Deck 3: Assessment and Classification of Mental Disorders

Question 1

Dr. Miller, a clinical psychologist, observes that his client Jennifer is presenting with a disheveled appearance, constricted emotions, and is speaking slowly. Dr. Miller gathers this observational information of these expressions to determine ____.

A) future behavior
B) degree of intelligence
C) cultural differences
D) behavioral clues

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which assessment best illustrates the concept of reliability?

A) A test that measures depression and appears to have items that cover the spectrum of symptoms for depression
B) A test that measures counselor aptitude that, when given to prospective counselors, accurately predicts those who will and those who will not perform well in a counseling vocation
C) A test that measures attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and accurately identifies children who currently have difficulty in the classroom
D) A test that measures disordered eating behaviors and attitudes that yields similar scores when completed two weeks apart

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Dr. Peterson has collected clinical observations, neurological test data, psychological test scores, and interview material on Mrs. Davis. If Dr. Peterson is doing this for the purpose of drawing conclusions that will lead to a diagnosis of Mrs. Davis, we can infer that Dr. Peterson is ____.

A) a psychoanalyst
B) using reliable and valid measures
C) doing an assessment
D) using the DSM-5

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Professor Wapner wants to develop a new psychometric test of anxiety. He must be careful to have the various items on the test yield similar results to ensure that it will be high in ____.

A) interrater reliability
B) test-retest reliability
C) construct validity
D) internal consistency

Question 5

Dr. Frederick is developing a new test for binge eating disorders. She finds that people who score high on the test engage in more binge eating and other forms of abnormal eating behaviors than people who score low on the test. These results indicate that the test has ____.

A) good content validity
B) interrater reliability
C) high test-retest reliability
D) good internal consistency

Question 6

What is the best description of assessment?

A) Making conclusions based on comprehensive information
B) Beginning treatment in order to judge the client's prognosis
C) Making a diagnosis using DSM-5
D) Interviewing, without using psychological tests

Question 7

A psychologist wants to assess the construct validity of a new test. He can do so by showing that ____.

A) scores at Time 1 predict behavior at Time 2
B) all portions of the test produce similar results
C) the test results for a group correlate with related measures of a phenomenon
D) scores on the test are consistent over time

Question 8

When Dr. Wilson administers psychological tests, she strictly follows specific procedures. This refers to what aspect of test administration?

A) reliability
B) validity
C) norming
D) standardization

Question 9

A psychologist notes that a female client is wearing a heavy wool sweater and cap on a hot summer day. The client walks with a limp and mumbles to herself. The psychologist should ____.

A) interpret these objective signs without regard to the individual's culture
B) conduct testing or interviewing and disregard the information about the client's appearance
C) assess the diagnostic significance of these observations with interview and other information
D) disregard these observations in order to make an unbiased assessment

Question 10

A clinician has collected data about a client based on observations, interview material, and psychological test results. As a first step in the treatment process, the clinician will evaluate this information and formulate a(n) ____.

A) psychodiagnosis
B) therapeutic plan
C) model
D) assessment instrument

Question 11

A ____ provides therapists with distinct categories, indicators, and nomenclature for different patterns of behavior, thought processes, and emotional disturbances.

A) psychodiagnosis
B) psychometric examination
C) classification system
D) diagnosis

Question 12

A psychologist who is simply looking for any unusual behaviors when interacting with a client is using ____.

A) psychological testing
B) structured interview
C) observation
D) neuropsychological assessment

Question 13

Which statement about a standardized interview is most accurate ?

A) It allows for consistent data to be collected across interviewees and is less subject to interviewers' biases.
B) It is an unstructured interview.
C) It allows interviewers to probe interviewees' responses in depth.
D) It often includes a list of open-ended questions.

Question 14

A psychologist gives the same test to a client twice. The tests are separated by six days. If the test results are quite dissimilar, we could say that the test has weak ____.

A) test-retest reliability
B) interrater reliability
C) internal consistency
D) predictive validity

Question 15

In what way is interviewing superior to observation alone?

A) In interviewing, assessors can notice the client's facial expressions, body posture, and dress.
B) In interviewing, the style or training of the assessor has little impact on the data collected.
C) In interviewing, assessors can collect data on the client's life history and personality.
D) Interviews are not subject to error.

Question 16

Dr. Simon is observing several schizophrenic patients interact in a mental hospital ward without interfering. Which type of observation is Dr. Simon using?

A) diagnostic
B) naturalistic
C) analogue
D) controlled

Question 17

Gathering information on brain structures focuses on which type of assessment?

A) psychological tests
B) neurological tests
C) interviews
D) observations

Question 18

Dr. Heyer is a behavioral therapist working with a 10-year-old boy named Lee The boy's parents and teachers both agree that Lee is disobedient and unruly. What assessment method should Dr. Heyer use to most accurately assess the degree to which Lee is excessively active and disobedient?

A) personality testing
B) observation
C) interview method
D) questionnaire

Question 19

A psychologist notices that a male client rarely makes eye contact and pulls at his ear when he seems nervous. What type of assessment is the psychologist performing?

A) observation
B) projective testing
C) structured interviewing
D) controlled testing

Question 20

Which statement about psychodiagnosis is accurate ?

A) It involves describing and drawing inferences about a person's psychological state.
B) It is the basis of all research on psychological disorders.
C) It includes physical or biological causes for symptoms.
D) It is the last step in the treatment process.

Question 21

As discussed in the text, which factor is a consideration when assessing characteristics using the mental status examination?

A) The treatment model used
B) Use of a highly unstructured interview
C) The interviewee's cultural background
D) Future achievements relative to people of the same age of the interviewee

Question 22

The goal of projective tests is to ____.

A) understand a single facet of a client's personality
B) put the client at ease so that other tests will be answered honestly
C) allow people to "project" their attitudes and personality characteristics
D) allow a client to express his or her conscious needs and motivations

Question 23

Nicole is shown a series of ambiguous pictures and is then asked to tell a story about each of them. If this is a psychological test, it is a ____.
Self-report inventory

A) self-report inventory
B) projective personality test
C) cognitive impairment test
D) mental status examination

Question 24

A psychologist says, "I'm going to show you some pictures. Please make up a story about what is going on in each picture, what led up to it, and how it will turn out in the end." What test is the psychologist administering?

A) TAT
B) Rorschach
C) WAIS-IV
D) MMPI-2

Question 25

What aspect of interviewing increases the consistency of assessment information?

A) Doing the interview in a naturalistic setting
B) Using projective techniques
C) Increasing the reactivity of the person being interviewed
D) Increasing the structure of the interview

Question 26

A major concern about projective tests is that they ____.

A) are overly structured
B) demonstrate low reliability and validity
C) are too cumbersome to administer
D) are too expensive to include in most psychological assessments

Question 27

Which of the following is a self-report inventory?

A) The MMPI-2
B) The TAT
C) The draw-a-person test
D) The Rorschach

Question 28

Which personality test includes ten clinical scales as well as several validity scales to check for faking, confusion, falsification, or other response patterns that may affect the outcome of the other scales?

A) Beck Depression Inventory
B) WAIS-IV
C) MMPI-2
D) TAT

Question 29

The TAT, a projective personality test, asks subjects to ____.

A) respond to inkblots
B) complete sentences
C) make up stories about pictures
D) answer direct questions about specific situations

Question 30

Rose is being given a self-report inventory to assess her general personality traits. What kinds of questions or tasks is she likely to be given?

A) She will be asked to draw pictures of herself and the rest of her family members.
B) She will be asked to agree or disagree with statements such as "I am attractive" and "I sometimes feel shy."
C) She will be shown pictures of people and asked to write a story describing them and the situations they face.
D) She will be asked to answer arithmetic, vocabulary, and general knowledge questions.

Question 31

Dr. Rose, a clinical psychologist, is administering a battery of psychological tests to a client to gain insight into the client's current issues. In the ____, the client is shown inkblots and asked to interpret them.

A) Rorschach test
B) thematic apperception test
C) MMPI
D) WAIS

Question 32

Which statement about the draw-a-person test is accurate?

A) Its purpose is to assess the individual's artistic skill.
B) It is considered a self-report inventory.
C) Research shows that it has very strong validity.
D) The size, position, and details of drawings are analyzed.

Question 33

In which one of the following are inner motives and conflicts revealed by what is seen in inkblots and whether color plays a role in the responses?

A) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2)
B) Structured Diagnostic Interview (SDI)
C) Rorschach Technique
D) Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Question 34

Most clinicians agree that the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is best used to ____.

A) assess intelligence
B) diagnose psychopathology
C) ascertain an individual's personality and motivational traits
D) assess imagination

Question 35

Dr. West is scoring a client's responses to a projective personality test after listening to the client tell stories about what is happening in pictures. What test is Dr. West scoring?

A) WAIS-IV
B) TAT
C) MMPI-2
D) Rorschach

Question 36

Self-report inventories, unlike projective tests, are ____.

A) unstructured
B) standardized
C) oral
D) valid

Question 37

These tests require test-takers to answer specific written questions. They are scored in a predetermined way, and scores are easily compared with those from a standardization sample. Which assessment fits the above description?

A) self-report inventories
B) psychodiagnostic tests
C) neuropsychological tests
D) projective personality tests

Question 38

Which of the following occurred in the development of the MMPI-2?

A) Validity scales were removed to prevent questions on the test from becoming too confusing.
B) Individuals diagnosed with specific mental illnesses were compared to individuals with no diagnosed mental illness.
C) What was previously an objective test became a projective test designed to determine subjective responses.
D) New scales were added to measure intelligence and creativity in addition to personality and psychopathology.

Question 39

Psychoanalysts are interested in unconscious needs and motives. Therefore, they are most likely to use which of the following in assessing clients?

A) projective personality tests
B) self-report inventories
C) highly structured interviews
D) tests for cognitive impairment

Question 40

What w idely used interview procedure is a useful diagnostic tool to help clinicians cover areas that are ordinarily not part of a clinical interview?

A) Rorschach technique
B) mental status examination
C) sentence-completion test
D) Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale

Question 41

After his stroke, Aaron's clinical psychologist is most likely to assess ____.

A) his interest in physical activities he previously enjoyed
B) cognitive impairment resulting from brain damage
C) his vocational interests
D) his unconscious needs and motivations

Question 42

Which test is typically used to assess brain damage?

A) Bender-Gestalt
B) MMPI-2
C) BDI
D) TAT

Question 43

The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, in comparison to the WAIS, is ____.

A) the preferred test for school-age children
B) the standard to which other tests are compared because of its long history, careful revision, and periodic updating
C) easier to administer and yields scores on different cognitive skills
D) is complicated in administration and scoring and requires considerable skill in use

Question 44

Although IQ tests are controversial, one thing is clear. What is it?

A) Test scores accurately predict the future achievements of people from a wide range of cultures.
B) IQ tests have poor reliability because they are not scored in a standardized way.
C) IQ tests measure innate, rather than learned, intelligence.
D) IQ test scores have been used in discriminatory ways.

Question 45

Mr. Nolan has been referred to a psychologist to be assessed for potential brain damage. The psychologist will undoubtedly look at the ____ to find information on the location of the damage.

A) thematic apperception test
B) Halstead-Reitan neuropsychological test battery
C) MMPI-2
D) WAIS

Question 46

Pablo, age 17, is administered an intelligence test. To test him for perceptual organization, a psychologist would likely use the ____.

A) Bender-Gestalt Visual-Motor Test
B) WPPSI-III
C) WAIS
D) WISC-IV

Question 47

Which statement about the Halstead-Reitan neuropsychological battery is accurate?

A) It is based on psychodynamic concepts.
B) It requires individuals to have CAT and PET scans taken.
C) It is both cost and time efficient to administer.
D) It assesses brain damage in children and adults.

Question 48

Why is the research of Herrnstein and Murray (1994) and Rushton and Jensen (2005) controversial?

A) The research has found no practical use for IQ tests.
B) The research suggests that racial differences on IQ scores are determined by heredity.
C) The research does not support any predictive validity of IQ tests.
D) The research questions whether current conceptions of IQ are adequate.

Question 49

A psychologist says, "The fixed alternatives for answers prevent test-takers from presenting a true picture of themselves." What kind of assessment tool is being criticized?

A) unstructured interviews
B) projective personality tests
C) naturalistic observation
D) personality inventories

Question 50

In utilizing MMPI scores, trained and experienced clinicians usually focus on ____.

A) single-scale interpretations
B) the DSM diagnosis derived from the individual's responses
C) the validity scores
D) interpretation of client responses

Question 51

What is known about the relationship between IQ scores and environmental influences?

A) IQ scores do not take culture, poverty, and discrimination into account.
B) IQ scores are not influenced by environmental concerns.
C) There is little if any correlation between IQ scores and level of socioeconomic status.
D) IQ scores remain constant from one race to the next.

Question 52

A critic of personality inventories says, "These tests have no way of detecting faking or defensiveness in the individuals who take them. Worse, they never include norms for responses of people from different cultural groups." Which response to these criticisms is accurate?

A) The MMPI-2 has both of the features the critic says are absent.
B) The critic is correct about the problem of faking but not about norms from different cultures.
C) The critic is confusing the problems of projective tests with those of inventories.
D) Current research supports what the critic is saying.

Question 53

Oscar is suspected of having brain damage. He is given more than ten psychological tests to assess memory, abstract concept formation, auditory perception, and attention. The whole testing process takes more than six hours. It is likely that Oscar was given the ____.

A) WAIS-IV
B) Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery
C) positron emission tomography (PET) test
D) MMPI-2

Question 54

A major criticism of IQ tests is that they ____.

A) reflect cultural and social factors rather than innate intelligence
B) are limited to assessing intelligence for children in the elementary grades
C) cannot be used to predict school performance
D) are not useful for detecting intellectual disability

Question 55

Jack is being tested for suspected brain damage by being shown designs made up of lines and dots. He is asked to copy the designs on a blank sheet of paper. Jack is taking which test?

A) Stanford-Binet
B) MMPI-2
C) Bender-Gestalt Visual-Motor Test
D) WAIS-IV

Question 56

The ____ is an intelligence test appropriately administered to people age 16 and older.

A) WISC-IV
B) WAIS-IV
C) WPPSI-III
D) MMPI-2

Question 57

IQ scores reflect an individual's ____.

A) intelligence
B) social skills
C) level of performance relative to people of the same age
D) future achievements and behavior relative to people of the same age

Question 58

Unlike the Halstead-Reitan and the Bender-Gestalt Visual-Motor tests, EEGs and MRIs are ____.

A) not administered to young children
B) used to assess organic brain damage
C) not administered to young children
D) valid and reliable measures

Question 59

Teachers in a school are interested in finding a psychological test that predicts future achievement. Which statement best reflects what is known about the existence of such a test?

A) Few psychologists believe that there is a test that can do what the teachers want.
B) Projective tests do a good job of predicting achievement; IQ tests predict social competence.
C) There is debate about whether IQ tests can predict achievement.
D) There is no doubt that IQ tests can predict achievement.

Question 60

Which result indicates neurological impairment on the Bender-Gestalt Visual-Motor Test?

A) Certain errors in the geometric design copies
B) Relative IQ score significantly below the individual's level of performance
C) Ambiguous stimuli that suggests neurological impairment
D) Measured abnormalities in brain wave activity

Question 61

The co-occurrence of different disorders, whereby individuals who have one mental disorder also suffer from another, is identified by the DSM as ____.

A) comorbidity
B) causality
C) multiplicity
D) specificity

Question 62

Dr. Cohen says to her patient, "We believe there may be problems with the way your brain functions. We're going to do a test that uses a radioactive substance that we can trace as it's metabolized in your brain." What procedure is Dr. Cohen describing?

A) Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery
B) PET scan
C) EEG
D) CAT scan

Question 63

What is a common criticism of PET testing?

A) Tests are always inaccurate and lead to serious misdiagnosis.
B) Testing is often conducted by individuals who lack the appropriate training.
C) Testing exposes individuals to radioactive substances.
D) Test results do not show brain activity.

Question 64

With magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ____.

A) a clear cross-sectional picture of the brain and its tissues is presented
B) a substance is injected into the patient's bloodstream and a scanner detects the substance as it is metabolized in the brain
C) electrodes are attached to the skull to record brain waves
D) beams of x-rays repeatedly scan different areas of the brain to produce a three-dimensional image

Question 65

A major criticism of the DSM is the lack of clarity regarding differential categorization to reflect the distinction between major and less severe symptom states. What has been proposed to change this?

A) a dimensional model
B) a classification system
C) a categorization model
D) cross-cutting measures

Question 66

Which statement below about the DSM-5 is accurate?

A) It assumes that all mental disorders have a biological cause and are best treated with medication.
B) It indicates that symptoms experienced by individuals may vary in degrees in relations to the diagnostic disorders.
C) It has discarded the use of exact behavioral criteria for making a diagnosis.
D) It has reduced the number of identified psychological disorders from prior versions.

Question 67

Another important mental health disorder classification system other than the DSM is the ____.

A) International Classification of Disease
B) World Health Organization Categories
C) Character Strengths Classification System
D) Cross-Cultural Classification System

Question 68

Early studies of the DSM found that ____.

A) reliability was strong but validity was weak
B) interrater reliability was low
C) test-retest reliability was high
D) most of the diagnostic errors were associated with patients' reports

Question 69

Which statement is accurate with regard to the DSM-5?

A) The DSM-5 lists all psychological disorders on Axis I.
B) The DSM-5 lists the organic basis for every mental disorder.
C) The DSM-5 presents a social and interpersonal, rather than medical, approach to mental disorder.
D) The DSM-5 retains the categorical model, with some dimensional exceptions.

Question 70

A psychologist says, "The pictures that come from the testing are amazing-clear and detailed depictions of brain structures. Not only that, they do not require giving radioactive substances to patients." The psychologist is referring to a(n) ____.

A) MRI
B) EEG (electroencephalograph)
C) PET scan
D) Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery

Question 71

One major problem with early versions of the DSM was that most DSM categories were purely descriptive. A second major problem was that ____.

A) validity and reliability were problematic
B) the criteria in each category were difficult to understand
C) they were based on a psychological model of illness
D) they attempted to include too much research

Question 72

Which statement regarding the validity of psychological and medical tests is accurate?

A) Psychological tests are less accurate than medical tests in detecting conditions.
B) Medical tests are less accurate than psychological tests in detecting conditions.
C) Medical and psychological tests are inaccurate in detecting conditions.
D) Psychological tests are as or more valid than medical tests in detecting conditions.

Question 73

What can be said about the use of neurological techniques and other assessments, such as psychological tests, with regard to evaluating mental disorders?

A) Neurological techniques will eventually replace psychological tests.
B) Psychological tests provide more useful information than neurological techniques.
C) Both neurological techniques and psychological tests will soon be replaced by computerized assessments.
D) Using neurological techniques along with psychological tests increases diagnostic accuracy.

Question 74

Providing distinct categories for different patterns, indicators, and names of abnormal behavior is the goal of ____.

A) assessment
B) neuropsychological testing
C) a classification system
D) psychometrics

Question 75

Which of the following is a limitation of personality inventory assessment?

A) A fixed number of item alternatives can hinder individuals from presenting an accurate picture of themselves.
B) The validity of personality inventory assessments has not been established.
C) The reliability of personality inventory assessments has not been established.
D) Information gathered by personality inventory assessment rarely has diagnostic significance.

Question 76

Norman was recently diagnosed with terminal cancer. When he meets with a therapist to deal with his depression, the therapist should ____.

A) focus primarily on the medical diagnosis as the cause of Norman's depression
B) ignore the medical diagnosis and focus only on Norman's depression
C) consider the medical diagnosis to be a relevant factor in Norman's depression
D) view Norman's medical and depression diagnoses as mutually exclusive

Question 77

What led to the discussion of changing to a dimensional system in the DSM-5?

A) A dissatisfaction with the categorical model of previous DSMs
B) An interest in moving away from assessment and diagnosis
C) An acknowledgment of the distinct set of symptoms for each disorder
D) A decrease in identified psychological disorders since the DSM-III-R

Question 78

A positive feature of the DSM-5 is that it ____.

A) devotes more attention to cross-cultural assessment issues
B) has omitted the casual specifiers associated with identified disorders
C) relies on assessment that emphasizes deficits
D) has omitted the "behavioral addictions" category

Question 79

Dr. Cooper says, "What abnormal psychology needs is a system of categories for different patterns of behavior that can be agreed on by all professionals." Dr. Cooper is asking for a(n) ____.

A) valid method of assessment
B) more reliable battery of psychological tests
C) ethical use of assessment
D) reliable classification system

Question 80

Which new category developed for the DSM-5 reflects dimensional ratings of symptoms?

A) course of treatment
B) minor neurocognitive disorder
C) risk syndromes
D) prognosis