Deck 18: The Rise of Industrial America

Question 1

Instructions: Identify the following. Be as specific as possible, and include names, dates, and relevant facts as appropriate. Be sure to explain the significance of the person or term.
United States v. E. C. Knight Company

Answer 1

Answer not provided.

Question 2

Instructions: Identify the following. Be as specific as possible, and include names, dates, and relevant facts as appropriate. Be sure to explain the significance of the person or term.
Alexander Graham Bell, Thomas Edison

Answer 2

Answer not provided.

Question 3

Instructions: Identify the following. Be as specific as possible, and include names, dates, and relevant facts as appropriate. Be sure to explain the significance of the person or term.
Terence V. Powderly, Knights of Labor

Answer 3

Answer not provided.

Question 4

Instructions: Identify the following. Be as specific as possible, and include names, dates, and relevant facts as appropriate. Be sure to explain the significance of the person or term.
Interstate Commerce Act

Question 5

Instructions: Identify the following. Be as specific as possible, and include names, dates, and relevant facts as appropriate. Be sure to explain the significance of the person or term.
Collis Huntington, Jay Gould, James Hill

Question 6

Instructions: Identify the following. Be as specific as possible, and include names, dates, and relevant facts as appropriate. Be sure to explain the significance of the person or term.
Horatio Alger, "Rags to Riches"

Question 7

Instructions: Identify the following. Be as specific as possible, and include names, dates, and relevant facts as appropriate. Be sure to explain the significance of the person or term.
Horizontal integration

Question 8

Instructions: Identify the following. Be as specific as possible, and include names, dates, and relevant facts as appropriate. Be sure to explain the significance of the person or term.
Piedmont

Question 9

Instructions: Identify the following. Be as specific as possible, and include names, dates, and relevant facts as appropriate. Be sure to explain the significance of the person or term.
Andrew Carnegie

Question 10

Instructions: Identify the following. Be as specific as possible, and include names, dates, and relevant facts as appropriate. Be sure to explain the significance of the person or term.
Wildcat Strikes

Question 11

Instructions: Identify the following. Be as specific as possible, and include names, dates, and relevant facts as appropriate. Be sure to explain the significance of the person or term.
Vertical integration

Question 12

Instructions: Identify the following. Be as specific as possible, and include names, dates, and relevant facts as appropriate. Be sure to explain the significance of the person or term.
Sherman Anti-Trust Act

Question 13

Instructions: Identify the following. Be as specific as possible, and include names, dates, and relevant facts as appropriate. Be sure to explain the significance of the person or term.
Henry W. Grady, Henry Watterson, New South

Question 14

Instructions: Identify the following. Be as specific as possible, and include names, dates, and relevant facts as appropriate. Be sure to explain the significance of the person or term.
John D. Rockefeller, Standard Oil Company

Question 15

Instructions: Identify the following. Be as specific as possible, and include names, dates, and relevant facts as appropriate. Be sure to explain the significance of the person or term.
William Sylvis, National Labor Union

Question 16

Instructions: Identify the following. Be as specific as possible, and include names, dates, and relevant facts as appropriate. Be sure to explain the significance of the person or term.
James Duke, American Tobacco Company

Question 17

Instructions: Identify the following. Be as specific as possible, and include names, dates, and relevant facts as appropriate. Be sure to explain the significance of the person or term.
J. Pierpont Morgan

Question 18

Instructions: Identify the following. Be as specific as possible, and include names, dates, and relevant facts as appropriate. Be sure to explain the significance of the person or term.
Samuel Gompers, American Federation of Labor

Question 19

Instructions: Identify the following. Be as specific as possible, and include names, dates, and relevant facts as appropriate. Be sure to explain the significance of the person or term.
World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago

Question 20

Instructions: Identify the following. Be as specific as possible, and include names, dates, and relevant facts as appropriate. Be sure to explain the significance of the person or term.
Standard Oil Trust

Question 21

Which of the following statements concerning the use of technology in industry in the second half of the nineteenth century is true?

A) It required a better-educated work force.
B) It allowed traditional craftsmen and artisans to maintain their dominance over production.
C) It made it possible for manufacturers to hire cheap unskilled or semiskilled labor.
D) It was primarily the hallmark of giant corporations.
E) It made it possible for manufacturers to eliminate human labor power altogether.

Question 22

Instructions: Identify the following. Be as specific as possible, and include names, dates, and relevant facts as appropriate. Be sure to explain the significance of the person or term.
Haymarket Square

Question 23

The significance of the 1892 World's Columbian Exposition was

A) That it was the first time the world came together for a massive public educational event.
B) That it showcased fifty years of industrial development and technological progress.
C) That the nation's leaders met in the District of Columbia to seek solutions to difficult industrial working conditions.
D) That women were among the many exhibitors.
E) None of these choices

Question 24

Instructions: Identify the following. Be as specific as possible, and include names, dates, and relevant facts as appropriate. Be sure to explain the significance of the person or term.
Henry George, Progress and Poverty

Question 25

Instructions: Identify the following. Be as specific as possible, and include names, dates, and relevant facts as appropriate. Be sure to explain the significance of the person or term.
Laissez-faire

Question 26

Instructions: Identify the following. Be as specific as possible, and include names, dates, and relevant facts as appropriate. Be sure to explain the significance of the person or term.
George Westinghouse

Question 27

Which of the following statements about the period from 1860 to 1900 is not true?

A) U.S. textile and iron production tapered off.
B) Boom-bust business cycles produced two major depressions.
C) Manufacturing output soared.
D) Innovative advertising and marketing techniques were created.
E) Industry often polluted the environment.

Question 28

Instructions: Identify the following. Be as specific as possible, and include names, dates, and relevant facts as appropriate. Be sure to explain the significance of the person or term.
Mary Harris Jones, United Mine Workers of America

Question 29

Instructions: Identify the following. Be as specific as possible, and include names, dates, and relevant facts as appropriate. Be sure to explain the significance of the person or term.
Pinkerton agents

Question 30

Which of the following was not one of the features that dominated the world of large-scale manufacturing after the Civil War?

A) a new focus on energy conservation and finding alternatives to traditional fossil fuels.
B) the rapid spread of technological innovation.
C) a demand for workers who could be carefully controlled.
D) the constant pressure on firms to compete tooth-and-nail by cutting costs and prices, eliminating rivals, and creating monopolies.
E) a relentless drop in prices.

Question 31

Why was the Interstate Commerce Commission established?

A) to investigate and oversee railroad practices.
B) to control fluctuations in the international grain market.
C) to encourage interstate cooperation in commercial ventures.
D) to regulate the disruptive activities of industrial unions.
E) to encourage Americans not to buy imported goods.

Question 32

Instructions: Identify the following. Be as specific as possible, and include names, dates, and relevant facts as appropriate. Be sure to explain the significance of the person or term.
Homestead Strike

Question 33

Besides the fact that its all-inclusive membership undermined its unity, why did the Knights of Labor collapse in the late 1880s?

A) Workers became disillusioned when a series of unauthorized strikes failed.
B) A large percentage of the population became alienated by the union's failure to offer membership to black workers.
C) Its attempts to bribe elected officials led to embarrassing scandals.
D) Skilled workers became angered by the union's plan to help unskilled workers.
E) The union's support of Karl Marx angered many capitalists.

Question 34

Instructions: Identify the following. Be as specific as possible, and include names, dates, and relevant facts as appropriate. Be sure to explain the significance of the person or term.
Railroad Strike of 1877

Question 35

Instructions: Identify the following. Be as specific as possible, and include names, dates, and relevant facts as appropriate. Be sure to explain the significance of the person or term.
Marxism

Question 36

Instructions: Identify the following. Be as specific as possible, and include names, dates, and relevant facts as appropriate. Be sure to explain the significance of the person or term.
Edward Bellamy, Looking Backward

Question 37

Instructions: Identify the following. Be as specific as possible, and include names, dates, and relevant facts as appropriate. Be sure to explain the significance of the person or term.
Pullman Strike, Eugene V. Debs, In re Debs

Question 38

Instructions: Identify the following. Be as specific as possible, and include names, dates, and relevant facts as appropriate. Be sure to explain the significance of the person or term.
William Graham Sumner, Social Darwinism

Question 39

Which of the following was not one of the ways that Andrew Carnegie revolutionized the steel industry?

A) incorporating the Bessemer process in his steel manufacturing factories.
B) standardizing workplace procedures to achieve greater efficiency.
C) utilizing vertical integration to minimize costs and maximize profits.
D) restructuring the criteria for wages so that his workers could have the highest wage scales in the country.
E) applying rigorous cost accounting.

Question 40

Instructions: Identify the following. Be as specific as possible, and include names, dates, and relevant facts as appropriate. Be sure to explain the significance of the person or term.
"Yellow dog contracts"

Question 41

Which of the following did Thomas Edison invent?

A) sewing machine
B) refrigerated rail cars
C) phonograph
D) Bessemer converter
E) refrigerated railroad cars

Question 42

How successful was the Sherman Anti-Trust Act?

A) Its success was limited, since only 18 suits were brought by the government from 1890 to 1904.
B) Companies like Standard Oil got around it by reorganizing as holding companies.
C) It did manage to hit some companies that acted as monopolies or restrained trade with fines of up to $5000.
D) All of these choices
E) None of these choices

Question 43

At the end of the Civil War, what communications system did the railroads use to coordinate their complex flow of rail cars?

A) The telephone
B) The Pony Express
C) The magnetic telegraph
D) The internet
E) Text-messaging

Question 44

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the differences between single working-class women and married working-class women in the nineteenth century?

A) Married women commonly hired maids and cooks to ease the burden of their work at home, whereas single women usually did most of the work themselves.
B) Married women commonly worked under sweatshop conditions within the tenements, whereas single women often viewed outside work as an opportunity.
C) Married women worked in cigar factories, whereas single women did needlework at home.
D) Married women were able to work in factories because of the large number of unmarried women available to provide childcare.
E) Married women had the assistance of their husbands at home and in the factory, while single women accepted an ideology of domesticity based on the idea of separate spheres.

Question 45

Who supported the New South Creed?

A) industrialists who believed that the South's natural resources and cheap labor made it a natural site for industrial development.
B) white supremacists who believed that "the South will rise again" through the subjugation of the black race.
C) fundamentalist Southern Baptists who believed that the "Second Coming" of Christ was close at hand.
D) aristocratic southern families who believed that the South would flourish again only if it returned to the plantation system.
E) Northerners who believed that a new "accomodationist" approach had to be used if the south were to be brought back to economic health.

Question 46

Which of the following was one of the secrets of John D. Rockefeller's success?

A) He paid attention to the minutest details and understood the benefits of vertical integration.
B) He pioneered a division of labor in which he concentrated on financial matters and delegated the technical operations of the industry to his managers.
C) He concentrated on the "big picture" and did not get bogged down in details.
D) He did not waste a lot of money on advertising.
E) He was willing to develop equal cooperative relationships with his competitors.

Question 47

Which of the following statements concerning the United States Steel Company is true?

A) It was Andrew Carnegie's steel company in the 1870s and 1880s.
B) It was the steel company operated by the United States government when it nationalized the steel trust.
C) It was the first business capitalized at more than $1 billion.
D) It was created by J.P. Morgan to compete with Federal Steel.
E) It was the first company to issue stock to meet its huge capital needs.

Question 48

Where did Andrew Carnegie learn many of the successful management methods he used in the steel?

A) as a bookkeeper in the textile industry in his native Scotland.
B) as a secretary for the Singer Sewing Machine Company.
C) as a foreman in the meatpacking industry in Chicago.
D) as a bartender at an Edinburgh pub.
E) as an employee of the Pennsylvania Railroad.

Question 49

In the late nineteenth century, child labor was

A) common in the coal mines and cotton mills.
B) uncommon because children were not strong enough to handle the large machines and fast pace of factory production.
C) uncommon because children had to stay in school until age sixteen.
D) uncommon because for the first time childhood was seen as a distinct stage of life reserved for innocence, play, education, and maternal love.
E) common in the economically-depressed south, but uncommon in the prosperous north.

Question 50

What did Henry George argue in Progress and Poverty ?

A) that industrialization was the key to progress and the end of poverty.
B) that socialism was the answer to the end of poverty.
C) that industrialization had led to a great deal of misery.
D) that the government needed to fight poverty by limiting industrialization.
E) that the government should tax the "unearned increment" of rising land prices and use the funds to ameliorate the misery caused by industrialization.

Question 51

Which of the following was the result of the rapid industrial development of the United States between 1860 and 1900?

A) increased demand for and the importance of skilled artisans.
B) an economy dominated by enormous corporations.
C) the near extinction of small, specialized companies.
D) reduced use of women and child laborers in mines and mills.
E) marginalization of the richest 5% of the American population.

Question 52

What did Henry Grady advocate?

A) He proposed expanding the rights of black Americans in the South.
B) He argued that the South should continue to base its economy on agricultural production.
C) He advocated diversifying the economy and expanding industrial production in the South.
D) He called for a national referendum to allow the South to secede peacefully.
E) He supported the construction of military bases throughout the South.

Question 53

By the 1880s, what had happened to most southern farmers?

A) They were the wealthiest, most stable members of southern society.
B) They specialized in growing cash crops such as cotton and tobacco and therefore were particularly vulnerable to the fluctuations of commercial agriculture.
C) They had left the land to become industrial workers because western competition drove southern farms out of business.
D) They had sold their land to northern speculators.
E) They were self-sufficient because they reverted to subsistence farming.

Question 54

How did southern cotton mills differ from northern cotton mills in the 1880s?

A) Southern cotton mills hired mostly single women.
B) Southern cotton mills were located in the countryside rather than cities.
C) Southern mill workers were paid better than northern mill workers.
D) Southern cotton mills used traditional handicraft methods rather than machinery to produce cloth.
E) Southern cotton mills tended to be smaller, with safer working conditions.

Question 55

Who founded Standard Oil?

A) Jay Gould
B) Leland Stanford
C) John D. Rockefeller
D) J.P. Morgan
E) Andrew Mellon

Question 56

How did James Duke influence American society in the last 19^th century?

A) He offered trading cards and prizes targeted at young people to persuade them to smoke addictive cigarettes.
B) He figured out how to turn barley into a much more flavorful form of beer.
C) He established Duke University, one of the first elite universities in the South.
D) He developed the secret formula for Coca Cola.
E) He showed how a more sanitary environment reduced the threat of diseases.

Question 57

How did industrialization affect skilled craftsmen?

A) Subdividing the manufacture of a product into smaller jobs meant that an individual no longer manufactured an entire product.
B) Skilled craftsmen were needed to operate machinery.
C) The tension of assembly-line work caused formerly sober, disciplined craftsmen to drink on the job.
D) Skilled craftsmen were transformed into "aristocrats" in the world of labor.
E) Industrialization allowed skilled craftsman to flourish as many people came to realize the value of products produced by hand.

Question 58

Which of the following is not one of the reasons that the American Federation of Labor was the most successful union of the late 19^th century?

A) It had a strong leader in Samuel Gompers.
B) It limited its membership to skilled workers allowing the union more unity.
C) It clearly defined its objectives.
D) It was a tightly organized federation that required all members to give up their autonomy and independence for the good of the whole.
E) It focused on practical tactics aimed at bread-and-butter issues.

Question 59

Who led the American Railway Union in the Pullman Strike?

A) James Weaver
B) James Blaine
C) Eugene V. Debs
D) Chester Arthur
E) Terrence Powderly

Question 60

In the United States v. Knight Company , the Supreme Court diminished the effectiveness of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act by ruling that

A) manufacturing was not interstate commerce.
B) the Granger Laws were unconstitutional because states could not regulate interstate commerce.
C) all trusts and monopolies in interstate commerce were illegal and could be broken up by the federal government.
D) employers could force employees to sign and abide by "yellow dog contracts."
E) holding companies, which simply owned a controlling share of the stock of other firms, were not subject to antitrust laws.

Question 61

Which of the following statements about upward mobility in the late nineteenth century is the most accurate?

A) Andrew Carnegie's rise from poverty to colossal wealth was typical of the opportunities open to immigrants in America.
B) Few industrial leaders came from the privileged classes because they were too soft to make it in the world of competitive capitalism.
C) Skilled workers had few opportunities to rise to the top in small companies.
D) Immigrants who got ahead in the late nineteenth century were more likely to go from rags to respectability than from rags to riches.
E) Middle class Americans tended to slide downward more often than rise upward in socio-economic rank.

Question 62

President of the Central Pacific Railroad Charles Crocker's testimony about Chinese workers and immigrants expressed

A) a bias in his inability to understand and treat the Chinese as individuals.
B) a humanitarian desire to help them make a better life for themselves in the United States.
C) a fervent passion for ending discrimination against the Chinese.
D) an unbending racist desire to have them all deported.
E) a facility with the Chinese language.

Question 63

How effective was the Sherman Anti-Trust Act as a weapon against "big business"? Was "Big Business" the only kind of "combination" the act was used against in the late nineteenth century?

Question 64

What did Karl Marx argue?

A) that a classless society would emerge when capitalism triumphed around the world.
B) that individual economic theories were only as effective as those who practiced them.
C) that workers who knew they would be given a competitive wage would be the most loyal to a company.
D) that capitalists would eventually bring about their own destruction by driving impoverished workers to revolt.
E) that only by introducing Biblical principles into the workplace could there be harmony between business owners and their workers.

Question 65

According to the Interstate Commerce Commission, about how many railroad workers were killed or injured on the job in 1889?

A) about 45 killed and 1,000 injured
B) Between 4,000 and 5,000 killed and injured
C) Close to 10,000 killed and injured
D) about 14,000 killed and 16,000 injured
E) about 2,000 killed and 20,000 injured

Question 66

Horatio Alger influenced American society by

A) propagating the "rags to riches" idea.
B) describing the perilous conditions in factories and lobbied Congress to regulate them.
C) organizing workers into the National Labor Union.
D) convincing many Americans that the Anglo-Saxon race was superior to all others.
E) leading a movement to expand public education to include all children in the United States.

Question 67

Which of the following issues did not impede the growth of unions in the late 19^th century?

A) Divisions between skilled craftsmen and common laborers
B) Ethnic and religious diversity of the working class
C) Limited financial resources
D) Lack of interest on the part of workers because their real wages were rising and conditions were improving
E) Divisions over tactics

Question 68

According to research provided in this chapter, how likely was it for someone in the late 19^th century to live up to the Horatio Alger image of rising to great wealth simply based on self-discipline and hard work?

A) Just as likely as it was for those from middle and upper class families.
B) Highly likely, given the affordable new technologies that made it easier to start a business with little money.
C) Completely unlikely  very few workers went from poverty to enormous wealth.
D) The best way for someone from the working class to get ahead was by mastering a skill and rising through the ranks of a small company.
E) Likely, if they were willing to lie and cheat like the big companies.

Question 69

Discuss the factors that drew more women into the work force during the second half of the nineteenth century. What kinds of women were likely to work outside their homes? What kind of work was available to them?

Question 70

What did Adam Smith argue in The Wealth of Nations ?

A) Self-interest acted as an "invisible hand" in the marketplace, automatically regulating the supply of and demand for services.
B) Mechanization would become the "invisible hand" and automation would eliminate human labor.
C) Wealth should be distributed evenly throughout society.
D) Inexorable natural laws controlled the social order.
E) A single tax would solve the nation's uneven distribution of wealth.

Question 71

Who argued that "The law of survival of the fittest was not made by man, and it cannot be abrogated by man. We can only, by interfering with it, produce the survival of the unfittest."?

A) Lester Frank Ward
B) William Graham Sumner
C) Herbert Spencer
D) Josiah Strong
E) William Sylvis

Question 72

As more and more women entered the paid work force, their work outside the home was

A) understood by businessmen and portrayed by the popular press as temporary.
B) enabling them to earn almost as much as their male counterparts.
C) almost exclusively as domestic servants.
D) solely the product of new technologies such as the typewriter or telephone.
E) not essential to household income.

Question 73

Why did railroads lead the way in the creation of big businesses? Who were some of the most important railroad entrepreneurs? What effect did the expansion of railroads after the Civil War have on the United States?

Question 74

Why did women join the work force in growing numbers in the late nineteenth century?

A) The feminist movement encouraged farm girls and young immigrant women to work in order to become independent of their families.
B) Changes in agriculture brought young farm women into the industrial labor force, and immigrant daughters worked to supplement meager family incomes.
C) Industrialists thought women would have a civilizing influence on the brutal factory conditions.
D) Trade unions won a series of court cases opening employment opportunities for women.
E) The Civil War had created a shortage of male workers.

Question 75

Which of the following best describes economic mobility in late nineteenth century America?

A) There were dramatic leaps forward for those in the bottom rungs.
B) Millions experienced an improved standard of living, while the gap between rich and poor widened.
C) It was an era when 73% of Americans controlled most of the nation's wealth.
D) Economically, it was difficult for those in the middle class, who saw their status remain stagnant or decline.
E) Upward mobility was nonexistent for all levels of society  rich, poor and middle class.

Question 76

Mary Harris Jones

A) was a leader of the United Mine Workers of America who expanded its membership by stressing the need to fight for families.
B) founded to the Women's Christian Temperance Union to try and reduce drinking in the laboring class.
C) lobbied for reform in how the mentally handicapped were treated.
D) assassinated James Garfield in 1881.
E) persuaded Andrew Carnegie that well paid workers would be the best workers.

Question 77

What was the result of the Haymarket Square bombing in 1886?

A) It led to increased sympathy for workers and unions.
B) It resulted in the election of several German-born anarchists to the Illinois state legislature.
C) It led to the arrest of the police who fired on the crowd.
D) It resulted in intensified animosity toward labor unions.
E) It led to the passage of the Interstate Commerce Act.

Question 78

Which the immigrants in the West bore the brunt of labor hostility in the 1870s and 1880s?

A) Jewish immigrants
B) Chinese immigrants
C) Irish Catholic immigrants
D) Russian immigrants
E) Mexican immigrants

Question 79

Which of the following was not one of the principles advocated by Terence V. Powderly and the Knights of Labor?

A) Immigration restrictions.
B) Temperance.
C) The admission of blacks into local Knights of Labor assemblies.
D) Producer and consumer cooperatives.
E) Widespread and aggressive use of strikes.

Question 80

Analyze the rise in Big Business in the Gilded Age. Why was there a trend towards bigger businesses after the Civil War? How did the rise in Big Business affect business activities, including labor, and the economy? Why was the Big Business's rise so significant to the development of the American economy?