Deck 4: Attitudes, Emotions, and Ethics

Question 1

In the context of the ABC model of an attitude, cognitive elements are measured by _____.

A)physiological indicators
B)attitude scales
C)observing behavior
D)asking a person about intentions

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The statement "I like movies" reflects the _____ of an attitude.

A)affective component
B)behavioral intent component
C)cognitive component
D)logical component

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Syntax & Co., a waste management firm, announces that it has invented an environment-friendly machine to treat its nuclear waste. Julie, a junior employee at the company, discovers that the waste is not being treated, but instead, it is being dumped in a river outside the city. Julie believes that this is unethical and is not sure whether she should reveal this information to the public. The tension caused by this conflict is called _____.

A)emotional contagion
B)cognitive dissonance
C)peripheral route
D)emotional dissonance

Answer 3

B

Question 4

In the context of the ABC model of an attitude, which of the following is true of affect?

A)It can be measured by physiological indicators.
B)It reflects a person's perceptions or beliefs.
C)It does not influence a person's behavior.
D)It cannot be measured by self-report questionnaires.

Question 5

Holly has developed an aversion toward math. She always scores low grades in the subject. She feels that she can never understand algebra, calculus, or geometry. It is evident that Holly's attitude toward math is influenced by _____.

A)social learning
B)competitive inertia
C)direct experience
D)cognitive dissonance

Question 6

_____ is the process of deriving attitudes from family, peer groups, religious organizations, and culture.

A)Social learning
B)Cognitive moral development
C)Direct experience
D)Cognitive dissonance

Question 7

Which of the following is true of attitudes?

A)They are physiological responses.
B)They cannot be changed using persuasion.
C)They are closely linked to behavior.
D)They are discrete feelings that have a known cause.

Question 8

Which of the following statements is true of a behavioral intent?

A)It can only be measured by asking a person about behavior or intentions.
B)It is not mandatory that it would always lead to a particular behavior.
C)It reflects a person's perceptions or beliefs.
D)It is the emotional component of an attitude.

Question 9

The tension produced by a conflict between attitudes and behavior is _____.

A)consonance
B)emotional contagion
C)cognitive dissonance
D)competitive inertia

Question 10

_____ is a component of an attitude that reflects a person's perceptions or beliefs.

A)Cognition
B)Behavioral intent
C)Mood
D)Affect

Question 11

_____ motivates individuals to change either their attitudes or their behavior to maintain consistency.

A)Discord
B)Dissonance
C)Defensive behavior
D)Machiavellianism

Question 12

In the context of the ABC model of an attitude, the statement "I believe Germans are punctual" reflects the _____ of an attitude.

A)affective component
B)behavioral intent component
C)cognitive component
D)emotional component

Question 13

Identify a true statement about attitudes.

A)An individual's attitude is not linked to his or her behavior.
B)Attitudes are feeling states that are more enduring than emotions and have no clear cause.
C)Attitudes are physiological tendencies that cause short-lived, intense mental responses to a mental event.
D)An individual does not have an attitude until he or she responds to an entity on an affective, behavioral, or cognitive basis.

Question 14

_____ are psychological tendencies expressed by evaluating something with a degree of favor or disfavor.

A)Attitudes
B)Emotions
C)Ethics
D)Moods

Question 15

According to the ABC Model, _____ is the emotional component of an attitude.

A)perception
B)affect
C)behavioral intent
D)cognition

Question 16

In the context of the ABC model of an attitude, affect can be most likely measured by a person's _____.

A)athleticism
B)intelligence quotient
C)blood pressure
D)degree of cognitive dissonance

Question 17

Abraham is a salesman who sells used cell phones as new ones. The phones are repackaged to make them look new. Abraham does not like the idea of concealing information from his customers to sell the used phones and feels that it is unethical. In this scenario, the tension created by this conflict between Abraham's ethical principles and professional pressures is _____.

A)peripheral route
B)emotional contagion
C)emotional dissonance
D)cognitive dissonance

Question 18

Anything that disrupts the consistency between an individual's attitudes and behaviors causes _____.

A)dissonance
B)emotional contagion
C)consonance
D)competitive inertia

Question 19

Children adopt certain attitudes when their parents reinforce attitudes they approve. This is an example of _____.

A)cognitive dissonance
B)social learning
C)competitive inertia
D)direct experience

Question 20

In the context of the ABC model of an attitude, affect can be measured by:

A)asking a person's intentions.
B)tracking the degree of cognitive dissonance.
C)using self-report questionnaires.
D)observing behavior.

Question 21

To prevent and manage counterproductive work behavior (CWB), managers should:

A)increase the power distance in the organization.
B)give all employees high performance ratings.
C)terminate employees who show counterproductive behavior.
D)encourage positive attitudes among employees.

Question 22

Which of the following statements is true in the context of job satisfaction?

A)Satisfied workers are more likely to drive up the organization's cost of annual turnover.
B)Satisfied employees are more likely to engage in organizational citizenship behaviors.
C)Dissatisfied employees are less likely to engage in counterproductive work behavior.
D)Dissatisfied employees report less psychological problems than do satisfied employees.

Question 23

Adam loves to watch football and supports The New York Giants, an American football team. Although Adam's 12-year-old son doesn't watch football, he supports the same team because of his father. It is evident that Adam's son's preference is a result of _____.

A)cognitive dissonance
B)direct experience
C)competitive inertia
D)social learning

Question 24

Identify a true statement about organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs).

A)Dissatisfied workers are more likely to engage in OCBs than satisfied workers.
B)OCBs do not influence performance evaluation ratings.
C)Affect tends to direct OCBs toward the organization.
D)Cognition tends to direct OCBs toward the organization.

Question 25

Substantial social learning occurs through _____, in which individuals acquire attitudes by observing others.

A)modeling
B)cognitive moral development
C)direct experience
D)self-monitoring

Question 26

Derek, a manager at a multinational investment firm in France, is transferred to the Indian office of the firm. He holds a negative view of the work environment in the office in India as the office hours stretch beyond 6 p.m. This is inconsistent with his attitude because in France, people work only till 6 p.m. Despite this, he is compelled to work beyond 6 p.m. as his colleagues have a positive attitude toward it. In the context of attitude-behavior correspondence, the factor that leads to Derek's compliant behavior is _____.

A)attitude specificity
B)social constraints
C)personality factors
D)attitude relevance

Question 27

In the context of job satisfaction, which of the following is true of dimensions of a job?

A)Employees who like their job responsibilities must be satisfied with promotion opportunities.
B)Employees with high negative affectivity are more likely to have high job satisfaction.
C)Employees' pay is only marginally related to their job satisfaction.
D)Employees' nature of work does not affect their job satisfaction.

Question 28

Dissatisfied workers tend to:

A)drive up the organization's cost of turnover.
B)see a fit between their values and the organization's values.
C)avoid counterproductive work behaviors.
D)engage in organizational citizenship behaviors.

Question 29

Which of the following statements is true of job satisfaction?

A)It does not have a clear relationship with performance.
B)It is highly influenced by pay.
C)It cannot be measured.
D)It is not affected by the degree of supervision.

Question 30

Which of the following is true of the factors that affect attitude-behavior link?

A)The more specific the attitude, the weaker is its link to behavior.
B)The more relevant the attitude, the stronger is its link to behavior.
C)The longer the time is between the attitude measurement and the observed behavior, the stronger the relationship.
D)The higher the self-monitoring, the greater the correspondence between attitudes and behavior.

Question 31

Which of the following best describes a person-organization fit?

A)It is the ability of employees to control their feelings and expression of emotions in the workplace.
B)It is the desire of an employee to remain in an organization.
C)It is the match between an individual's values and an organization's values.
D)It is the strength of an individual's identification with an organization.

Question 32

_____ is a pleasurable or positive emotional state resulting from the appraisal of one's job or job experiences.

A)Job dissonance
B)Job lattice
C)Job satisfaction
D)Job orientation

Question 33

Which of the following statements is true of dissatisfied workers in an organization?

A)They do not engage in counterproductive work behavior.
B)They do not report any psychological and medical problems.
C)They see a misfit between their values and the organization's values.
D)They lead to the reduction of the organization's cost of turnover.

Question 34

Identify a true statement about the factors that affect attitude-behavior link.

A)The less specific the attitude, the stronger is its link to behavior.
B)The less relevant the attitude, the stronger is its link to behavior.
C)The longer the time is between the attitude measurement and the observed behavior, the stronger the relationship.
D)The lower the self-monitoring, the greater the correspondence between attitudes and behavior.

Question 35

Asterix Solutions, an IT firm, is downsizing to reduce its fixed costs. Erin, an employee at the firm, notices that several competent employees are being laid off while those who are incompetent are being retained. Erin decides to take revenge against her manager by sabotaging the project reports on her manager's computer. Erin is engaging in _____.

A)ethical behavior
B)counterproductive work behavior
C)organizational citizenship behavior
D)altruistic behavior

Question 36

The key to influencing both satisfaction and performance through rewards is that the:

A)rewards are not necessarily valued by employees.
B)managers use a non-participative style of management.
C)rewards are tied directly to performance.
D)work should not be challenging.

Question 37

The attitude-behavior link is stronger when:

A)rewards are valued by employees and but are not directly tied to performance.
B)the time between the attitude measurement and the observed behavior is short.
C)organizational citizenship behavior is directed at different facets of an organization.
D)the social context does not reinforce the attitudes and cultural belief systems.

Question 38

Which of the following is true of organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs)?

A)Satisfied workers are less likely to engage in OCBs than dissatisfied workers.
B)OCBs do not influence performance evaluation ratings.
C)Affect tends to direct OCBs toward colleagues.
D)Cognition tends to direct OCBs toward managers.

Question 39

_____ can be defined as any voluntary, attitude-driven behavior that violates organizational norms and causes some degree of harm to an organization, coworkers, or supervisors.

A)Organizational citizenship behavior
B)Cognitive consonance behavior
C)Emotional contagion behavior
D)Counterproductive work behavior

Question 40

Job satisfaction encourages _____, a behavior that is above and beyond the call of duty.

A)organizational citizenship behavior
B)cognitive dissonance behavior
C)emotional contagion behavior
D)counterproductive work behavior

Question 41

In the context of organizational commitment, individuals who experience _____ stay with an organization because they feel they should.

A)non-regulative commitment
B)continuance commitment
C)affective commitment
D)normative commitment

Question 42

Positive moods at work:

A)decrease counterproductive work behavior.
B)decrease organizational citizenship behavior.
C)lead to more turnover intentions.
D)decrease altruistic behavior.

Question 43

_____ are discrete and fairly short-lived feelings that have a specific, known cause.

A)Attitudes
B)Emotions
C)Ethics
D)Perceptions

Question 44

Which of the following cognitive routes to persuasion involves direct cognitive processing of a message's content?

A)The central route
B)The direct route
C)The peripheral route
D)The major route

Question 45

In the context of persuasion, which of the following is true of characteristics of a source?

A)A source who is perceived as an expert is not considered persuasive enough.
B)Endorsers of a product are effective when they are perceived as trustworthy.
C)Attractiveness of a source does not influence its persuasiveness.
D)Testimonials are the most effective technique in advertising.

Question 46

_____ is a discrepancy between one's felt emotion and one's expressed emotion.

A)Emotional dissonance
B)Emotional labor
C)Emotional contagion
D)Emotional inertia

Question 47

In the context of organizational commitments, affective commitment is based on:

A)a desire to remain a member of an organization.
B)an obligation to remain with an organization.
C)the fear of losing job.
D)the fear of losing contact with peers.

Question 48

Which of the following statements is true in the context of persuasion and attitude change?

A)Individuals with low self-esteem are more likely to change their attitudes in response to persuasion than individuals with high self-esteem.
B)Individuals who hold very extreme attitudes are less resistant to persuasion than individuals who hold moderate attitudes.
C)Individuals who are in a good mood are more difficult to persuade than individuals who are in a bad mood.
D)Individuals who are trustworthy must be perceived as more persuasive than individuals who are attractive.

Question 49

_____ encompasses loyalty and a deep concern for an organization's welfare.

A)Emotional dissonance
B)Continuance commitment
C)Affective commitment
D)Cognitive dissonance

Question 50

Which of the following best defines organizational commitment?

A)It is the strength of an individual's identification with an organization.
B)It is acting in ways consistent with one's personal values and the commonly held values of an organization and society.
C)It is the behavior that is above and beyond the call of duty.
D)It is the process of deriving attitudes from family, peer groups, religious organizations, and culture.

Question 51

_____ is the ability to recognize and manage emotion in oneself and in others.

A)Emotional intelligence
B)Emotional contagion
C)Emotional labor
D)Emotional convergence

Question 52

_____ is the dynamic process through which emotions are transferred from one person to another, either consciously or unconsciously, through nonverbal channels.

A)Emotional intelligence
B)Emotional contagion
C)Emotional dissonance
D)Emotional deviance

Question 53

_____ is an employee's tendency to remain in an organization because he or she cannot afford to leave.

A)Normative commitment
B)Affective commitment
C)Continuance commitment
D)Regulative commitment

Question 54

_____ is an employee's perceived obligation to remain with an organization.

A)Normative commitment
B)Affective commitment
C)Continuance commitment
D)Regulative commitment

Question 55

Through the process of _____, one individual tries to change the attitude of another person in regard to a certain issue.

A)persuasion
B)dissonance
C)social learning
D)cognition

Question 56

_____ is an employee's intention to remain in an organization because of a strong desire to do so.

A)Normative commitment
B)Affective commitment
C)Continuance commitment
D)Regulative commitment

Question 57

_____ is a type of emotional labor that involves attempting to feel the emotion one is displaying.

A)Deep acting
B)Emotional dissonance
C)Surface acting
D)Workplace deviance

Question 58

Justin, an employee of Widget Corp., is hesitant to leave the company because he thinks that he will lose a great deal of his investments in time, effort, and benefits. In the context of organizational commitments, it is evident that Justin experiences _____.

A)conjoint commitment
B)continuance commitment
C)affective commitment
D)normative commitment

Question 59

Identify a true statement in the context of persuasion and attitude change.

A)Individuals with low self-esteem are less likely to change their attitudes in response to persuasion than are individuals with high self-esteem.
B)Individuals who hold very extreme attitudes are more resistant to persuasion than are individuals who hold moderate attitudes.
C)Individuals who are in a good mood are more difficult to persuade than are individuals who are in a bad mood.
D)Individuals who are trustworthy must be perceived as more persuasive than individuals who are attractive.

Question 60

_____ is made up of several types of abilities: perceiving, understanding, facilitating, and regulating emotion.

A)Emotional dissonance
B)Emotional intelligence
C)Emotional inertia
D)Emotional contagion

Question 61

_____ involves acting in ways consistent with one's personal values and the commonly held values of the organization and society.

A)Dissonant behavior
B)Ethical behavior
C)Counterproductive work behavior
D)Workplace deviance behavior

Question 62

_____ are those values that influence individuals' perceptions of right and wrong on the job.

A)Work values
B)Terminal values
C)Cultural values
D)Instrumental values

Question 63

Three major characteristics of the source affect persuasion are expertise, trustworthiness, and attractiveness.

Question 64

In the context of attitudes and organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs), affect tends to direct OCBs toward other organizations.

Question 65

Which of the following statements is true of low-Mach individuals?

A)They value loyalty and relationships.
B)They manipulate others for personal gain.
C)They are not concerned with others' opinions.
D)They are more likely to engage in unethical behavior.

Question 66

The longer the time is between the attitude measurement and the observed behavior, the stronger the relationship.

Question 67

The tension produced by a conflict between attitudes and behavior is emotional dissonance.

Question 68

Individuals with high self-esteem are more likely to change their attitudes in response to persuasion than are individuals with low self-esteem.

Question 69

In comparison with individuals with an external locus of control, individuals with an internal locus of control:

A)are more likely to believe that outside forces such as fate, chance, or other people control what happens to them.
B)are less resistant to social pressure.
C)are more likely to take personal responsibility for the consequences of their ethical or unethical behavior.
D)are more willing to hurt another person when ordered to do so by an authority figure.

Question 70

In the context of ethical behavior, which of the following is a terminal value identified by Rokeach?

A)Self-control
B)Politeness
C)Self-respect
D)Obedience

Question 71

Which of the following is a characteristic of high-Machs?

A)They value loyalty and relationships.
B)They have a cynical view of human nature.
C)They are less willing to manipulate others for personal gain.
D)They are concerned with others' opinions.

Question 72

Individuals with high negative affectivity are more likely to be satisfied with their jobs.

Question 73

In the context of ethical behavior, which of the following is an instrumental value identified by Rokeach?

A)Self-sufficiency
B)Freedom
C)Self-respect
D)Happiness

Question 74

Job Descriptive Index asks employees to respond to statements about their jobs using a five-point scale that ranges from very dissatisfied to very satisfied.

Question 75

_____ is the willingness of an individual to make decisions when all that needs to be known cannot be known and when the ethical issue has no established, unambiguous solution.

A)Tough-mindedness
B)Organizational citizenship behavior
C)Cognitive dissonance
D)Counterproductive work behavior

Question 76

In the context of values, which of the following is true of the baby busters?

A)They value family life and time off from work.
B)They have a more work-oriented value system than baby boomers.
C)They place a huge emphasis on achievement values at work.
D)They embrace a live-to-work approach.

Question 77

Behavior that is above and beyond the call of duty is called counterproductive work behavior.

Question 78

In the context of values, which of the following is true of Generation X?

A)They value self-reliance and individualism.
B)They have a more work-oriented value system than baby boomers.
C)They value family life considerably more than their jobs.
D)They embrace a work-to-live approach.

Question 79

In the context of attitude formation, substantial social learning occurs through direct experiences.

Question 80

Attitudes derived from direct experience are powerful because they are easily accessed and active in our cognitive processes.