Deck 13: Neurocognitive and Sleep-Wake Disorders

Question 1

Sanjay was diagnosed with a neurocognitive disorder. Which of the following could be the specific diagnosis?

A) schizoaffective disorder
B) traumatic brain injury
C) mood disorder
D) psychosis

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Late on Saturday night, Dennie is taken to the hospital after drinking twenty beers. His confusion, rambling, and incoherent speech stop as soon as the alcohol is out of his system. This incident illustrates ____.

A) an amnestic disorder
B) dementia
C) delirium
D) a neurocognitive disorder not otherwise specified

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Tonya is suspected of having a brain tumor. She goes to the hospital, where a detailed image of her brain is produced using a magnetic field and radio frequency pulses. What kind of brain assessment took place?

A) MRI
B) TBI
C) CTE
D) APOE

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Richardson, et al. (2014) found four times more residue from ____ in patients with Alzheimer's disease.

A) pesticides
B) alcohol
C) carbon monoxide
D) chlorine

Question 5

In order to receive a DSM-5 major neurocognitive disorder diagnosis, individuals must demonstrate significant decline in ____.

A) one or more cognitive domains and in the ability to meet the demands of daily life independently
B) reality testing and in coping with stressors
C) physical health and in psychological health
D) visual-perceptual ability and in social cognition

Question 6

MRIs and other forms structural and functional neurological tests are used to assess ____.

A) intelligence
B) brain function
C) mood disorders
D) psychosis

Question 7

In neurocognitive disorders, ____.

A) social and psychological factors play no role
B) brain dysfunctions cause problems with thinking processes, memory, consciousness, and perception
C) there may be symptoms of brain pathology, but no organic cause is assumed
D) psychological factors cause the brain to malfunction

Question 8

Which condition involves memory impairment and declining cognitive functioning resulting from degenerative brain conditions?

A) delirium
B) amnestic disorder
C) dementia
D) neurocognitive disorders not otherwise specified

Question 9

Professor Solomon tells her class, "Neurocognitive disorders are diagnosed through a process of elimination. Neurocognitive disorders may be due to a specific medical condition, a substance-induced condition, or may result from multiple etiologies. The category of neurocognitive disorders is arbitrary because other mental disorders may be associated with neurocognitive disorders and organic involvement. It is always difficult to measure, assess, and determine the causes of neurocognitive disorders." Which part of Professor Solomon's statement is accurate?

A) Neurocognitive disorders are diagnosed through a process of elimination.
B) Neurocognitive disorders may be due to a specific medical condition, a substance-induced condition, or may result from multiple etiologies.
C) The category of neurocognitive disorders is arbitrary because other mental disorders may be associated with neurocognitive disorders and organic involvement.
D) The causes of neurocognitive disorders cannot be effectively measured or assessed as of yet.

Question 10

The three major categories of neurocognitive disorders listed in the DSM-5 are ____.

A) mild neurocognitive disorder, major neurocognitive disorder, and delirium
B) minor neurocognitive disorder, major neurocognitive disorder, and dementia
C) Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease
D) neurocognitive disorder, neurodegenerative disorder, and stroke

Question 11

Brenda is undergoing a test that combines X-rays and computer analysis to assess her brain damage. Which test is being used?

A) CTE
B) CT
C) AS
D) TBI

Question 12

Which of the following is considered a possible cause of neurocognitive disorders?

A) stress
B) anxiety
C) depression
D) traumatic brain injury (TBI)

Question 13

Which elderly person is at highest risk for developing some type of dementia?

A) Paige, a 89 year old female
B) Paul, a 60 year old male
C) Patty, a 65 year old depressed female
D) Preston, a 70 year old depressed male

Question 14

The leading causes of traumatic brain injuries are ____.

A) falls and vehicle accidents
B) vehicle accidents and assault
C) assault and being struck by an object
D) war and crime

Question 15

Ali has difficulty speaking. He also experiences memory deficits and issues with making plans and thinking abstractly. Ali suffers from behavioral disturbances that result from damage to the brain, which is technically referred to as a(n) ____.

A) psychosomatic disorder
B) identity disorder
C) mood disorder
D) neurocognitive disorder

Question 16

Strokes damaging the left side of the brain typically affect ____, as well as physical movement on the right half of the body; whereas strokes occurring within the right hemisphere can ____ in addition to impairing motor movement on the left side of the body.

A) speech and language proficiency; impair judgment and short-term memory
B) impair judgment and short-term memory; speech and language proficiency
C) empathic abilities; increase impulsivity
D) impulsivity; decrease empathic abilities

Question 17

What neuroimaging technique that is used to produce images of metabolic activity in the brain?

A) TBI
B) CTE
C) PET
D) SPECT

Question 18

Medical professionals utilize ____, which allow them to noninvasively visualize brain structures and monitor activity within the brain.

A) neuroimaging techniques
B) psychological tests
C) neuropsychological tests
D) mental status examination

Question 19

Dr. Pushkin is seeing a new patient whom she suspects has a neurocognitive disorder. Dr. Pushkin wants to assess quickly the patient's overall cognitive functioning, including the patient's memory, attentional skills, and orientation to time and place. What instrument will Dr. Pushkin most likely use to conduct this assessment?

A) objective personality testing
B) neuropsychological testing
C) neuroimaging techniques
D) mental status exam

Question 20

Forgetting names of significant others and displaying difficulties with impulse control are examples of ____.

A) dementia
B) delirium
C) depression
D) anxiety

Question 21

The most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder is ____.

A) stroke
B) multi-infarct dementia
C) vascular dementia
D) Alzheimer's disease

Question 22

Episodes of delirium are common with the ill and the elderly because ____.

A) they are likely to develop delirium with medical illness or surgical procedures
B) their immune systems are compromised and are likely to develop delirium with infection
C) they are susceptible to inflammation of tissues surrounding the brain that cause delirium
D) their skeletal structure deteriorates, which causes loss in cognitive functioning

Question 23

Rozee is 91years old. Her doctor suspects that she may have Parkinson's disease because she ____.

A) has hand and face tremors
B) was recently in a vehicle accident and injured her head
C) has become very impulsive
D) is experiencing seizures

Question 24

A characteristic that distinguishes delirium from mild and major neurocognitive disorder is the ____.

A) acute onset of symptoms
B) gradual onset of symptoms
C) decline in functioning
D) severity of symptoms

Question 25

The primary distinction between major and minor neurocognitive disorder is ____.

A) the severity of cognitive decline and related decline in independent functioning
B) the extent of the brain damage and neurochemical abnormalities
C) the use of compensatory strategies
D) there is no distinction, they are the same disorder

Question 26

When a neurocognitive disorder is characterized by significant memory impairment and cognitive disturbances, or significant disturbances in planning and abstracting in thought processes, it is considered to be ____.

A) delirium
B) a major neurocognitive disorder
C) a mild neurocognitive disorder
D) a neurocognitive disorder, not otherwise specified

Question 27

Terrance hits his head in a skateboard competition. He is able to get up and talk to others for an hour before he literally collapses and dies without warning. What neurocognitive condition did Terrance demonstrating?

A) concussion
B) cerebral contusion
C) plaque
D) talk and die syndrome

Question 28

Which of the following can cause a neurocognitive disorder?

A) ischemic stoke
B) depression
C) stress
D) aging

Question 29

Marcus is 83 takes a long time to think about and say what he is thinking. Simple thoughts take a lot of effort, and he needs help with his finances. He developed this condition very suddenly and has experienced a steady cognitive decline. Marcus was diagnosed with mild neurocognitive disorder. What aspect of his case is unusual ?

A) It is unusual for mild neurocognitive disorder to show a steady cognitive decline.
B) It is unusual for mild neurocognitive disorder to occur in someone over 80.
C) It is unusual for mild neurocognitive disorder to involve speech aphasia.
D) It is unusual for mild neurocognitive disorder to have a sudden onset.

Question 30

What is most important to survival and recovery from a traumatic brain injury?

A) immediate medical intervention
B) psychological testing
C) social support
D) optimism

Question 31

Hazel was not wearing her helmet when she had an accident on her bicycle. As she fell, her brain was punctured by a broken spoke from the wheel of her bike, causing a rupture of her brain and hemorrhaging. Hazel experiences which type of head injury?

A) concussion
B) cerebral laceration
C) contusion
D) anoxia

Question 32

Rose, 89 years old, has had a gradual loss of memory in her daily life activities, such as remembering people's names and phone numbers. However, in her Bible study class, she makes insightful comments and understands the topic of discussion. This would suggest that Rose is experiencing ____.

A) normal aging
B) early signs of Alzheimer's disease
C) early signs of dementia
D) a minor neurocognitive disorder

Question 33

The core feature of Alzheimer's disease is ____.

A) memory impairment
B) hallucinations and delusions
C) disorientation of place and time
D) acute onset of symptoms

Question 34

The prevalence of AD is ____.

A) 5 million Americans
B) 11 million Americans
C) 18 million Americans
D) 20 million Americans

Question 35

Because of high blood pressure, lack of physical exercise, and heavy smoking, Donald is at risk for having ____.

A) ischemic stroke
B) traumatic brain injury
C) Alzheimer's disease
D) frontotemporal lobar degeneration

Question 36

Dr. Berkins told her gerontology students that there are three major neurocognitive disorder categories listed in the DSM-5. These include major neurocognitive disorder, delirium, and ____.

A) mild neurocognitive disorder
B) dementia
C) brain pathology
D) learning disabilities

Question 37

Ian suddenly became incoherent at 3 a.m. yesterday. He was agitated and unable to focus his attention and did not know where he was when taken to the hospital. After two days, the cocaine was out of his system and his cognitive functioning returned to normal. What form of neurocognitive disorder did he display?

A) none; he was experiencing withdrawal
B) minor neurocognitive disorder
C) delirium
D) traumatic brain injury

Question 38

Who has the lowest risk for developing dementia?

A) Arlene, an 85-year-old woman recovering from a hip fracture
B) Bonnie, a 70-year-old woman who recently had a stroke
C) Cora, a 35-year-old woman who injured her head in a bicycle fall
D) Dora, a 35-year-old women who is being treated for alcohol dependence

Question 39

Jed was hospitalized for a hip surgery. He is eight years old, and is now exhibiting confusion about the time of day or day of week. He is unable to focus on anything. These symptoms started while he was in the hospital. What is a likely diagnosis?

A) delirium
B) dementia
C) Alzheimer's
D) Parkinson's

Question 40

Which statement about dementia is accurate ?

A) Which statement about dementia is accurate ?
B) Dementia never involves hallucinations or delusions.
C) The prevalence of dementia decreases after age 65.
D) Dementia is associated with a wide range of disorders.

Question 41

Wilma is 76 years old and has noticed that her memory is not as sharp as it was earlier in her life. This memory loss might be due to which of the following?

A) epilepsy
B) Alzheimer's disease
C) playing computer games
D) exposure to cognitively challenging tasks

Question 42

Which of the following is a common outcome of severe brain trauma?

A) complete recovery without intellectual or emotional difficulties
B) complete intellectual recovery but continuing emotional problems
C) complete emotional recovery but cognitive difficulties
D) continuing cognitive difficulties and emotional disturbances

Question 43

Andre has been diagnosed with PD, which is causing problems with voluntary motor movement. What would physicians do to help the brain resume producing dopamine?

A) gene therapy
B) antidepressant
C) psychotherapy
D) frontal cortex lobotomy

Question 44

Dr. Metzner is the director of a large nursing home. He and his staff are likely which of the following among the stroke patients?

A) impaired motor movement
B) schizophrenia
C) adjustment disorder
D) post-traumatic stress disorder

Question 45

Mr. Pappadopolis has a neurocognitive disorder that has caused an interesting symptom: He no longer acknowledges the left side of his body. For example, he does not shave the left side of his face or button his left shirt cuff. This is a sign that he ____.

A) has Parkinson's disease
B) suffered a stroke
C) is recovering from a traumatic brain injury
D) has aphasia and agnosia

Question 46

The senior center in a large town is interested in the cognitive problems that its customers are likely to have. Research suggests that which of the following will most likely be an impairment resulting from the normal aging process?

A) increasing disorientation and confusion
B) impairment of cognitive skills occurring across all cognitive domains
C) slower to complete mental or physical activities
D) unaware and unconcerned about memory difficulties

Question 47

Priscilla is in an auto accident that causes her head to crash against the windshield. Her brain is pressed against the skull and bruised by the impact. She loses consciousness for three days, but none of the brain tissue is torn. Priscilla experienced a ____.

A) cerebral laceration
B) cerebrovascular accident
C) stroke
D) contusion

Question 48

Age-related decreases in cognitive function ____.

A) occur in 35 to 45 percent of those over age 65
B) usually begin in a person's early 40s and 50s
C) can be prevented and reduced in some individuals by engaging in mentally stimulating exercises
D) rarely can be stopped because they are genetically programmed

Question 49

Sophie is playing volleyball. As she is about to spike the ball over the net, another player on her team accidentally collides with her, and Sophie hits her head against one of the metal poles that holds up the net. Sophie loses consciousness for a few seconds and, in a daze, she walked to the bench to sit down. Although she had a headache for a couple of weeks, she suffers no other effects from the blow. Sophie has experienced what type of brain injury?

A) a contusion
B) a concussion
C) a laceration
D) a cerebrovascular accident

Question 50

Research conducted by Hankey (2011) has found that factors such as hypertension, smoking, abdominal obesity, limited physical activity, and stress account for ____ of the risk of stroke.

A) 40 percent
B) 60 percent
C) 75 percent
D) 90 percent

Question 51

Logan has suffered a deterioration of some of his intellectual and physical abilities that has occurred over the course of a long period of time. Logan is experiencing the death of brain cells. Which condition is occurring?

A) delirium
B) neurodegeneration
C) atherosclerosis
D) presenile dementia

Question 52

Hilary was involved in a shooting that leaves her with traumatic brain injury. She spends several weeks in a coma. Afterward, she experienced headaches, disorientation, confusion, and irritability, as well as depression. She is then diagnosed with chronic traumatic encephalopathy. What, if any, aspect of Hilary's case is unusual ?

A) It is unusual for people with a single traumatic brain injury to have a chronic traumatic encephalopathy diagnosis.
B) It is unusual for people with traumatic brain injury to be in a coma for weeks.
C) It is unusual for people with traumatic brain injury to feel depressed.
D) It is unusual for people with traumatic brain injury to experience headaches, disorientation, confusion, and irritability.

Question 53

Harold was involved in a fight and received several kicks to the head. A CAT scan revealed bruising of his cortex. Harold's symptoms suggest ____.

A) that he suffered a contusion
B) apraxia and agnosia
C) that he suffered a stroke
D) that a cerebral laceration occurred

Question 54

Age-related declines in cognitive functioning may not be noticed for which of the following reasons?

A) The ability to recognize changes is one of the cognitive abilities that suffers, so the declines tend to go unnoticed.
B) They have less of an effect on daily functioning.
C) The lack of commitment to and participation in rehabilitation services.
D) The knowledge of possible cognitive decline can be more harmful than helpful.

Question 55

A series of small strokes or a temporary blockage in blood flow leading to the brain is a condition known as ____.

A) a specific medical condition
B) transient ischemic attack
C) spatial-visual neglect
D) cerebral laceration

Question 56

A clogging of the arteries resulting from a build-up of plaque composed of fat, cholesterol, and other substances is called ____.

A) atherosclerosis
B) aphasia
C) hypertension
D) agnosia

Question 57

Which statement about strokes is accurate ?

A) Survivors can never recover.
B) Survivors generally require short-term care.
C) Strokes are a significant cause of disability.
D) Most strokes occur in individuals younger than 50 years of age.

Question 58

Vascular neurocognitive disorders can result from ____ and ____.

A) stroke; ongoing disruptions to the cardiovascular system
B) Alzheimer's disease; Parkinson's disease
C) psychosis; affective disturbances
D) traumatic brain injury; hypertension

Question 59

"A physical wound or internal injury to the brain" is a definition of ____.

A) infarction
B) diaschisis
C) traumatic brain injury
D) cerebrovascular accident or stroke

Question 60

Vascular cognitive impairment , and atherosclerosis are terms associated with ____.

A) Alzheimer's disease
B) cerebral tumors
C) strokes
D) meningitis and encephalitis

Question 61

When an individual experiences a collapse of the soft tissue in the back of the throat that partially blocks the airway, they are diagnosed with ____.

A) hypersomnolence disorder
B) obstructive sleep apnea
C) sleep inertia
D) circadian rhythm sleep disorder

Question 62

Which disorder would be characterized with episodes of intense fear occurring during sleep?

A) REM sleep behavior disorder
B) nightmare disorder
C) sleepwalking
D) sleep terrors

Question 63

Skip undergoes a surgical procedure in which electrodes are implanted in his brain to reduce his tremors and other motor disturbances. Which disorder is being treated?

A) Huntington's disease
B) Cerebral vascular disorder
C) Parkinson's disease
D) Alzheimer's disease

Question 64

A handout on Alzheimer's disease says, "Alzheimer's is the third leading cause of dementia in older persons. It only affects the elderly, it causes marked deterioration in mental functioning without emotional disturbances, and it has no cure." Which portion of this statement is accurate ?

A) It is accurate to say that Alzheimer's only affects the elderly.
B) It is accurate to say that Alzheimer's has no cure.
C) It is accurate to say that Alzheimer's is the third leading cause of dementia in older persons.
D) It is accurate to say that Alzheimer's causes marked deterioration in mental functioning without emotional disturbances.

Question 65

Danny works a short series of overnight shifts and then finds that he is having trouble getting back on a regular sleep schedule. When he sees a doctor he is told he has a type of dyssomnia. What will Danny need to do?

A) take medicine to help him fall asleep each night
B) stay awake at night and sleep during the day
C) drink warm milk and do some exercise so he is tired enough to fall asleep
D) set up a quiet pattern before bed and clear his mind

Question 66

Which nocturnal activity would increase the risk of dyssomnia?

A) eating a late heavy meal
B) drinking water late at night
C) taking a bath before bedtime
D) Reading a book in bed

Question 67

Dr. Wayne says during a differential diagnosis, "We know that the patient's cognitive disorder is caused by an infectious agent. That automatically rules out ____."

A) syphilis
B) encephalitis
C) AIDS dementia
D) Huntington's disease

Question 68

Why might having AIDS produce dementia?

A) Most people with AIDS have a history of Alzheimer's disease.
B) Most people with AIDS are over age 65.
C) The AIDS virus narrows the capillary walls and produces infarctions.
D) The AIDS virus invades the brain and affects mental processes.

Question 69

Bethany starts working as a nurse on the night shift, and therefore, must change her normal sleeping patterns to accommodate her job. As a result, she has trouble sleeping. What would be the likely diagnosis?

A) parasomnia
B) circadian rhythm sleep disorder
C) sleep inertia
D) hypersomnolence disorder

Question 70

It is a rare, genetically transmitted disorder that involves twitching movements, dementia, and death. Its symptoms begin to appear in childhood to late in life, and onset most typically occurs during midlife. What is it?

A) Huntington's disease
B) Alzheimer's disease
C) Parkinson's disease
D) Meningitis

Question 71

Which statement about parasomnias is accurate ?

A) The etiology with parasomnias has been well established.
B) Physiological sleep systems function normally, but psychological systems do not.
C) Parasomnias occur when an individual cannot get to sleep.
D) Parasomnias often remit spontaneously.

Question 72

Neurofibrillary tangles, memory loss, and senile plaques are all related to ____.

A) Huntington's chorea
B) epilepsy
C) traumatic brain injury
D) Alzheimer's disease

Question 73

Which of the following has been identified as a factor that can help reduce the risk and help slow the progression of Alzheimer's disease?

A) genetic endowment with the APOE-e4 gene
B) use of anti-inflammatory drugs
C) a healthy cardiovascular system
D) higher education

Question 74

The cause of Alzheimer's disease is ____.

A) believed to be a product of hereditary and environmental factors
B) excessive drinking leading to encephalopathy
C) the natural aging process
D) excessive blood flow in the brain

Question 75

Cade has been having trouble waking up and staying awake during the day. He sleeps long hours at night and still feels tired all of the time. What would be a likely diagnosis?

A) hypersomnolence disorder
B) sleep inertia
C) sleep apnea
D) cataplexy

Question 76

Sybil becomes somewhat dazed as she hits her head against an open cabinet door. She has experienced the mildest form of head injury, known as a ____.

A) cerebral laceration
B) contusion
C) concussion
D) stroke

Question 77

What is the strongest risk factor for dementia?

A) lifestyle
B) drug use
C) age
D) genetics

Question 78

A physician says, "Most people know that AIDS leaves people open to deadly infections, but few are aware that cognitive impairment may be the first sign of HIV infection or AIDS. In serious cases, a diagnosis of AIDS delirium complex (ADC) is made. Prevalence of ADC among persons with HIV infection is between 30 to 40 percent in Western countries. Recently, medications have proven to improve symptoms of ADC once they develop." What about the physician's comments is correct ?

A) Cognitive impairment may be the first sign of HIV infection or AIDS.
B) In serious cases, a diagnosis of AIDS delirium complex (ADC) is made.
C) Medications have proven to improve symptoms of ADC.
D) Prevalence of ADC among persons with HIV infection is between 30 to 40 percent in Western countries.

Question 79

At age 64, Mrs. Willis began a long mental decline. She first showed memory loss and irritability, then delusions, social withdrawal, dementia, and finally death at age 68. An autopsy showed neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques in her brain. Mrs. Willis died of ____.

A) Alzheimer's disease
B) aphasia
C) epilepsy
D) ischemic stroke

Question 80

Which of the following organic brain disorders are incurable and always fatal?

A) Alzheimer's disease and meningitis
B) Huntington's disease and stroke
C) stroke and meningitis
D) Alzheimer's disease and Huntington's disease