Deck 2: Reviewing Your Childhood and Adolescence

Question 1

__________ involves seeing in other people actions that would lead us to feel guilt or anxiety.

A) Denial
B) Projection
C) Displacement
D) Reaction formation

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Parents who squelch any emerging individuality and who do too much for their children are indirectly saying

A) "Let us do this for you, because you're too clumsy, too slow, or too inept to do things for yourself."
B) "You are so special to us that we will do everything for you."
C) "If you make mistakes, you will feel bad about yourself, so we will help you establish a healthy dependency on us."
D) "We will do for you what you can't do for yourself, so you won't have to feel failure."

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Freud developed a model for understanding early development based on ____________.

A) psychosocial factors.
B) unconscious psychological processes.
C) individuation and differentiation.
D) maturation.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

___________ have embraced social networking sites and are the most fervent users of these sites.

A) Adults
B) Young children
C) Young adults
D) Adolescents

Question 5

Erikson's psychosocial theory stresses the

A) integration of the biological, psychological, and social aspects of development.
B) necessity of meeting one's lower needs in order to move towards self-actualization.
C) resolution of psychosexual conflicts.
D) integration of self-concept with the ideal self.

Question 6

From the self-in-context view, ________ is a period of searching for an identity, continuing to find one's voice, and balancing caring of self with caring about others.

A) middle age
B) adolescence
C) middle childhood
D) pubescence

Question 7

Annie feels incompetent in many areas of her life. She is fearful of being seen as foolish, so she seldom initiates any action. During her preschool years, many of her actions were ridiculed by family members and she ultimately withdrew from taking an active stance. According to Erikson, Annie failed to overcome the barriers associated with the following stage of development:

A) trust vs. mistrust.
B) autonomy vs. shame and doubt.
C) industry vs. inferiority
D) initiative vs. guilt

Question 8

Many children exposed to traumatic events demonstrate an ability to adapt to this adversity, which is known as:

A) resiliency.
B) sensitivity.
C) mature independence.
D) reassurance.

Question 9

According to Erikson, a child of preschool age who is unduly restricted or whose choices are ridiculed tends to experience

A) an inability to know right from wrong.
B) a sense of guilt, that will ultimately lead to a withdrawal from taking an active stance.
C) a rebellious nature.
D) difficulty being empathic with playmates.

Question 10

From the self-in-context view, ________ is a time for increasing one's understanding of one's self in terms of gender, race, culture, and abilities, as well as a time for developing empathy.

A) pubescence
B) early adulthood
C) middle childhood
D) adolescence

Question 11

According to Erikson, the core struggle during infancy is

A) self-reliance vs. doubt.
B) initiative vs. guilt.
C) trust vs. mistrust.
D) industry vs. guilt.

Question 12

Barbara wants to be the "perfect mother." She tends to be overprotective, doing things for her 3-year-old daughter that the child can very well do for herself. According to Erikson, although Barbara thinks she is being an effective parent, her daughter is likely to develop a sense of

A) shame and doubt about her capabilities.
B) guilt over her inadequacies.
C) low self-esteem.
D) right and wrong.

Question 13

From the self-in-context view, ________ is a time for developing emotional competence, which involves being able to delay gratification.

A) infancy
B) infancy
C) middle childhood
D) pubescence

Question 14

Erikson built on Freud's ideas and took them in a new direction, stressing the psychosocial aspects of development and:

A) assuming that psychosexual and psychosocial growth occur separately.
B) carrying his own developmental theory to the end of a person's life.
C) Understanding crises need not be resolved at each stage.
D) that the id is the life force of human development.

Question 15

The self-in-context perspective takes into account all of the following as being central to the course of development throughout the life cycle EXCEPT :

A) race.
B) culture and ethnicity.
C) gender.
D) income.

Question 16

From the self-in-context view, ________ is a time of finding one's own voice and the beginning of developing a sense of autonomy.

A) infancy
B) early childhood
C) middle childhood
D) pubescence

Question 17

Attachment theory is an extension of psychoanalytic theory and has gained recognition as one of the leading theoretical models for the social psychological study of:

A) the ego and id.
B) adolescent behaviors.
C) close relationships and personality dynamics.
D) existentialism.

Question 18

According to Erikson, the conflict that characterizes the preschool years is

A) initiative vs. guilt.
B) autonomy vs. shame and doubt.
C) industry vs. inferiority.
D) trust vs. mistrust.

Question 19

Children who do not develop secure attachments in infancy

A) will not be able to develop a positive self-image in adulthood and will have dysfunctional relationships.
B) will be able to develop a positive self-image in adulthood and develop healthy relationships.
C) may still develop a positive self-image and healthy relationships, especially if they have access to social support and find a mentor during childhood.
D) will have plenty of time to develop secure attachments before they are affected in any way.

Question 20

The feminist perspective on development is

A) strongly supportive of Erikson's focus on the individual.
B) critical of Erikson's focus on the individual.
C) critical of the Freudian psychoanalytic approach.
D) critical both of Erikson's focus on the individual and the Freudian psychoanalytic approach.

Question 21

Regression is

A) attributing to others our own unacceptable desires and impulses.
B) redirecting emotional, usually hostile, impulses from the real object to a substitute person or object.
C) behaving in a manner contrary to one's real feelings.
D) exhibiting immature behavior that was earlier outgrown.

Question 22

Ego-defense mechanisms can be thought of as

A) unhealthy reactions to stress.
B) most effective when used as the primary means to cope with stress.
C) psychological strategies that we use to protect our self-concept against unpleasant emotions.
D) reactions used primarily by mentally distressed individuals.

Question 23

Iryna's parents have adopted an authoritarian parenting style. Which of the following statements would they most likely make?

A) "Iryna has such strong aptitude in math, and we want her to feel the satisfaction of accomplishing a challenging goal so we will encourage her to take an advanced math course."
B) "We insist Iryna take the most demanding math course and bring home an A+."
C) "Whatever Iryna wants to do is fine with us. If she feels like taking an easier math class this semester, that's her choice."
D) "It's up to the school to decide what classes Iryna should take. That's why we pay taxes-so parents don't have to deal with their children's education."

Question 24

According to Erikson, the critical event during middle childhood (ages 6 - 12) is starting school. During this period, the child will face the following key developmental task:

A) a relative decline in sexual interests and emergence of new interests, activities, and attitudes.
B) developing autonomy and achieving competency.
C) achieving a sense of industry vs. inferiority and inadequacy.
D) forming a sense of identity and initiative.

Question 25

Richard came home and yelled at his wife after his boss had chastised him for making an accounting error when doing the quarterly reports. This is an example of

A) reaction formation.
B) rationalization.
C) displacement.
D) projection.

Question 26

Kevin is a 32-year-old unemployed man who lives with his parents. He has no plans to look for a job and spends much of his time in bars using his father's credit card to buy himself and others alcohol. Based on this information, it is likely that his parents raised him using

A) an authoritarian parenting style.
B) an authoritative parenting style.
C) a permissive parenting style.
D) a neglectful parenting style.

Question 27

Matt's parents claim that their teenage son is not using drugs, even though they found paraphernalia in his room. This is an example of

A) rationalization.
B) denial.
C) repression .
D) compensation.

Question 28

Feminist therapists view the early adolescent period as one of

A) expanding relationships with parents.
B) "getting rid" of parents.
C) keeping most relationships stable.
D) great rebellion against all parental values.

Question 29

Jared recently made the decision to enter nursing school. Upon informing his parents of his decision, his father replied, "Why go into nursing? You should become a doctor." This statement reflects

A) gender bias.
B) good judgment.
C) gender equality.
D) the feminist perspective.

Question 30

Which of the following parenting styles outlined by Diana Baumrind is associated with the most positive behavioral traits in childhood development?

A) authoritarian
B) authoritative
C) permissive
D) neglectful

Question 31

If, during the first six years of our lives, we reached faulty conclusions based on our life experience, we are likely to

A) challenge them as we realize that they are faulty.
B) change them during adolescence.
C) ignore them in order to function effectively.
D) still be operating on the basis of those conclusions.

Question 32

Displacement is

A) attributing to others our own unacceptable desires and impulses.
B) redirecting emotional, usually hostile, impulses from the real object to a substitute person or object.
C) behaving in a manner contrary to one's real feelings.
D) manufacturing a false, but "good," excuse to justify unacceptable behavior.

Question 33

According to Erikson, failure to achieve a sense of industry during middle childhood tends to result in

A) a sense of inadequacy and inferiority.
B) a strain on the child's sense of identity.
C) feelings of self-hatred that can never be erased.
D) failure to acquire individuation.

Question 34

The term ___________ refers to your cognitive awareness about yourself. It is your private mental image of yourself and a collection of beliefs about the kind of person you are.

A) self-esteem
B) ideal self
C) self-concept
D) personality profile

Question 35

______________ is typically a turbulent and fast-moving period of life, often marked by feelings of powerlessness, confusion, and loneliness.

A) Middle childhood
B) Pubescence
C) Adolescence
D) Late middle age

Question 36

Projection is

A) attributing to others our own unacceptable desires and impulses.
B) redirecting emotional, usually hostile, impulses from the real object to a substitute person or object.
C) behaving in a manner contrary to one's real feelings.
D) manufacturing a false, but "good," excuse to justify unacceptable behavior.

Question 37

Helen is a college student who suffers from test anxiety and fear of failure. These problems began during early childhood when she started school younger than her peers. She failed at tasks that were easily accomplished by most of her schoolmates. Although Helen knows she has problems taking tests, she does not remember the traumatic events that led to her fear of failure. She is using the following defense mechanism:

A) regression.
B) displacement.
C) projection.
D) repression.

Question 38

From the self-in-context view, ________ is the period that is characterized by major physical, psychological, and sexual changes.

A) middle childhood
B) late childhood
C) pubescence
D) adolescence

Question 39

Rationalization is

A) attributing to others our own unacceptable desires and impulses.
B) redirecting emotional, usually hostile, impulses from the real object to a substitute person or object.
C) behaving in a manner contrary to one's real feelings.
D) manufacturing a false, but "good," excuse to justify unacceptable behavior.

Question 40

Reaction formation is

A) attributing to others our own unacceptable desires and impulses.
B) redirecting emotional, usually hostile, impulses from the real object to a substitute person or object.
C) behaving in a manner contrary to one's real feelings.
D) exhibiting immature behavior that was earlier outgrown.

Question 41

__________ is the physiological or biological basis of personality that encompasses activity level, sociability, and emotionality.

A) Temperament
B) Gender
C) Parenting style
D) Attachment style

Question 42

Patrick likes to "party" on the weekends and was recently charged with driving while intoxicated. He explains his predicament by saying "Everyone does it! I just got caught!" This is an example of

A) denial.
B) rationalization.
C) displacement.
D) projection.

Question 43

Mary is getting a divorce from a man who cheated on her. She has two children who are reacting with chaos to the change in their lives. She recently started college and is succeeding as a student, so she puts most of her energy into her coursework. To avoid feelings of failure as a mother and a wife, she is using

A) compensation.
B) projection.
C) displacement.
D) reaction formation.

Question 44

A psychological moratorium, recommended by Erikson, is a period

A) during which children learn how to relate to others
B) when adolescents are given permission by society to experiment with different roles.
C) during adolescence when young people make major commitments in their personal lives.
D) during childhood when trust is formed by relying on parents to get basic needs met.

Question 45

During adolescence, a crucial part of the identity-formation process requires individuation, which refers to

A) finding meaning in living and coping with feelings of uselessness.
B) separation from the family system and establishing personal identity based on one's own experiences rather than one's parents' dreams.
C) expressing sexuality in ways that are congruent with one's value system.
D) the development of primary sexual characteristics.

Question 46

According to Erikson, a critical time for forming personal identity, finding meaningful life goals, and creating meaning in life is during

A) early childhood.
B) middle childhood.
C) adolescence.
D) young adulthood.

Question 47

Harry has been unfaithful to his wife for many years, and yet he constantly accuses his wife of cheating on him. This is an example of

A) reaction formation.
B) displacement.
C) rationalization.
D) projection.

Question 48

Sue was a passive teenager, but at age 30, she began to work hard at being an assertive woman. Recently, when faced with an angry husband, she reverted to her passive stance. Sue is using the following defense mechanism:

A) regression.
B) compensation.
C) repression.
D) projection.

Question 49

In response to their growing awareness of the systematic exclusion of people in their racial and cultural group from full participation in the dominant society, many young people of color develop ______________________________, which protects them from the psychological assault of racism and keeps the dominant group at bay.

A) an oppositional social identity
B) a personality disorder
C) a psychotic disorder
D) a social justice mind set

Question 50

John is an adolescent who feels overwhelmed by the pressures placed on him to go to college and make an occupational choice that will lead to financial independence. His girlfriend wants to get married, and he doesn't want to lose her, so he feels pressured to make a commitment that he doesn't feel ready to make. According to Erikson, John is dealing with the following core struggle:

A) industry vs. inadequacy.
B) autonomy vs. shame and doubt.
C) generativity vs. despair.
D) identity vs. role confusion.