Deck 11: Human Development

Question 1

You are an organism at some point during your prenatal development. Just seconds ago, your complete set of DNA was assembled for the first time. Right now, you are a(n)____. ​

A)zygote
B)embryo
C)germ
D)fetus

Answer 1

zygote

Question 2

Tyra is pregnant. Her doctor tells her that at this stage of the baby's development, it can kick, can turn its head, can open its eyes, and already has taste buds. Tyra's baby is in the ____ stage of prenatal development. ​

A)zygotic
B)fetal
C)embryonic
D)critical

Answer 2

fetal

Question 3

Nellie has just discovered that she is pregnant. She is a smoker and knows she should quit because nicotine is especially harmful to the fetus during the ____ stage of development and leads to ____. ​

A)embryonic; low birth weight
B)embryonic; intellectual disability
C)fetal; loss of limbs
D)fetal; brain damage

Answer 3

embryonic; low birth weight

Question 4

Tosha is going to have a baby, but she smokes, takes cough syrup, and drinks wine with dinner each night. This behavior is very likely to endanger her baby's development, especially in the ____ stage. ​

A)zygotic
B)embryonic
C)fetal
D)neonatal

Question 5

Agatha is a graduate student studying behavioral genetics. In other words, she is most likely learning about ____. ​

A)the characteristics of a single individual rather than differences between individuals
B)how hereditary factors cause behaviors and traits, independent of environment
C)how genes and the environment influence specific aspects of development
D)how children learn about the world independent of instructions from adults

Question 6

The main focus of developmental psychology is the study of ____. ​

A)whether nature or nurture causes behavior
B)how people change across the lifespan
C)the psychosocial stages of development
D)the maturation of children

Question 7

Serena is pregnant and has just been informed by her doctor that her baby's heart, eyes, hands, and feet are beginning to develop. Therefore, Serena is careful to avoid ____ during this ____ stage of development. ​

A)teratogens; embryonic
B)teratogens; fetal
C)alcohol and smoke; zygotic
D)alcohol and smoke; fetal

Question 8

By one month of age, babies will stare longest at which of the following? ​

A)objects with little contrast
B)human faces or face-like drawings
C)colorful, small-patterned wallpaper
D)stationary objects

Question 9

Katerina has great athletic ability, winning many high school trophies. Her sister, Janet, is an average high school student but doesn't have Katerina's athleticism. Janet makes friends who are also average, and her parents don't encourage Janet to become a better student. Katerina makes friends who are also athletes, and because she wins often, she gets attention and encouragement from her parents. The sisters' different experiences illustrate how ____. ​

A)nurture determines nature
B)nature determines nurture
C)nurture may influence nature
D)nature may influence nurture

Question 10

Lilianna's pregnancy is in the fetal stage. All of the fetus's organs have developed and are functional, but they are immature. The fetus can also respond to light and touch. What month of pregnancy is Lilianna in? ​

A)second
B)fourth
C)sixth
D)eighth

Question 11

Newborns typically exhibit ____. ​

A)well-developed vision
B)preference for certain smells
C)an inability to discriminate between different tastes
D)hearing that is sharper than that of the average adult

Question 12

Pregnant mothers who abuse alcohol create a risk that their children will develop ____, a pattern of defects that includes intellectual disability. ​

A)autism
B)crack baby syndrome
C)fetal alcohol syndrome
D)alcohol-induced blindness

Question 13

Infant Izzie is most likely to stare at ____. ​

A)her mother's face
B)the dainty pastel flowers in the wallpaper in her room
C)the fuzzy, all-white bunny in her crib
D)the life-size teddy bear sitting across the room

Question 14

The term tabula rasa refers to Locke's belief that ____. ​

A)altering people's inherent personality "slates" is impossible
B)human development is influenced primarily by the environment
C)children develop according to an invariable set of stages
D)humans are born with a natural propensity toward goodness

Question 15

Developmental psychology is best defined as the study of ____. ​

A)children's thought processes and moral reasoning
B)the physical changes that occur in the womb and during the childhood years
C)the social, cognitive, and physical changes that occur over the course of the life span
D)the influence of genes on the behavior of infants, children, adolescents, and adults

Question 16

Margarite is going to have a baby. Dr. Cortez tells her that there is a critical period in which her baby's organs and limbs must grow or else they never will. Which stage of prenatal development is Dr. Cortez describing? ​

A)Zygote
B)Embryonic
C)Fetal
D)Gestational

Question 17

Ephraim is a bully on the third-grade playground. After he pushed little Gideon around, Gideon says to Ephraim, "Something must have happened to you as a baby that caused you to be such a jerk. Maybe you were dropped on your head." Ephraim replies, "Shut up, wimp! I was born to rule." Ephraim and Gideon are engaged in a debate that reflects the issue of ____. ​

A)nature and nurture
B)authoritarian and authoritative parenting styles
C)genotype and phenotype
D)assimilation and accommodation

Question 18

Julio makes a bet with his brother regarding which music their baby sister will prefer. He will probably win the bet if he picks what type of music? ​

A)male vocalists
B)deep tones
C)low-pitch music
D)female vocalists

Question 19

Unlike John Locke, French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed that children were able to discover how the world operates and how they should behave ____ from adults. ​

A)with instruction
B)with instruction but no supervision
C)with instruction and close supervision
D)without instruction

Question 20

Which statement regarding the consumption of alcohol by women during pregnancy is true? ​

A)Any amount of alcohol is potentially harmful to the developing child.
B)Consumption during the first eight weeks is relatively harmless because of the small size of the embryo.
C)Damage occurs only during the embryonic stage.
D)Consumption of small amounts of alcohol can actually be beneficial to fetal health.

Question 21

When you go over to visit your friend's new baby, your friend exclaims, "Watch this! Every time I touch his cheek, he turns his mouth towards my finger!" Because you've taken psychology, you know that this phenomenon is called the ____ reflex. ​

A)rooting
B)grasping
C)sucking
D)complementary

Question 22

Hannah's behavior depends largely on reflexes rather than on voluntary control over her movements. Hannah is most likely ____. ​

A)less than six months old
B)six to twelve months old
C)twelve to eighteen months old
D)eighteen to twenty-four months old

Question 23

Ronnie likes to play with his uncle Steve because his uncle always has new magic tricks. However, Ronnie has difficulty understanding how Steve can be his mother's brother as well as Uncle Steve. Ronnie's thinking is most characteristic of the ____ stage of cognitive development. ​

A)concrete operational
B)formal operational
C)sensorimotor
D)preoperational

Question 24

An infant loses interest in a toy train set every time the train disappears into a long tunnel. This infant must be in Piaget's ____ stage of development. ​

A)preoperational
B)sensorioperational
C)sensorimotor
D)concrete operational

Question 25

Cathy and Sherri must finish all of their vegetables before they can have dessert. Cathy complains that Sherri doesn't have as much to finish as she does, even though both girls actually have the same amount on their plate (Cathy's vegetables were just more spread out). Cathy's error stems from a failure to understand the concept of ____. ​

A)conservation
B)complementarity
C)concrete operations
D)object permanence

Question 26

According to Piaget, the end of the sensorimotor stage is marked by the ____. ​

A)disappearance of egocentrism
B)mastery of conservation tasks
C)appearance of logical thought
D)ability to form mental representations

Question 27

Nathan, who is three years old, tried to feed a cookie to his sister's hamster and was surprised when the hamster refused to eat the cookie. Because Nathan assumed that hamsters like the same kinds of food as little kids, his schema for hamsters needs to be ____, according to Piaget. ​

A)expanded
B)organized
C)assimilated
D)accommodated

Question 28

When Katie's grandpa shows her a group of ten hogs and three cattle and asks her, "Are there more hogs or more animals?" Katie responds by saying, "There are more animals, Grandpa." One year earlier, she would have said that there were more hogs. According to Piaget's theory, it is most likely that Katie is currently in which stage? ​

A)sensorimotor
B)preoperational
C)concrete operational
D)postconventional

Question 29

Andrea has a box of crayons. If Andrea is in the preoperational stage described by Piaget, which action is she most likely to take with the crayons? ​

A)Put the crayons in her mouth.
B)Draw a picture of her family dog.
C)Complete her long-division homework.
D)Write a poem about freedom.

Question 30

Rashaun watches his toy disappear behind the couch and immediately looks away toward another toy. According to Piaget, Rashaun is most likely ____year(s)of age and in the ____ stage. ​

A)one; sensorimotor
B)one; preoperational
C)three; sensorimotor
D)three; preoperational

Question 31

Jean Piaget explained that people form generalizations as they experience the world, which help them to organize past experiences and provide a framework for understanding future experiences. These generalizations are called ____. ​

A)scripts
B)periods
C)schemas
D)stages

Question 32

Magdelana is a newborn who lives with both parents and is being breast-fed. Which statement most accurately describes her senses? ​

A)Her vision is as sharp as it will ever be.
B)Magdelana can hear as well as the average adult.
C)She has developed a preference for the scent of her mother, compared to the scent of other women.
D)She has a preference for low-pitched sounds and voices.

Question 33

George dumps a bag of marbles onto the ground, scattering the marbles all over. He tells his mother that there are more marbles now. George is demonstrating that he has not achieved the concept of ____. ​

A)object permanence
B)accommodation
C)symbols
D)conservation

Question 34

When little Augustus is given his first vitamin pill, he says, "Yea!!! Candy!!!!" According to Piaget, this is an example of ____. ​

A)assimilation
B)accommodation
C)egocentrism
D)object permanence

Question 35

Veruca's mother is buying breakfast cereal. Even though there is more cereal in the wide plastic containers than in the tall, thin boxes, Veruca cries, "I want the box, Mommy, because I want more!" According to Piaget, Veruca has not yet mastered ____, which means she is probably in the ____ stage of cognitive development. ​

A)conservation; concrete operational
B)conservation; preoperational
C)object permanence; concrete operational
D)object permanence; preoperational

Question 36

Baby Fedelia discovers a red chili-pepper on the floor and calls it "candy." After she puts the chili-pepper in her mouth, she realizes that it is not at all like candy. According to Piaget, this experience will most likely result in ____. ​

A)object permanence
B)accommodation
C)assimilation
D)conservation

Question 37

Shaina starts crying because she thinks that her brother has disappeared, when in fact he just put on his Halloween mask. Piaget would say that Shaina is in the ____ stage and has not yet achieved ____. ​

A)sensorimotor; object permanence
B)sensorimotor; conservation
C)preoperational; object permanence
D)preoperational; conservation

Question 38

A child sees a piece of bread go down in a toaster, then turns away believing it no longer exists. According to Piaget, this child has not yet achieved ____ and is in the ____ stage of cognitive development. ​

A)object permanence; sensorimotor
B)object permanence; preoperational
C)conservation; concrete operational
D)conservation; formal operational

Question 39

Rachel can sort objects by size or color and can solve simple addition and subtraction problems. However, she cannot think logically about abstract ideas such as freedom and justice. Rachel is most likely in Piaget's ____ stage of cognitive development. ​

A)sensorimotor
B)preoperational
C)concrete operational
D)formal operational

Question 40

Tamara, a four-year-old, goes to see a movie at the theatre with her parents. As the movie begins playing, she is amazed by the size of the screen and tells her parents, "We need to get a TV that big at home." Tamara has fit the movie screen into her "TV" schema through ____. ​

A)scripting
B)generalized event representations
C)accommodation
D)assimilation

Question 41

All Ravena can remember from her very early years are fuzzy ideas like "visiting Grandma and Grandpa," "playing at my friend's home," and "preschool classes." These are examples of ____.

A)generalized event representations
B)accommodating early memories
C)infantile scripts
D)repressed explicit memories

Question 42

Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky viewed the human mind as a product of ____. ​

A)genetic influence
B)cultural history
C)self-awareness
D)physical maturation

Question 43

Which statement about recent research in developmental psychology is true? ​

A)Recent research has settled the controversy of the influences of nature and nurture.
B)Recent research has questioned some of Piaget's theories, such as object permanence.
C)Recent research has conclusively authenticated virtually all of Freud's psychosexual theories.
D)Piaget's theories have had no influence on contemporary views of child development.

Question 44

Federico and Nate are debating on how to best study the cognitive activities of children. Federico subscribes to Piaget's approach, which focuses on sudden qualitative advances. Nate disagrees, contending that the information processing approach is superior, because it focuses on ____. ​

A)gradual qualitative changes
B)sudden quantitative advances
C)sudden qualitative changes too
D)gradual quantitative advances

Question 45

Tavis is in Piaget's concrete operations stage of development. Accordingly, Tavis has recently learned to ____. ​

A)understand, create, and use symbols that represent things that are not present
B)take in new information about objects by using existing schemas
C)understand conservation, add, subtract, and measure
D)engage in hypothetical thinking and abstract reasoning

Question 46

Julio is not able to go to school because his family is poor and in his country, school is not free. His lack of schooling will be most likely to ____. ​

A)contribute to role confusion
B)leave him with a sense of isolation
C)decrease his concrete operational skills
D)decrease his formal operational skills

Question 47

Researchers have coined the term infantile amnesia to explain the fact that ____.

A)infants have only explicit memories
B)people have few autobiographical memories before the age of three
C)people have a limited amount of storage and as they acquire "new" memories, "old" memories (from infancy)drop out
D)information processing occurs at a very early age, but metacognition develops much later

Question 48

Three-year-old Quentin is wearing sunglasses. Even though the white wall appears brown to him through the sunglasses, he understands that his friend Felicia sees the wall as white because she is not wearing any glasses. Quentin's observation ____. ​

A)explains the phenomena of object permanence
B)is consistent with Kohlberg's conventional stage of reasoning
C)demonstrates a limitation to Piaget's theory
D)suggests that generativity may occur earlier in the lifespan

Question 49

Paul has decided to write his research paper on the information processing approach to cognitive development. He collects several electronic journal articles and wants to search them for various keywords. Which phrase is least likely to help in his search? ​

A)"Stages of development"
B)"Improved concentration"
C)"Organized memory"
D)"Gradual increases in ability"

Question 50

Harry is in college and is asked to imagine what the world would be like if humans had never invented the wheel. According to Piaget, if Harry is able to think abstractly about this problem, Harry is in the ____ stage of cognitive development. ​

A)sensorimotor
B)concrete operational
C)preoperational
D)formal operational

Question 51

Tim-Tim is three years old and, according to Piaget, in the preoperational stage of cognitive development. Which actual research finding would have surprised Piaget? ​

A)Tim-Tim can do conservation tasks if trained appropriately.
B)Tim-Tim can use symbols.
C)Tim-Tim can play pretend.
D)Tim-Tim can find an object hidden under a cover.

Question 52

Kelvin described, logically and in detail, an imaginary community on Mars-including how people would survive without oxygen and what new laws would be needed. According to Piaget, Kelvin is in the ____ stage of cognitive development. ​

A)sensorimotor
B)preoperational
C)concrete operational
D)formal operational

Question 53

"When Myoung hears the music outside, she runs to her piggy bank." Most people realize that Myoung is going to get money to buy ice cream from a vendor. This is due to the correct use of ____. ​

A)cognitive maps
B)artificial concepts
C)propositions
D)scripts

Question 54

Martina has just begun to be able to carry on discussions about hypothetical worlds and counterfactual possibilities. Martina has just ____. ​

A)entered the formal operational stage
B)resolved her identity crisis
C)learned to take the perspective of other people
D)entered the stage of postconventional moral reasoning

Question 55

Recent modifications of Piaget's research have indicated that children may develop less globally than Piaget originally theorized. These studies suggest that children's reasoning is dependent on their general level of development, as well as ____. ​

A)their ability to self-regulate
B)how familiar they are with the objects involved
C)their attachment style
D)how they use dialectical thinking

Question 56

Piaget's formal operational stage of cognitive development is marked by the first appearance of the ability to ____. ​

A)conserve number and amount
B)engage in abstract, hypothetical thinking
C)form mental representations
D)perform logical operations

Question 57

Brenda has a longer attention span and is better able to filter out distractions than her younger brother Billy. This observation of cognitive ability supports the principles of ____. ​

A)Piaget's theory
B)the Ainsworth study
C)the three main temperament patterns
D)the information processing approach

Question 58

Recent studies indicate that many people have never developed beyond the stage of concrete operational thought. Which statement lends support to this hypothesis? ​

A)Many college students feel unprepared to select a career.
B)Many day-to-day tasks require only concrete operational skill levels.
C)Many adults are unable to solve problems requiring abstract reasoning skills.
D)There is a wide variation regarding when people can solve conservation problems.

Question 59

Christine drives up to the Grease King drive-thru to order dinner, but when she pulls up to the speaker, someone fires up a motorcycle in the parking lot and she can't hear a thing. Although she knows the clerk has said something, Christine doesn't know what he said. She replies anyway, "I'd like a bacon double greaseburger and a side order of fries." Christine knows what to say because she has a ____ for this situation. ​

A)mental model
B)cognitive map
C)proposition
D)script

Question 60

Korean and Chinese children can do arithmetic with three-digit numbers with greater skill than American children. According to research, what is one of the most important factors explaining this differences ____. ​

A)cultural influences on Piaget's sensorimotor stage
B)cultural influences on Vygotsky's social scripts
C)Asian language labels for the numbers eleven to nineteen
D)specific genetic markers in both groups of children

Question 61

Three-year-old Celeste cries and tries to cling to her mother when her mother leaves the house. When Celeste's mother returns and tries to give Celeste a hug, Celeste pushes her away and yells, "Bad mommy!" Celeste's attachment to her mother would be described as ____. ​

A)avoidant
B)ambivalent
C)disorganized
D)secure

Question 62

Little Tara is having lots of fun exploring her aunt's home while her mom and aunt are talking. She crawls into other rooms for brief periods and then makes her way back to her mom. Tara may climb into her mom's lap for a while, but it isn't long until she is off exploring some other room. Tara is exhibiting ____
​

A)infant hyperactivity
B)an insecure attachment
C)a secure attachment
D)sensorimotor play

Question 63

Abby is a gurgling, even-tempered, happy baby. Austin is a fussy, irregular, and irritable baby. These characteristics describe each infant's basic, natural disposition-her or his ____. ​

A)temperament
B)genotype
C)goodness of fit
D)egocentrism

Question 64

A school board educational committee in a rural community is contemplating how to help deprived children improve their academic performance. Which elements do they need to emphasize outside of the classroom, according to developmental psychologists? ​

A)A decrease in extracurricular activities
B)A good balance between play time and study time
C)The inclusion of more material rewards at home
D)The presence of a supportive and stimulating adult at home

Question 65

While at the dentist office, Judith leaves her infant son Patrick for a few minutes with the nurse while she uses the restroom. Upon her return, Patrick does not pay any attention to Judith. Based on this interaction, one could surmise that Patrick has developed a(n)____ attachment style. ​

A)secure
B)avoidant
C)disorganized
D)ambivalent

Question 66

Harlow's studies with two artificial mothers concluded that ____. ​

A)infant monkeys were motivated by the need for contact and comfort
B)females isolated at birth from all social contact still develop into good mothers
C)infant monkeys are more attached to caregivers who provide food than to caregivers who provide comfort
D)monkeys were able to successfully overcome maternal separation and being socially isolated for years

Question 67

Harriet, the monkey, has been socially isolated since birth. Based on what we know from Harlow's research, which symptoms is least likely to be seen in Harriet? ​

A)huddling and rocking in a corner for hours
B)sexual inadequacy
C)abuse of her offspring
D)refusal to eat

Question 68

Kimmy becomes extremely upset and cries every time her mother leaves her at preschool. However, when Kimmy's mom returns for her, Kimmy becomes angry and squirms out of her mom's arms. Kimmy can best be characterized as having a(n)____ attachment style. ​

A)secure
B)avoidant
C)disorganized
D)ambivalent

Question 69

Psychologists who study children's cognitive development in a range of environments have found that ____. ​

A)the cognitive skills of disadvantaged children can be improved by providing the children with extra lessons, stimulating materials, and educational contact with sensitive adults
B)preschool programs have robust and enduring effects
C)the environment does not influence cognitive development beyond the first two years of life
D)once intellectual development has been impaired, there is no hope of reversing the damage

Question 70

Baby Megan has been described as irritable and irregular in her sleeping and eating habits. Megan's temperament is most likely ____. ​

A)easy
B)difficult
C)slow-to-warm-up
D)anxious

Question 71

According to the text, Harlow's research on attachment demonstrated that monkeys who were socially isolated displayed an inability to ____. ​

A)nurture their offspring
B)defend themselves
C)function independently of other monkeys
D)acquire food

Question 72

You are a contestant on a new game show "Psychologize!" You select a question on attachment, and the host asks you to complete the following: As an infant, Bernard's attachment is described as inconsistent, disturbed, and disturbing. You conclude that Bernard has a(n)____ attachment behavior. ​

A)avoidant
B)secure
C)disorganized
D)ambivalent

Question 73

Walt has developed an avoidant attachment style with his father, Michael. How will Walt respond when Michael returns to the room after a brief departure? ​

A)Cry and beg for Michael to hold him.
B)Cry for Michael, yet look away with disinterest.
C)Smile and pay attention to Michael's return.
D)Be unaware that Michael has gone and returned.

Question 74

Two-year-old Aviva and her father are separated in the grocery store for a few minutes. When Aviva sees that her father is gone, she becomes distressed. When Aviva's father returns, Aviva smiles happily and gives him a hug. What kind of attachment does Aviva most likely have with her father? ​

A)secure
B)ambivalent
C)avoidant
D)disorganized

Question 75

Maria's cognitive development seems to be slower than the rest of her classmates'. Many things in her environment might be impairing her cognitive development. Which factor has not been shown to impair cognitive development? ​

A)poverty
B)noise
C)malnourishment
D)electronic games

Question 76

Devin is a cheerful nine-month-old infant who wakes up every day at 5:30 a.m., eats lunch every day at noon, and goes to bed at 9 p.m. He gets fussy in the afternoon but can usually be lulled to sleep. As most babies classified by temperament pattern, he would most likely be classified as ____. ​

A)slow-to-warm-up
B)fast-to-warm-up
C)easy
D)difficult

Question 77

While at a friend's house, Maggie steps into the kitchen and leaves her infant daughter Mikala in the living room. Maggie returns a minute later and sits down to comfort Mikala. Upon doing so, Mikala becomes distressed and begins to cry incessantly. It appears that Mikala and Maggie have a(n)____ attachment style. ​

A)permissive
B)disorganized
C)avoidant
D)secure

Question 78

From the time she was born until the age of four months, Tabitha has been irregular and irritable in her style and frequency of expressing needs and emotions. Tabitha can best be described as a(n)____ baby. ​

A)avoidant
B)slow-to-warm-up
C)securely attached
D)difficult

Question 79

Chun-Sun is going to kindergarten and is very shy. She acts very inhibited and does not play much with the other kids. After a couple of weeks, she begins to play with other kids. Based on what we know about temperament, she most likely was a(n)____ baby when she was younger. ​

A)easy
B)slow-to-warm-up
C)difficult
D)ambivalent

Question 80

As a young single mother, Dameka is concerned about the effects of sending her six-week-old child to day care, but she has to go to work. A day-care center that ____ is most likely to result in an insecure attachment between Dameka and her baby. ​

A)is insensitive to each individual baby's needs
B)allows the moms to come in and out, disrupting the day
C)encourages independence in the children
D)strongly promotes academic success and achievement