud's phallic stage of development?

A)Jason is 16 months old and tends to bite everything (and everyone)he touches.
B)Shana is 19 months old, and her mother has noticed that she gets a particular facial expression during the act of elimination.
C)Shawn is now 4 years old and can often be seen walking around with his hand inside his pants.
D)Linda is 12 years old and, unlike some of her friends, seems to have no interest in boys.
E)William is 14 years old and has developed a strong attraction to Sarah, who resembles his mother.

Question 44

Which of the following is most likely in Freud's latency stage of development?

A)Jason is 16 months old and tends to bite everything (and everyone)he touches.
B)Shana is 19 months old, and her mother has noticed that she gets a particular facial expression during the act of elimination.
C)Shawn is now 4 years old and can often be seen walking around with his hand inside his pants.
D)Linda is 12 years old and, unlike some of her friends, seems to have no interest in boys.
E)William is 14 years old and has developed a strong attraction to Sarah, who resembles his mother.

Question 45

Emmanuel teaches fourth graders. At which stage of psychosexual development can Emmanuel expect the majority of his students to be?

A)phallic
B)anal
C)oral
D)genital
E)latency

Question 46

Which of the following is the best definition of archetype?

A)the self-aware part of the personality that organizes goal-seeking efforts
B)a constellation of personality traits characteristic of a particular stage of psychosexual development
C)a relatively enduring personal characteristic
D)a deep-seated form of anxiety associated with feelings of being helpless in a threatening and hostile world
E)a primitive image that reflects ancestral or universal human experiences

Question 47

From Freud's perspective, a boy resolves his Oedipus complex by

A)forsaking incestuous desires for his mother and taking on an identification with her.
B)unconsciously blaming his mother for bringing him into the world "ill-equipped" to deal with life's problems, then forgiving her.
C)unconsciously blaming his mother for bringing him into the world "ill-equipped" to deal with life's problems, then identifying with his father.
D)developing the ability to control elimination.
E)forsaking incestuous desires for his mother and identifying with his father.

Question 48

Psychodynamic theory has been criticized on all but which of the following grounds?

A)It places too much emphasis on sexual and aggressive drives.
B)There is a general lack of evidence supporting many of the principles on which the theory is based.
C)The theory was based on evidence gathered from a small number of cases studies.
D)It is difficult to test using the scientific method.
E)It places too much emphasis on social influences.

Question 49

Karen Horney's feminine psychology emphasized the importance of our basic anxiety, which is _____.

A)a repository of accumulated ideas and images that is shared among all humans
B)the part of the personality that is aware of itself and organizes goal-seeking behavior
C)our feelings of "being isolated and helpless in a potentially hostile world"
D)a deep form of resentment toward their parents that is ultimately repressed
E)the banishment to the unconscious of unacceptable wishes, fantasies, urges, and impulses

Question 50

Federico is a perfectionist with a strong need for self-control, order, and cleanliness. Freud would describe Federico as having a(n)

A)orally fixated personality.
B)anal-retentive personality.
C)anal-expulsive personality.
D)inferiority complex.
E)drive for superiority.

Question 51

Carl Jung's analytical psychology emphasized the importance of the collective unconscious, which is _____.

A)a repository of accumulated ideas and images that is shared among all humans
B)the part of the personality that is aware of itself and organizes goal-seeking behavior
C)our feelings of "being isolated and helpless in a potentially hostile world"
D)a deep form of resentment toward their parents that is ultimately repressed
E)the banishment to the unconscious of unacceptable wishes, fantasies, urges, and impulses

Question 52

In Karen Horney's theory of personality development, children may develop a deep form of resentment toward their parents. Horney labeled this

A)basic anxiety.
B)basic hostility.
C)infantile regression.
D)drive for superiority.
E)inferiority complex.

Question 53

Which neo-Freudian raised the idea that men may experience "womb envy"?

A)Allport
B)Adler
C)Jung
D)Erikson
E)Horney

Question 54

According to Adler, because of their small size and limited abilities, all children harbor feelings of

A)eroticism.
B)inferiority.
C)hostility.
D)penis envy or castration anxiety.
E)anxiety.

Question 55

Francis is passive, clingy, and dependent, with a pessimistic outlook on life. In which psychosexual stage might Francis be fixated?

A)genital
B)oral
C)latency
D)phallic
E)anal

Question 56

Regarding the phallic stage of personality development, which of the following does NOT belong?

A)anal-expulsive personality
B)Oedipus complex
C)castration anxiety
D)penis envy
E)Electra complex

Question 57

All but which of the following are premises of Adler's individual psychology?

A)All children have feelings of inferiority.
B)The creative self is a mostly unconscious part of the personality.
C)Humans have a drive for superiority that can lead to positive or negative behaviors.
D)There is a part of the personality that organizes goal-seeking behavior.
E)Feelings of inferiority lead to a desire to compensate.

Question 58

A major contribution of Jung to the psychodynamic approach was his belief in

A)castration anxiety.
B)womb envy.
C)an Electra complex.
D)a collective unconscious.
E)the creative self.

Question 59

Alfred Adler's individual psychology emphasized the importance of the creative self, which is _____.

A)a repository of accumulated ideas and images that is shared among all humans
B)the part of the personality that is aware of itself and organizes goal-seeking behavior
C)our feelings of "being isolated and helpless in a potentially hostile world"
D)a deep form of resentment toward their parents that is ultimately repressed
E)the banishment to the unconscious of unacceptable wishes, fantasies, urges, and impulses

Question 60

Jung believed that similarities among cultures in dream images, art, and religious symbols are an essential part of the

A)personal unconscious.
B)collective unconscious.
C)creative self.
D)cultural consciousness.
E)reality principle.

Question 61

Darius scores high on psychoticism. In which way is Darius likely to be perceived by others?

A)Warm and concerned about others
B)Tense, anxious, and moody
C)Solitary, reserved, and unsociable
D)Relaxed, calm, and even-tempered
E)Antisocial, hostile, and insensitive

Question 62

Cybill takes a personality test based on Eysenck's theory and finds that her "type" is extraverted-stable. Which description most likely fits Cybill?

A)reliable, even-tempered, and calm
B)passive, careful, and thoughtful
C)moody, anxious, and rigid
D)impulsive, optimistic, and active
E)lively, carefree, and sociable

Question 63

Regarding Eysenck's model of personality, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)According to Eysenck, there are four basic personality types.
B)Eysenck's trait model is more complicated than Cattell's.
C)Eysenck found that mountain climbers tended to be extraverted and emotionally stable.
D)Eysenck believed that introverts inherit a nervous system that operates at a higher level of arousal than that of extraverts.
E)Eysenck believed that biological differences are responsible for variations in personality traits.

Question 64

In Cattell's model, characteristics of personality that can be inferred from behavior are called

A)archetypes.
B)source traits.
C)central traits.
D)surface traits.
E)factors.

Question 65

Mahatma Gandhi's lifelong commitment to non-violent solutions to social problems would likely be considered an example of a(n)______ trait.

A)ordinal
B)central
C)secondary
D)cardinal
E)primary

Question 66

Current research on the "factors" of personality suggests that there are _____ major personality factors that best describe human personality.

A)thousands of
B)hundreds of
C)twenty-four
D)sixteen
E)five

Question 67

Allport proposed ______ types of traits in the personality, and they are called _____.

A)2; internal and external locus of control
B)5; neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness
C)3; introversion-extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism
D)2; surface and source traits
E)3; cardinal, central, and secondary traits

Question 68

The most widely adopted trait model of personality today is the

A)self-actualization model.
B)Cattell sixteen-trait model.
C)Allport hierarchical model.
D)five-factor model.
E)Eysenck three-trait model.

Question 69

Dr. Provost lectures to her Psychology of Personality class on the "Big Five." What is the topic of Provost's lecture?

A)Freud's five psychosexual stages of personality development
B)The five levels of Maslow's hierarchy
C)The five pioneers of personality theory
D)Five ways of measuring personality
E)The five-factor model of personality

Question 70

In Allport's view, cardinal traits are

A)the most pervasive characteristics of one's personality.
B)basic building blocks of personality.
C)specific preferences.
D)fluctuating patterns of behavior.
E)superficial traits inferred from observation.

Question 71

_____'s model of personality describes personality in terms of three major traits: introversion-extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism.

A)Cattell
B)Eysenck
C)Allport
D)Freud
E)Jung

Question 72

Who developed the 16PF personality test?

A)Eysenck
B)Cattell
C)Allport
D)Jung
E)Bandura

Question 73

Cathleen takes the 16PF test of personality. This test will measure Cathleen's _____ traits.

A)source
B)surface
C)central
D)primary
E)cardinal

Question 74

Which of the following is not one of the four basic personality types derived from the Eysenck Personality Inventory?

A)introverted-stable
B)extraverted-psychotic
C)extraverted-stable
D)introverted-neurotic
E)extraverted-neurotic

Question 75

Raymond Cattell thought that surface traits are _____.

A)pervasive characteristics that influence a person's behavior in most situations
B)characteristics that influence behavior in some situations, but not others
C)characteristics that can be inferred from observable behavior
D)general traits that are composed of, or give rise to, surface traits
E)biological differences that create variations in personality traits from person to person

Question 76

Gordon Allport thought that cardinal traits are _____.

A)pervasive characteristics that influence a person's behavior in most situations
B)characteristics that influence behavior in some situations, but not others
C)characteristics that can be inferred from observable behavior
D)general traits that are composed of, or give rise to, surface traits
E)biological differences that create variations in personality traits from person to person

Question 77

In the five-factor models of personality, which two traits parallel two of Eysenck's traits?

A)neuroticism and psychoticism
B)psychoticism and conscientiousness
C)psychoticism and extraversion
D)extraversion and neuroticism
E)extraversion and conscientiousness

Question 78

Hans Eysenck thought that personality differences result from _____.

A)pervasive characteristics that influence a person's behavior in most situations
B)characteristics that influence behavior in some situations, but not others
C)characteristics that can be inferred from observable behavior
D)general traits that are composed of, or give rise to, surface traits
E)biological differences that create variations in personality traits from person to person

Question 79

Kathie is reserved and unsociable, and she prefers solitude. According to Eysenck's model, Kathie would be described as

A)shy.
B)emotionally stable.
C)introverted.
D)extraverted.
E)emotionally unstable.

Question 80

According to Allport, secondary traits

A)reflect superficial differences between people.
B)compete with primary traits for dominance.
C)are the most pervasive components of personality.
D)are the basic building blocks of personality.
E)have a widespread influence across many situations.