Deck 17: The Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment

Question 1

The blending of religion and science in terms of explaining the creation of the universe was found in the belief of _____________.

A) scholasticism
B) argument from design
C) materialism
D) pragmatic creation
E) naturalism

Answer 1

argument from design

Question 2

Whose Discourse on Method espoused the deductive method?

A) Bacon
B) Newton
C) Descartes
D) Rousseau
E) Pope

Answer 2

Descartes

Question 3

All of the following ideas are associated with John Locke except _____________.

A) the chief purpose of government was to protect private property rights
B) people are born without innate ideas
C) absolutism is the best form of government
D) human understanding comes through our experiences
E) the concept of a social contract

Answer 3

absolutism is the best form of government

Question 4

The idea that human history was the story of intellectual progress was espoused by _____________.

A) New Scientists
B) deists
C) moderns
D) freemasons
E) the Royal Society

Question 5

Galileo Galilei made advances on the work of all of the following except _____________.

A) Copernicus
B) Brahe
C) Kepler
D) Ptolemy
E) Newton

Question 6

The modern concept of scientific objectivity emerged from the ideas of _____________.

A) Pascal
B) Hobbes
C) Locke
D) Boyle
E) Newton

Question 7

What was revolutionary about Copernicus's theory in On the Revolution of the Heavenly Bodies ?

A) He argued that there were other planets outside our solar system.
B) He argued that it was possible there was life on other planets.
C) He argued that the Earth was part of a larger system orbiting the sun.
D) He argued that gravity held all the planets in line with the sun.
E) He argued that God had not created the universe but that it just existed.

Question 8

The scientist who conducted his own dissection of corpses during anatomy lectures was _____________.

A) Andreas Vesalius
B) Galen
C) William Harvey
D) Ptolemy
E) Leonardo Da Vinci

Question 9

Thomas Hobbes endorsed the idea of _____________.

A) the divine right of kings
B) political absolutism
C) liberal democracy
D) communal anarchy
E) All of these.

Question 10

Who first argued that the planets' orbits around the sun were elliptical?

A) Tycho Brahe
B) Johannes Kepler
C) Galileo Galilei
D) Isaac Newton
E) Immanual Kant

Question 11

Who first used the telescope to look into space?

A) Tycho Brahe
B) Johannes Kepler
C) Galileo Galilei
D) Isaac Newton
E) Immanual Kant

Question 12

The scientist given credit for a complete theory of the universe was _____________.

A) René Descartes
B) Ptolemy
C) Galileo
D) Isaac Newton
E) Sir Francis Bacon

Question 13

John Locke argued that _____________.

A) government was a contract between the state and its people
B) people were required to submit to authority rather than look after their own interests
C) people were inherently evil and required a strong government to keep them in line
D) science diverted people's attention from solving social issues
E) None of these are true.

Question 14

Blaise Pascal tried to reconcile religion and science by arguing that _____________.

A) innate ideas allowed humans to conceive of God
B) the laws of motion implied that something or someone had to initiate motion to start with; hence, God existed
C) the heart drew on intuition as the mind drew on logic, but the heart provided a deeper view
D) deism would not explain miracles; hence, science and religion had to be compatible
E) God gave humans the knowledge and reason to analyze the workings of the universe, but not the ability to create one

Question 15

Much of the new work done during the Scientific Revolution was by _____________.

A) astronomers
B) mathematicians
C) philosophers
D) physiologists
E) physicists

Question 16

What was alchemy?

A) The belief that powers of nature could be revealed through observation of and experimentation with chemicals
B) A belief that chemistry could transform natural materials
C) A scientific process of application of chemicals to determine the physical universe
D) A science to discover the physical properties of liquids
E) The belief that all material properties were held together with chemical bonds

Question 17

Sir Francis Bacon is notable for _____________.

A) being lord chancellor under James I
B) being a proponent of the inductive method
C) contributing to Newton's scientific method
D) believing that authority of knowledge came from the world itself, not the ancient scientific writings
E) All of these.

Question 18

Where was Nicholas Copernicus from?

A) Austria
B) Prussia
C) Russia
D) Poland
E) Italy

Question 19

Newton combined the ideas of ____________ to arrive at the scientific method.

A) Rousseau and Descartes
B) Bacon and Descartes
C) Rousseau and Bacon
D) Vesalius and Descartes
E) Rousseau and Vesalius

Question 20

Alexander Pope was a(n) _____________.

A) astronomer
B) physicist
C) poet
D) biologist
E) priest

Question 21

Voltaire was imprisoned in the Bastille after _____________.

A) he wrote Candide
B) his public statements on the The Calas Affair
C) he had a quarrel with a wealthy family
D) he published Philosophical Letters on the English
E) he wrote Elements of Newton's Philosophy

Question 22

Which of the following fields are referenced in Diderot's Encyclopèdie ?

A) Religion
B) Philosophy
C) Artisanal crafts
D) Politics
E) All of these.

Question 23

Jean Jacques Rousseau's religion was ultimately _____________.

A) Catholic
B) Calvinist
C) deist
D) Lutheran
E) atheist.

Question 24

Who was the founder of Hasidic Judaism?

A) Elijah of Vilinius
B) Moses Mendelssohn
C) the Baal Shem Tov
D) Sabbatai Sevi
E) the Tzadik

Question 25

The underlying debate in the Calas affair was _____________.

A) how much power a government should have
B) how corrupt religion was in France
C) whether it was appropriate for torture to be used in legal proceedings
D) whether people should have the right to switch religions
E) the necessity of the government to remain separate from religious concerns in the area of legal justice

Question 26

Deism embraced which philosophy?

A) Christianity
B) Christian humanism.
C) Atheism
D) Naturalism
E) Agnosticism

Question 27

Who wrote What is Enlightenment ?

A) Kant
B) Rousseau
C) Descartes
D) Voltaire
E) Diderot

Question 28

The venues where men could interact socially in a more inclusive environment were _____________.

A) taverns
B) Masonic lodges
C) gentlemen's clubs
D) athletic events
E) coffeehouses

Question 29

The places where women could participate in the reading revolution on an equal footing were _____________.

A) salons
B) coffeehouses
C) universities
D) businesses
E) royal circles

Question 30

One of the clearest signs of the rise of literacy in eighteenth-century Europe was _____________.

A) the spread of lending libraries
B) increased circulation of newspapers
C) growth of the printing profession
D) women working as writers
E) None of these indicates rising literacy rates.

Question 31

With the change in reading habits of the eighteenth century, all of the following were newly popular forms of reading except _____________.

A) novels
B) newspapers
C) political tracts
D) scientific papers
E) religious materials

Question 32

Which of the following is not the correct author-to-title match?

A) Montesquieu, Spirit of the Laws
B) Rousseau, The Social Contract
C) Hobbes, Essays on Human Understanding
D) Voltaire, Philosophical Letters on the English
E) Locke, Two Treatises on Government

Question 33

The new venues for disseminating science and enlightenment works included all of the following except _____________.

A) salons
B) coffeehouses
C) novels
D) Masonic lodges
E) guilds

Question 34

The policy of enriching a nation's wealth through direct management of people and resources was known as _____________.

A) mercantilism
B) capitalism
C) enlightened despotism
D) cameralism
E) chartism

Question 35

One of Voltaire's greatest supporters was _____________.

A) Cosimo II de' Medici
B) Alexander Pope
C) Catherine II
D) King Louis XVI of France
E) King George III of England

Question 36

A support for the removal of religion from science was found in the ideas of _____________.

A) deism
B) the Scientific Method
C) materialism
D) heliocentrism
E) pure gospel in the Reformation

Question 37

Montesquieu's Spirit of the Laws proposed that _____________.

A) people must be ruled by enlightened kings
B) the best government for France would be a republic
C) there is no one form of government that is universally preferable
D) a government can serve the needs of the people only through the establishment of a mutually understood constitution
E) a social contract cannot be understood by people without an education

Question 38

Moses Mendelssohn brought Jewish philosophy into the Enlightenment with his ideas that _____________.

A) Judaism should be stripped of miracles and supernatural references to reflect the natural world
B) all religion was fraudulent
C) Jews should embrace their unique beliefs as the foundation of monotheism
D) Yiddish should be the universal vernacular language of the Hebrew people
E) None of these.

Question 39

What was the main purpose for the meeting of freemasons?

A) To discuss scientific progress and publications
B) To subvert Catholicism through intellectual debate
C) To form a network for the financial interests of guild members
D) To create a fraternity for social interaction
E) To conspire to overthrow the government

Question 40

In his pivotal work The Social Contract , Rousseau posed what political argument?

A) Absolutism was justified in certain conditions.
B) The best system of government was a constitutional monarchy.
C) Democracy was the best form of government because it relied on the general will.
D) Each society had different needs determined by their individual and economic history.
E) The oppressed worker would soon rise up and overthrow his feudal overlords.

Question 41

Cartesian dualism argued that _____________.

A) the body and mind were inextricably linked
B) the body was material and the mind was not
C) an intertwined relationship existed between reason and emotion
D) men and women were not equal by virtue of physical differences
E) None of these were true.

Question 42

The writer of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman was _____________.

A) Elisabeth Vigée-Lebrun
B) Aphra Behn
C) Lady Mary Wortley Montagu
D) Madame du Chatelet
E) Mary Wollstonecraft

Question 43

How did the Enlightenment affect Jewish thought?

Question 44

How did the philosophes reconcile their ideas about human equality with their support of slavery?

Question 45

Compare and contrast Medieval cosmology with that of the sixteenth century.

Question 46

Analyze the debate over women's role in the Enlightenment and as part of the intellectual community.

Question 47

Most philosophes supported the idea that women _____________.

A) were intellectually equal to men
B) were not prepared to be rulers
C) should focus on motherhood
D) were weaker in body and therefore weaker in mind
E) should be admitted to universities

Question 48

Why was the effect of Rousseau's Social Contract so profoundly different from that of other philosophes?

Question 49

Contrast Hobbes and Locke's views of human nature and connect each to the political philosophy of the time?

Question 50

Discuss the ideas and innovations of Descartes.

Question 51

The idea of public opinion as influencing state politics was seen most in which countries?

A) England and France
B) France and Spain
C) The Netherlands
D) Prussia and Russia
E) Prussia and Austria

Question 52

The philosopher who proposed that Americans were degenerate as an example of Eurocentrism was _____________.

A) Thomas Jefferson
B) Abbé Raynal
C) Thomas Cooke
D) Thomas Hobbes
E) Voltaire

Question 53

The person who undermined Raynal's argument of the brutishness of indigenous peoples by example was _____________.

A) Thomas Jefferson
B) Benjamin Franklin
C) Bartolome de las Casas
D) John Winthrop
E) John Adams

Question 54

Under cameralism, in what way were kings were seen?

A) As divinely ordained rulers
B) As unlimited authority figures
C) As supreme political managers
D) As directors of the people's will
E) As expendable

Question 55

The major debates on human similarity and difference focused on all of the following except _____________.

A) the institution of slavery
B) the relationship between men and women
C) the relationship between Europeans and non-Europeans
D) the essence of human rights and whether these were universal
E) elements of universality

Question 56

What are the differences between the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment?

Question 57

In addition to Americans, Europeans debated the civilized qualities of whom?

A) Canadians
B) the people of the South Pacific
C) Chinese
D) Africans
E) Latin Americans

Question 58

Which philosopher argued against slavery?

A) Hobbes
B) Locke
C) Montesquieu
D) Rousseau
E) Jefferson

Question 59

How did literacy change -both in style and in audience- in the eighteenth century?

Question 60

What was revolutionary about New Science?

Question 61

Abbé Raynal believed that Europeans were manifesting God's destiny in colonizing North America.

Question 62

Denis Diderot believed that all human knowledge could be compiled and catalogued into an encyclopedia.

Question 63

Montesquieu's first book satirized French society from the point of view of imagined Persian tourists.

Question 64

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.
René Descartes

Question 65

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.
inductive method

Question 66

Francis Bacon endorsed the deductive method of reasoning.

Question 67

The idea of cameralism argued that Kings were not divine beings, but supreme political managers.

Question 68

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.
Johannes Kepler

Question 69

How did the evolution of the coffee house and the salon make the Enlightenment possible?

Question 70

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.
Sir Francis Bacon

Question 71

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.
Nicholas Copernicus

Question 72

Most of the early scientists in the Scientific Revolution refused any royal patronage for fear of losing their autonomy in discoveries.

Question 73

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.
Galileo Galilei

Question 74

The coffeehouse phenomenon began in Paris.

Question 75

Immanuel Kant argued that the enlightened mind would logically choose democracy as a political reform.

Question 76

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.
Sir Isaac Newton

Question 77

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.
Tycho Brahe

Question 78

What were the ideas of Abbé Raynal regarding the New World inhabitants, and what were the response of Jefferson to them?

Question 79

Emile du Châtelet helped her lover Voltaire better understand the works of Newton.

Question 80

Descartes and Locke argued that, via Cartesian dualism, men and women were of equal intellectual potential.