Deck 12: Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders

Question 1

Which symptom is a primary characteristic of schizophrenia?

A) short-term memory deficits
B) fear of being left alone
C) feelings of worthlessness
D) marked disturbances in thinking

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Tuyet-Hoa hears voices in her head. These voices often tell her that she is a bad person and does not deserve to live. Tuyet-Hoa suffers from ____.

A) auditory hallucinations
B) somatic hallucinations
C) nihilistic delusions
D) thought insertion

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The group of disorders that is characterized by severely impaired cognitive processes, personality disintegration, affective disturbances, and social withdrawal is collectively termed ____.

A) mood disorders
B) schizophrenia spectrum disorders
C) personality affective disorders
D) schizotypal and schizoid personality disorders

Answer 3

B

Question 4

A clinical psychologist is interested in minimizing the delusions in a patient with schizophrenia. A method for doing this involves ____.

A) weakening and then directly challenging the delusions
B) relaxation training and response prevention
C) exaggeration and humor, followed by aversive conditioning
D) agreeing with the delusional ideas until they seem absurd

Question 5

Which statement about schizophrenia is accurate?

A) Research suggests that schizophrenia is a distinct disorder.
B) Individuals do not recover from schizophrenia.
C) Lifetime prevalence rates of schizophrenia in the United States are about four percent.
D) The causes of schizophrenia are not well understood.

Question 6

Mason hears voices and believes he is Napoleon. Jason shows no emotions, even in situations where strong reactions would be expected. Mason is exhibiting ____ symptoms of schizophrenia, and Jason is exhibiting ____ symptoms.

A) positive; positive
B) positive; negative
C) negative; positive
D) negative; negative

Question 7

Polly thinks that her father and mother have been replaced by two people who are simply acting as her father and mother. She believes that someone found people who look exactly like her parents and exchanged them. Polly's delusion is rare and is called ____.

A) Capgras's syndrome
B) dementia praecox
C) delusions of thought broadcasting
D) delusions of grandeur

Question 8

A false belief that is firmly and consistently held despite contradictory evidence or logic is a ____.

A) distortion
B) loose association
C) delusion
D) hallucination

Question 9

Schizophrenia has four categories of symptoms. They in clude positive symptoms, negative symptoms, cognitive symptoms, and ___.

A) delusional symptoms
B) psychotic symptoms
C) behavioral symptoms
D) psychomotor abnormalities

Question 10

Persecutory delusions respond to perceived threats with safety behaviors that prevent ____ from helping.

A) disconfirmatory evidence
B) paranoid ideation
C) loosening of associations
D) cognitive slippage

Question 11

Patrick says, "I'm afraid to go to my in-laws' house because I hate them. Whenever I go there, they can hear whenever I think how much I hate them and that I think they should clean their house." What schizophrenic symptom is Patrick displaying?

A) thought withdrawal
B) delusions of reference
C) nihilistic delusions
D) thought broadcasting

Question 12

Professor Brewer says, "Schizophrenia spectrum disorders is a group of disabling disorders that frequently require hospitalization at enormous financial and psychological cost to patients, their families, and their friends. The lifetime prevalence in the United States is about five percent. It significantly affects more males than females. Because its causes are clearly understood, effective treatments have been developed." Which part of Professor Brewer's statement is accurate?

A) The lifetime prevalence in the United States is about five percent.
B) The disorders significantly affect more males than females.
C) The disorders are disabling and frequently require hospitalization at enormous financial and psychological cost to patients, their families, and their friends.
D) Because the causes are clearly understood, effective treatments have been developed.

Question 13

Cassie's therapist diagnosed her with "brief psychotic disorder." We can assume that for Cassie, a psychological stressor ____.

A) is not an issue related to her disorder
B) may or may not be present
C) is usually present
D) often precedes the onset

Question 14

Sensory perceptions that are not directly attributable to environmental stimuli are called ____.

A) ideas of reference
B) hallucinations
C) delusions
D) loose associations

Question 15

Which statement about the DSM-5's criteria for diagnosing schizophrenia is accurate ?

A) A diagnosis requires deterioration in functioning from a previous level within the previous six months.
B) The chief characteristic of the disorder is uncontrollable emotions.
C) The criteria are based on subjective judgments, not objective behaviors.
D) The patient must be delusional to be diagnosed with schizophrenia.

Question 16

Dominic tells you that he is married to Jennifer Lopez and that together, they rule the world. Vincent tells you that all the other patients and the staff are talking about his case and what to do about him. Dominic suffers from delusions of ____, whereas Vincent suffers from delusions of ____.

A) grandeur; reference
B) control; grandeur
C) persecution; control
D) reference; persecution

Question 17

Eldon's delusions frighten him and cause him to become angry. It is likely that ____.

A) he will become violent
B) he will never be able to challenge them
C) often he will purposely enter situations he perceives to be dangerous, where he will encounter his delusions head on
D) some of his delusions seem plausible and others are extremely bizarre

Question 18

Which model views schizophrenia as a chronic medical condition that strives for a substantial return of function?

A) The medical model
B) The psychodynamic model
C) The multipath model
D) The recovery model

Question 19

Angela hears voices that tell her to commit suicide. She also tends to use many neologisms when she speaks and believes that the FBI is spying on her. Which statement regarding Angela is accurate ?

A) Angela's negative symptoms are atypical for a psychotic disorder.
B) Angela exhibits positive symptoms of schizophrenia.
C) Angela exhibits negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
D) Angela could be diagnosed with residual schizophrenia.

Question 20

"My father poisons my food, and my mother has hired a hit man to shoot me. My boss is plotting to humiliate me, and my neighbor spies on me." These comments illustrate the schizophrenic symptom known as ____.

A) anhedonia
B) catatonia
C) delusions of persecution
D) delusions of grandeur

Question 21

Ardell had a schizophrenic episode and a subsequent schizophrenia diagnosis ten years ago. He was treated successfully with medication and returned to work. Nonetheless, Ardell still has some problems, including peculiar mannerisms and thoughts and unusual affect. What phase of schizophrenia best characterizes Ardell's current level of functioning?

A) active phase
B) prodromal phase
C) residual phase
D) no schizophrenia phase, since his schizophrenic episode was ten years ago

Question 22

Current research addressing the question of whether psychotic symptoms should be challenged suggests that ____.

A) it is dangerous to the patient's psychological well-being to challenge symptoms.
B) it is best to teach the patient how to "get along with" the symptoms
C) the patient is best served by learning to ignore the symptoms
D) the therapist assess the patient's openness to confronting information before challenging the patient's beliefs

Question 23

The abnormal lack of emotion seen in schizophrenics is termed ____.

A) emotional rigidity
B) affective apathy
C) catatonia
D) restricted affect

Question 24

Stefan and Darnell have been diagnosed with schizophrenia. Stefan walks around the room rapidly, talking endlessly, and swinging his arms. Darnell stands in one position for hours at a time, responding to nothing. Which statement is true about their behavior?

A) Both Stefan's and Darnell's behaviors are common motor disturbances seen in schizophrenia.
B) Stefan's behavior is typical of schizophrenia; Darnell's is extremely unlikely.
C) Stefan's behavior never occurs in schizophrenia; Darnell's behavior is typical of schizophrenia.
D) Neither Stefan's nor Darnell's behavior occurs in schizophrenia.

Question 25

Rudolph is experiencing the most common form of hallucination found in schizophrenia. He ____.

A) has no feeling in his fingers or toes
B) is hearing voices that no one else can hear
C) is seeing images of God that no one else can see
D) believes he is being threatened by forces that want to kill him

Question 26

Mary suffers from schizophrenia and usually shows a total lack of emotion. What is Mary exhibiting?

A) catatonic schizophrenia
B) negative symptoms
C) avolition
D) anhedonia

Question 27

A patient with auditory hallucinations will experience the least distress when the voices are ____.

A) malicious
B) positive
C) controlling
D) insistent

Question 28

Virginia's therapist notes that Virginia jumps from one topic to another and her replies are only tangentially related to the therapist's questions. This describes which symptom of schizophrenia?

A) ideas of reference
B) negative affective symptoms
C) loosening of associations
D) thought insertion

Question 29

Quincy is diagnosed as having schizophrenia because he shows negative symptoms. Which symptom is likely to be seen in Quincy?

A) auditory and visual hallucinations
B) ideas of reference and other symptoms of thought disturbance
C) lack of motivation and restricted affect
D) wild, inappropriate expression of emotions

Question 30

Which statement reflects a negative pattern of thinking associated with restricted affect symptoms?

A) "If I show my feelings, others will see my inadequacy."
B) "I'm not going to find the right words to express myself."
C) "Why bother, I'm just going to fail."
D) "It takes too much effort to try."

Question 31

Milton frightens his family with his wild talking and frantic activity. Confined in a mental hospital for several days, he becomes completely immobile. He takes awkward postures for hours on end and allows himself to be "arranged" by others. With what symptoms of schizophrenia is Milton presenting?

A) disorganized symptoms
B) bipolar symptoms
C) catatonic symptoms
D) paranoid symptoms

Question 32

Jennie "receives" secret messages from Will Smith every time she watches him on television talk shows or in movies. She believes he is in love with her and is telling her that he is planning to leave his wife to be with her. Jennie is most likely suffering from which delusional disorder?

A) erotomania
B) grandiosity
C) jealousy
D) persecution

Question 33

Of the following, who is experiencing symptoms of withdrawn catatonia?

A) Louis, a schizophrenic who has paranoid ideations with high levels of anxiety and worry surrounding his belief of being persecuted
B) Lorenzo, a schizophrenic who is extremely unresponsive with respect to motor activity and movement
C) Lenny, who is experiencing persistent, non-bizarre delusions without other unusual or odd behaviors
D) Larry, who has no diagnosable disorder but insists that he does have one

Question 34

Which statement about auditory hallucinations is accurate?

A) They are the most common form of hallucinations.
B) They are almost always malevolent.
C) They involve back and forth conversations only 25 percent of the time.
D) Most individuals who exhibit auditory hallucinations understand that they are imaginary.

Question 35

Daria has been diagnosed with schizophrenia and is being given an intelligence test. The examiner asks Daria what it means when one says, "Strike while the iron is hot." Daria replies, "You cannot iron clothes with a cold iron." Daria's response demonstrates ____.

A) concrete thinking
B) ideas of reference
C) delusional thinking
D) poverty of speech

Question 36

The most commonly reported experience for individuals who have auditory hallucinations is that ____.

A) the voices have a distinct gender
B) the voices belong to someone they know
C) they have back-and-forth conversations with the voices
D) they believe the voices are coming from outside themselves

Question 37

Nick has schizophrenia and is experiencing the most common form of hallucinations, which are ____.

A) auditory hallucinations
B) gustatory hallucinations
C) olfactory hallucinations
D) tactile hallucinations

Question 38

Recent research investigating cognitive symptoms associated with schizophrenia shows that they ____.

A) are evidenced by deficits in the ability to absorb information, sustain attention, and use recently acquired information
B) occur in the later stages in the developmental course of the disorder
C) tend to disappear with treatment
D) are not typically considered to be a core component of schizophrenia

Question 39

Although Marlene's emotional responses are usually restricted, at totally inappropriate times, she giggles. She also fantasizes aloud and speaks in an incoherent and absurd manner. Her behavior is extremely bizarre and childish. She matches the common conception of "crazy" and has been this way since childhood. The best diagnosis for her is ____.

A) Schizophrenia
B) Brief Psychotic Disorder
C) Schizophreniform Disorder
D) Adjustment Disorder

Question 40

Which statement about schizophrenic hallucinations is accurate ?

A) Hallucinations are directly related to environmental stimuli.
B) Hallucinations are pathognomonic to schizophrenia.
C) Hallucinations always involve negative stimuli.
D) Hallucinations usually appear to be real to the person suffering from schizophrenia.

Question 41

Researchers are exploring the role of quantifiable, heritable, trait-related characteristics that are thought to underlie illnesses that exist before, during, and following remission of a disorder. These characteristics are called ____.

A) genotypes
B) phenotypes
C) endophenotypes
D) genetic markers

Question 42

Which factor is associated with the best chances for recovering from schizophrenia?

A) Being male
B) Being single
C) Having a high educational background
D) Having a low premorbid level of functioning

Question 43

A therapist is conducting research to determine effective forms of intervention. What would she focus on to increase the chances of recovery from schizophrenia?

A) antidepressant medications
B) virtual reality therapy
C) psychodynamic approaches
D) antipsychotic medications and psychotherapy

Question 44

Which ordering of the phases of schizophrenia is accurate ?

A) residual, active, prodromal
B) active, prodromal, residual
C) prodromal, active, residual
D) active, residual, prodromal

Question 45

Joelle has taken her son to many doctors, claiming that he has Morgellons disease. She says that she often pulls organic fiber-like threads from his skin and that the boy has rashes and skin lesions that show infection. Which statement about this disease is accurate?

A) This disease has been recognized as a medical disorder by the AMA.
B) The CDC began conducting research on this disease in early 2008.
C) Patients with the condition respond well to treatment with antibiotics.
D) This disease is being designated as a delusional disorder in DSM-5.

Question 46

Iris, usually involved with her friends, has become withdrawn and isolated. She has stopped taking showers and changing her clothes. When asked what she is thinking, she describes, in scattered phrases, a frightening inner world of demons and threats. These symptoms illustrate which phase of schizophrenia?

A) reactive
B) residual
C) active
D) prodromal

Question 47

The recovery model of schizophrenia is based on four assumptions. What is one of these assumptions?

A) All individuals with schizophrenia fully recover from the illness.
B) Schizophrenia is a chronic disorder with an inevitably poor prognosis.
C) Schizophrenia is a chronic medical condition that does not define the individual.
D) Empowering the individual helps correct the sense of powerlessness and dependence that results from traditional medical health care.

Question 48

Aaron has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. He has delusions of control, believing that his sister's teddy bear is trying to influence him. It is most likely that Aaron is ____.

A) unaware of the illogical nature of his delusion
B) faking the delusion to get attention
C) using the delusion to escape responsibility for his actions
D) aware that the delusion is illogical

Question 49

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia are associated with ____.

A) poor social functioning
B) loose associations
C) executive functioning
D) a higher prevalence of schizophrenia among family members

Question 50

Which description matches up with the symptoms?

A) Sarah hears voices and has minimal interest in social relationships-positive symptoms.
B) John thinks his thoughts are being broadcast on TV and has back and forth conversations with voices no one else can hear - negative symptoms.
C) Karen believes the FBI is after her and she cannot distinguish between their private thoughts and external reality-delusions.
D) Theodore shows decreased ability to initiate actions or speech, express emotions, or feel pleasure-positive symptoms.

Question 51

What is the current strategy for determining the role of genetics in schizophrenia?

A) Conducting twin studies
B) Identifying and studying endophenotypes
C) Conducting adoption studies
D) Identifying and studying the interaction between genes and the environment

Question 52

Long-term follow-up studies investigating recovery from schizophrenia have found that ____.

A) very few people recover from schizophrenia
B) patients must remain on medications their entire lives to survive
C) the majority of participants improve over time
D) over forty percent of participants demonstrate complete recovery

Question 53

Lydia Tan has been living with her paranoid schizophrenic husband on an isolated farm for so long that she has come to accept his irrational beliefs. When she visits her sister, her delusions weaken. Mrs. Tan's condition is called ____.

A) schizophreniform disorder
B) Capgras delusion
C) schizoaffective disorder
D) shared psychotic delusion

Question 54

Which statement about research on the genetics of schizophrenia is accurate ?

A) Too little genetic research has been done to come to any conclusions.
B) Heredity appears to play almost no role in causing schizophrenia.
C) Schizophrenia occurs only among identical and fraternal twins.
D) Multiple genes interact, while single genes make only a minor contribution.

Question 55

Research by Rossler and colleagues (2007) found which psychotic-like experience to be most common among the general, non-schizophrenic population?

A) a belief that other people are aware of their thoughts
B) a belief that someone can control their thoughts
C) a belief that they have thoughts that are not their own
D) hearing voices that other people do not hear

Question 56

Which statement concerning differences in brain structure between individuals with and without schizophrenia is accurate?

A) Individuals with schizophrenia have enlarged ventricles; individuals without schizophrenia do not.
B) Older adults with schizophrenia have demonstrated a strikingly rapid loss of gray matter compared with non-affected age peers.
C) Decreased cortical volumes have been found in individuals with schizophrenia, but not in people who do not have the disorder.
D) Individuals with schizophrenia have decreased volume in the cortex and other areas of the brain.

Question 57

Which characteristic is considered a negative symptom of schizophrenia?

A) hallucinations
B) delusions
C) disorganized speech
D) avolition

Question 58

Dr. Henderson is trying to decide whether a new patient should be diagnosed as suffering from schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder, or brief psychotic disorder. The information she should use is ____.

A) whether there are positive or negative symptoms
B) the pathognomonic symptoms of schizophrenia
C) whether the person is old or young
D) how long the symptoms have lasted

Question 59

A follow-up study by Wiersma and colleagues (1998) reported impairment with no recovery after the first episode for approximately what percentage of individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia?

A) 11
B) 14
C) 25
D) 50

Question 60

Among the psychotic disorders once considered schizophrenia, the one that lasts at least one day but less than one month is known as ____.

A) Capgras's syndrome
B) schizophreniform disorder
C) brief psychotic disorder
D) delusional disorder

Question 61

Dr. Brubaker says, "Cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia are generally present after the onset of the first psychotic episode, and even with treatment, they tend to persist. Cognitive symptoms are one of the diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia and are not found among non-psychotic relatives of the patient." Which part of Dr. Brubaker's statement is correct?

A) Cognitive symptoms are one of the diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia.
B) Cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia are generally present after the onset of the first psychotic episode.
C) Even with treatment cognitive symptoms tend to persist.
D) Cognitive symptoms are not found among non-psychotic relatives of the patient.

Question 62

Professor Dumbledore studies concordance rates as they affect schizophrenia. This means that he studies the ____.

A) likelihood that adopted children share more in common with their biological parents than with their adoptive parents
B) likelihood that adopted children share more in common with their adoptive parents than with their biological parents
C) likelihood that both twins of a twin pair will show the same characteristics
D) occurrence of specific diseases in the general population

Question 63

When Dr. Arnold says his patient displays alogia, he means that she ____.

A) experiences a lack of meaningful speech
B) experiences an inability to take action or become goal-oriented
C) shows little or no emotional in situations that would call for strong emotional reactions
D) displays emotions that are totally inappropriate to the situation

Question 64

Laura is 17 and has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. Her father often says to her, "You never tell me what's going on in your life. You keep secrets and therefore, make terrible mistakes in judgment. I want what's best for you, but you must change your attitude and start behaving like a human being!" The father's comments best illustrate which factor in schizophrenia?

A) diathesis-stress
B) expressed emotion
C) cognitive impairment
D) double-bind communications

Question 65

Researchers looking for a psychological basis of schizophrenia ____.

A) have primarily focused on brain chemistry
B) might study theory of mind
C) have located a combination of genes that are responsible for schizophrenia
D) have primarily focused their research on brain pathology

Question 66

Steve has just been discharged from the hospital with the diagnosis of residual schizophrenia. Steve's family is marked by high levels of intra-familial criticism, hostility, and emotional over-involvement. Which statement is accurate ?

A) Steve's family environment probably influenced the onset of his disorder but will have little impact on his rate of relapse.
B) Given Steve's diagnosis, his chances of relapse are minimal.
C) Steve has a greater chance of relapse if he returns to his family than if he does not.
D) Steve's family would receive a low EE score.

Question 67

One area of support for the dopamine hypothesis is that ____.

A) a drug that increases dopamine activity reduces symptoms
B) high levels of dopamine are found in people with Parkinson's disease
C) high-risk children have lower dopamine levels
D) a drug that blocks dopamine activity reduces symptoms

Question 68

Lehman and Steinwachs (1998) found what relationship between family dysfunction and schizophrenia?

A) Family dysfunction is a major causative factor for schizophrenia.
B) Family dysfunction plays a minor role in developing schizophrenia.
C) Research has failed to substantiate a causal link between family dysfunction and schizophrenia.
D) Research has substantiated a link between family dysfunction and schizophrenia but can't say which causes the other.

Question 69

Gender differences regarding the age of onset of schizophrenia have been found and the age of onset of schizophrenia is earlier in males than females. When does the gender ratio shift and the percentage of women receiving a diagnosis schizophrenia exceed that of men?

A) in the mid-twenties
B) in the mid-thirties
C) in the mid-forties
D) in the mid-sixties

Question 70

Because of the stigma attached to schizophrenia, a psychiatrist in which country is probably not likely to mention the diagnosis to patients and their family members?

A) Turkey
B) China
C) Canada
D) Denmark

Question 71

Ron and Jon are identical twins, but only Jon shows the symptoms of schizophrenia. Brain imaging techniques are most likely to show that Jon has ____.

A) more brain tissue than Ron
B) smaller than normal ventricles
C) a higher level of cerebral glucose metabolism during cognitive tasks than Ron
D) ventricle enlargement

Question 72

Increased dopamine activity is associated with symptoms similar to those seen in ____, whereas reduced dopamine activity produces symptoms similar to those seen in ____.

A) Alzheimer's disease; Parkinson's disease
B) Parkinson's disease; schizophrenia
C) schizophrenia; Alzheimer's disease
D) schizophrenia; Parkinson's disease

Question 73

Which of the following is most likely to produce diagnostic errors?

A) cultural similarities
B) cultural differences
C) assessment
D) lack of clinical expertise about the effects of medication

Question 74

What is the general population's risk of developing schizophrenia?

A) less than one percent
B) about one percent
C) two percent
D) five percent

Question 75

Which characteristic of the brain is typically associated with schizophrenia?

A) increased cerebral volume
B) ventricular enlargement
C) larger cortical structures
D) increase in the size of the thalamus

Question 76

Which statement best answers the question, "Do environmental factors cause schizophrenia?"

A) "Concordance rates are less than 50 percent in identical twins, and therefore, environmental factors must play a causal role."
B) "Environmental factors such as poor family communication are usually caused by schizophrenia, not the other way around."
C) "There is little evidence that environmental factors contribute to the disorder."
D) "If environmental influences play a causal role, it is probably in adulthood, close to the time when symptoms first appear."

Question 77

Expressed emotion has been shown to have which relationship to schizophrenia?

A) Families with high expressed emotion are most likely to see relapse in their schizophrenic members.
B) Families with high expressed emotion are least likely to see relapse in their schizophrenic members.
C) High expressed emotion causes schizophrenic thought disturbance in children.
D) High expressed emotion is a genetically determined trait in schizophrenics with positive symptoms.

Question 78

A physician prescribes perphenazine to a person with schizophrenia. If the person's symptoms are not reduced, ____.

A) another drug such as amphetamine might be use
B) another drug such as L-dopa might be used
C) there should be no surprise because perphenazine increases dopamine activity
D) there should be no surprise because many schizophrenic patients are not helped by antipsychotic medications

Question 79

Of the following ethnic groups, which is most likely to be diagnosed with schizophrenia in the United States?

A) Anglo American
B) Native American
C) Hispanic American
D) African American

Question 80

Individuals with schizophrenia tend use fewer nonverbal forms of communication. This could interfere with development of ____.

A) interpersonal rapport
B) language skills
C) understanding of language
D) persecutory ideation