Deck 8: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders

Question 1

Which type of disorders are characterized by intense sadness or loss of interest in activities that would normally be pleasant?

A) Personality disorders
B) Emotional disorders
C) Depressive disorders
D) Anxiety disorders

Answer 1

C

Question 2

What is a behavioral symptom of depression?

A) slowing down all body movements and speech
B) becoming more and more involved with other people's problems
C) having trouble getting to sleep but feeling full of energy
D) having thoughts of suicide

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the following is a physiological symptom of depression?

A) lowered productivity
B) poor hygiene
C) anhedonia
D) lack of interest in eating and weight loss

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Harold says, "I cry for hours and feel a profound sense of loss. I experience no joy, but I can still see a positive future for myself. I know I am competent; I just feel very sad all the time." If Harold is experiencing depression, he illustrates ____.

A) none of the cognitive signs but many of the emotional ones
B) most of the cognitive and emotional signs
C) most of the behavioral signs but none of the emotional ones
D) none of the emotional signs but many of the cognitive ones

Question 5

What behavior is most characteristic of someone diagnosed with depression?

A) increased activity level
B) racing thoughts
C) social withdrawal
D) impulsivity

Question 6

Shelly is pessimistic about her future. Her disinterest in everything around her, together with her loss of energy and motivation, make it difficult for her to cope with even the most minor of daily events. These symptoms demonstrate which domain of depression?

A) cognitive
B) affective
C) behavioral
D) physiological

Question 7

Valentine has had two episodes of depression during the winter. During the summer, she does not have any occurrences. She would likely be diagnosed with ____.

A) MDD with a seasonal pattern
B) manic episodes
C) anxious distress
D) persistent depressive disorder

Question 8

The director of a new mental health center is planning to provide treatment for a disorder that is the most common complaint for those who seek mental health care, and the second leading cause of disability worldwide. That disorder is ____.

A) depression
B) manic depression
C) anxiety
D) hyperactivity

Question 9

A psychologist describes a patient as showing certain cognitive symptoms associated with depressive reactions. Which patient is being described?

A) Rachel, who is apathetic, anxious, and socially withdrawn
B) Megan, who has a negative view of herself, her present experiences, and her future expectations
C) Kate, who is crying, easily fatigued, and moves very slowly
D) Wendy, who has physiological impairments in her nervous system, gastrointestinal system, and immune system

Question 10

Timothy has been unable to function at work for more than a year since the death of his mother. He feels he is worthless. His friends notice that his thought processes seem faulty, and he seems to be doing everything in "slow motion." Timothy's reaction to his mother's death ____.

A) indicates a bipolar disorder
B) can be considered within the normal limits of bereavement in most cultures
C) indicates persistent complex bereavement disorder
D) would be considered mania in some cultures but normal bereavement in others

Question 11

Lucy feels worthless and extremely sad. She has had crying spells that do not stem from any particular event. Life seems uninteresting and colorless. Lucy's symptoms illustrate the ____.

A) emotional symptoms of depression
B) behavioral symptoms of depression
C) cognitive symptoms of mania
D) physiological symptoms of depression

Question 12

A young woman cannot stop thinking about how hopeless her life is. No matter how much she tries to think about other things, all she can think about is what has gone wrong. This woman is engaging in ____.

A) hypomania
B) expansive mood
C) rumination
D) psychosis

Question 13

Ralph has lost twenty pounds since he was fired from his job. He either cannot get to sleep or wakes up early and is exhausted the next day. These facts illustrate which symptoms of depression?

A) cognitive
B) emotional
C) behavioral
D) physiological

Question 14

Khalil has been losing weight because he has no interest in eating. He also complains of constipation. Furthermore, he has difficulty falling asleep and then wakes up several times during the night, often because of nightmares. Khalil is experiencing which symptoms of depression?

A) affective
B) behavioral
C) cognitive
D) physiological

Question 15

Luis's mother dies suddenly, and he experiences great sadness. Which statement indicates that this could turn into persistent complex bereavement disorder rather than normal mourning?

A) He feels that he needs to mourn in order to adjust to his mother's death.
B) He has experienced severe and incapacitating depression for more than one year.
C) He cries when he thinks of his mother.
D) He has experienced a short, intense period of dejection and sadness.

Question 16

The cognitive symptoms of depression include ____.

A) feelings of sadness, dejection, worthlessness, apathy, and crying spells
B) social withdrawal, low energy, psychomotor retardation, and agitation
C) appetite and weight changes, constipation, and sleep disturbances
D) appetite and weight changes, constipation, and sleep disturbances

Question 17

Professor Wong tells her class that there are four psychological domains that are used to describe depression. These domains include emotional, behavioral, cognitive, and ____.

A) sociological
B) physiological
C) psychoanalytical
D) vocational

Question 18

The two primary aspects of bipolar disorders are ____, which is characterized by intense sadness, and ____, which is characterized by elevated mood and often results in hyperactivity.

A) mania; anxiety
B) mania; depression
C) depression; anxiety
D) depression; mania

Question 19

The emotional symptoms of depression include ____.

A) slowed speech and action
B) thoughts of suicide
C) an inability to sleep
D) intense sadness and feelings of worthlessness

Question 20

Jill has had one episode of major depression with no history of mania or hypomania. What could she be diagnosed with?

A) persistent depressive disorder
B) premenstrual dysphoric disorder
C) major depressive disorder
D) anxious distress

Question 21

Which series of events is least likely to happen?

A) major depressive episodes that do not alternate with any manic episodes
B) manic episodes that do not alternate with depressive episodes
C) major depression that alternates with manic episodes
D) major depressive episodes that alternate with hypomania

Question 22

Taylor is diagnosed with major depressive disorder. One thing we are sure of is that he ____.

A) will never have another episode of depression after this one
B) is likely to have hallucinations
C) does not alternate between depression and mania
D) swings from extremely low energy to very high energy

Question 23

Artie speaks so rapidly that people have a hard time keeping up with what he says. He also changes topics mid-sentence and, although much of what he says is understandable, his accelerated, disjointed speech and idiosyncratic phrases make it difficult to follow his train of thought. Artie is exhibiting which category of bipolar symptoms?

A) emotional
B) behavioral
C) cognitive
D) physiological

Question 24

Gertrude has read an article in her local newspaper about "depressed cities" and "happy cities." She sees that the city where she lives is number one on the "depressed cities" list, and decides to move near her daughter, who lives in the number one "happy city." Gertrude will move from ____ to ____.

A) Seattle, WA; Honolulu, HI
B) Detroit, MI; Miami Beach, FL
C) Tampa, FL; Louisville, KY
D) St. Petersburg, FL; Honolulu, HI

Question 25

Bipolar disorder is to ____ disorder as major depression is to ____ disorder.

A) dysthymic; cyclothymic
B) cyclothymic; anxiety
C) cyclothymic; dysthymic
D) psychotic; neurotic

Question 26

For the past several weeks, Ian's thinking races from one idea to the next, and he cannot stay focused on any one idea. He feels pressure to keep on talking, feels a decreased need for sleep, and has been arrested for harassing pedestrians on the street. Of the following, what diagnosis would Ian most likely be given?

A) bipolar disorder
B) unipolar depression
C) cyclothymic disorder
D) dysthymic disorder

Question 27

Based on cross-cultural research, which individual has the lowest risk of developing depression?

A) Sam, a middle-aged white gay man
B) Juan, a 20-year-old Hispanic college student
C) Monica, a 25-year-old Native American
D) Sharona, a 45-year-old white divorcee

Question 28

Which term is correctly paired with its definition?

A) Hypomania is when a person is beginning to feel depressed.
B) Mania is when a person is "high" but totally coherent.
C) Hypomania may involve poor judgment but not delusions.
D) Mania is a less severe form of the disorder than hypomania.

Question 29

Brianna has always been pessimistic. For the past three years, on most days she feels tired, guilty, and unable to concentrate. However, her eating, sleeping, and daily functioning have not been impaired. This chronic depressed state best illustrates ____.

A) anxious distress
B) MDD with a seasonal pattern
C) premenstrual dysphoric disorder
D) persistent depressive disorder

Question 30

Romeo is grandiose in his thinking, incoherent in his speech, and so hyperactive he has hardly sat down in the past week. DeJuan is overactive and elated, starting projects but not completing them. However, he shows neither delusions nor incoherence in his speech. According to the DSM-5, ____

A) Romeo illustrates the hypomanic state, and DeJuan the manic state.
B) Romeo and DeJuan both illustrate the manic state.
C) Romeo and DeJuan both illustrate the hypomanic state.
D) Romeo illustrates the manic state, and DeJuan the hypomanic state.

Question 31

For an event to qualify as a manic episode, the DSM-5 says that ____.

A) the state must last for at least one week
B) there must also be a depressive episode
C) there must be an elevated mood that does not impair functioning
D) the state must last for two months

Question 32

Nathan has a seven-year history of mild mood swings. When he is "high," he is coherent; when he is "low," he is never suicidal or unable to function. What is the best diagnosis for Nathan?

A) cyclothymic disorder
B) bipolar disorder, mixed
C) major depressive disorder, mixed
D) dysthymic disorder

Question 33

In the DSM-5, depressive disorders are divided into which three major subcategories?

A) major depressive disorder, persistent depressive disorder, and premenstrual dysphoric disorder
B) major depressive disorder, bipolar I, and bipolar II
C) mild depression, moderate depression, and severe depression
D) major depression, cyclothymic disorder, and dysthymic disorder

Question 34

Ronnie has recurrent major depressive episodes that alternate with hypomania. According to the DSM-5, Ronnie should be diagnosed with ____.

A) bipolar I
B) bipolar II
C) cyclothymia
D) major depressive disorder not otherwise specified

Question 35

Rochelle suffers from bipolar II disorder and Elaine suffers from cyclothymic disorder. Which statement best describes the reasons that one of these women is more likely than the other to miss work due to her illness?

A) Because of her more severe lack of energy and inability to focus, Elaine will miss more work than Rochelle.
B) Because her depressive episodes are more severe and more persistent than Elaine's, Rochelle will miss more work.
C) Because her depressive episodes are more severe and more persistent than Rochelle's, Elaine will miss more work.
D) Their severe and persistent episodes of depression will result in both Rochelle and Elaine missing about the same amount of work.

Question 36

Unlike depression, in mania, ____.

A) the mood is elevated, expansive, or irritable
B) mood changes occur without any changes in behavior
C) the mood remains normal, while the cognitive and behavioral symptoms change
D) mood changes do not affect social or occupational functioning

Question 37

To decide whether a person should be diagnosed as bipolar I or bipolar II, a diagnostician must ask, ____.

A) "Have any of your close relatives ever had this problem?"
B) "How long have you felt depressed?"
C) "Have you had a history of manic episodes?"
D) "How often do you feel depressed?"

Question 38

Winnie exhibits the essential feature of bipolar disorder, which is ____.

A) depressed mood
B) chronic fatigue
C) changing moods from happy to serious
D) one or more manic or hypomanic episodes

Question 39

Shauna experienced three different major depressive episodes during the fall and winter. She was unable to care for herself, and did not eat much. These symptoms suggest that Shauna is likely to have experienced which depressive disorder?

A) premenstrual dysphoric disorder
B) persistent depressive disorder
C) MDD with a seasonal pattern
D) [ure dysthymic syndrome

Question 40

Which individual best illustrates the symptoms of mania?

A) Jim, who has suddenly developed an aversion to sexual activity
B) Paul, who has boundless energy and becomes angered when frustrated
C) Alice, who is highly anxious about future events
D) Esther, whose energy level is so low that she has become withdrawn from other people

Question 41

Greta's psychiatrist advises her to buy bright lights, which are to be turned on in the early morning hours of winter days to reduce her problem with depression. We can guess that Greta's problem is ____.

A) dysthymia due to a medical condition
B) major depressive disorders with a seasonal pattern
C) postpartum onset
D) rapid-cycling bipolar disorder

Question 42

Moods disorders differ from temporary emotional reactions to life events because they ____.

A) have an impact in only one aspect of a person's life
B) do not persist over an extended period of time
C) only occur for specific reasons
D) are markedly out-of-proportion to life circumstances

Question 43

Which type of study supports the contribution of genetic factors to bipolar disorder?

A) laboratory study
B) twin study
C) animal study
D) sociocultural study

Question 44

What is a key concept in the behavioral explanation of depression?

A) incomplete mourning and unexpressed anger
B) irrational thinking and poor logic
C) few reinforcers and poor social skills
D) lack of imagination and self-absorption

Question 45

Which of the following is the most comprehensive behavioral explanation of depression?

A) Lewinsohn's model
B) Seligman's model
C) Beck's model
D) Freud's model

Question 46

Which statement best illustrates Beck's explanation of depression?

A) "Depression is primarily a problem in thinking; negative schemas make one feel depressed."
B) "When opportunities for reinforcement are reduced, people do less and are therefore more likely to become depressed."
C) "Depressives use internal and global causal attributions for negative events rather than external and specific attributions."
D) "Depressives see the world with little distortion; they accurately appreciate the brutality of life."

Question 47

Professor Solomon is investigating the relationship between bipolar I and bipolar II disorders. Based on research that has already been conducted, what will she conclude?

A) There is at least one manic episode in bipolar II, but not in bipolar I.
B) A diagnosis of Bipolar II does not need a depressive episode.
C) A diagnosis of Bipolar I does not have to exhibit psychotic symptoms.
D) There are no clear differences between the two disorders.

Question 48

Dr. DeVille thinks that depression occurs when people receive insufficient social reinforcement. We can guess that Dr. DeVille supports which perspective on depression?

A) biological
B) behavioral
C) psychodynamic
D) sociocultural

Question 49

Studies on bipolar disorders suggest that ____.

A) they are more common than depressive disorders
B) they often coexist with other mental disorders
C) men are more likely than women to suffer from bipolar II disorder
D) relatives of individuals with both disorders are at equally high risk to develop both bipolar and depressive disorders

Question 50

Dr. Lublin attributes depression to errors in thinking that result in pessimism, negative views of self, and feelings of hopelessness. Dr. Lublin is which kind of therapist?

A) cognitive
B) humanistic
C) behavioral
D) psychodynamic

Question 51

Which treatment involves creating routines in day-to-day life and has been effective in reducing relapse of bipolar disorder?

A) social rhythm therapy
B) psychoeducation
C) family-focused therapy
D) cognitive-behavioral therapy

Question 52

Negative thoughts, low self-esteem, and errors in thinking are all concepts central to which theory of depression?

A) biological
B) cognitive
C) operant
D) psychodynamic

Question 53

Which situation best illustrates Beck's concept of overgeneralization in depressives?

A) When it rains on the day of the picnic, the host feels he should have scheduled it for another day.
B) Despite feeling great anger at his mother, a boy yells at himself.
C) When a girl is complimented on her hair, she assumes that the person who complimented her was just showing pity for her.
D) A man burns the toast one morning at breakfast and concludes that he is a worthless father and husband.

Question 54

Diagnosis rates for bipolar disorders have been found to be ____ percent for identical twins.

A) 100
B) 72
C) 48
D) 14

Question 55

Which statement best mirrors Lewinsohn's view of depression?

A) "The depressed person has a low self-concept that is made worse by poor family supports, but more important are the person's neurotransmitter imbalances."
B) "Low rates of positive reinforcements are crucial, but prior level of stress and the person's loss of self-confidence lead to an increased vulnerability to depression."
C) "Classically conditioned depression is combined with modeling of other depressed individuals until depression becomes almost contagious."
D) "In addition to the stressors the person suffers, we must look at the unconscious conflicts that bubble to the surface."

Question 56

Which statement about bipolar disorders is accurate?

A) There is stronger evidence of genetic influence for depressive disorders than for bipolar disorders.
B) The age of onset is typically earlier for depressive disorders than for bipolar disorders.
C) There are circadian rhythm abnormalities present in both depressive disorders and bipolar disorders.
D) Individuals with depressive disorders are more likely than those with bipolar disorders to attempt suicide.

Question 57

John has been diagnosed with bipolar disorder. Consistent with neuroimaging studies, we would expect that John will ____.

A) have increased brain activation in regulating emotions
B) have reduced gray matter
C) become less emotionally responsive
D) show increases in gray matter

Question 58

The two extremes of mood on opposite ends of a continuum are ____ and ____.

A) hypomania and depression
B) mania and hypomania
C) depression and mania
D) depression and cyclothymia

Question 59

Dr. McGuire is a behaviorist who sees separation and loss as important issues in depression, including the fact that ____.

A) Dr. McGuire sees loss in terms of a reduced chance for reinforcement
B) Dr. McGuire highlights how sympathy towards the grieving person aids in recovery
C) Dr. McGuire sees loss as changing the hormonal balance within the depressive's body
D) Dr. McGuire highlights the symbolic nature of loss

Question 60

Mrs. Smyth is diagnosed with depression because she has lost weight, expresses excessive guilt, and is unresponsive to pleasurable things. Further, she is more active. Which symptom listed would NOT be consistent with the diagnosis of depression?

A) weight loss
B) increased activity
C) unresponsive to pleasurable things
D) excessive guilt

Question 61

Dr. Meredith works with clients from different cultural backgrounds who suffer from depression. Which of her clients is most likely to interpret his symptoms as being "heartbroken"?

A) Suliman, who is from Saudi Arabia
B) Yeh, who is Chinese
C) Pepe, who is Mexican
D) Ahote, who is Hopi

Question 62

The gender difference in depression may be more apparent than real. One factor that could explain why women seem to be more prone to depression is that ____.

A) women are socialized to be more self-interested and autonomous
B) women have higher concentrations of a certain depressive allele than men
C) depression in men may be hidden by other factors such as substance abuse or other addictive behaviors
D) depression in men is more likely to manifest early one and then dissipate

Question 63

Many studies have found that social support is especially important as a buffer against depression when people are exposed to stress. Recent research by Kasen, Wickramaratne, Garneroff, & Weissmam (2012) showed that what specific kind of social support is particularly beneficial?

A) psychological support, such as help with problem solving
B) emotional support, such as having a "shoulder to cry on"
C) religious participation and neighborhood cohesion
D) workplace participation and leadership style

Question 64

A physician notices that twice as many female patients complain of depression as male patients. The physician's first thought is that the cause is hormonal or genetic differences in the sexes. Research has ____.

A) shown that only males who have a genetic vulnerability develop depression.
B) been done extensively on this and results confirm that there is a hormonal basis for depression
C) proven that this is never the case
D) suggested that environmental and social-cultural factors interact with biological factors to influence gender differences in depression

Question 65

Which controversial treatment is considered by many clinicians to be an effective for treating profound depression?

A) ECT
B) CBT
C) MAOIs
D) RET

Question 66

A person who believes that his or her behavior has little effect on the environment and who becomes passive and depressed illustrates which perspective on depression?

A) Beck's low self-esteem
B) Seligman's learned helplessness
C) Lewinsohn's operant
D) Freud's psychodynamic

Question 67

Suppose you bet $10,000 to find a person who had a mood disorder but whom you were not allowed to meet, interview, or know personally. For which person would you have a better than even chance of winning your bet?

A) the identical twin of a person with unipolar depression
B) a person raised in an adoptive home with depressed parents
C) the fraternal twin of a person with unipolar depression
D) the identical twin of a person with bipolar disorder

Question 68

All of the following people were unsuccessful in getting a job after undergoing three interviews. Which person's thinking illustrates the depressive attributional style?

A) Esther: "I may be terrible at job interviews, but the rest of my skills are exceptionally strong."
B) Theresa: "I am always incompetent-in job interviews and everything else."
C) Anthony: "I didn't get a job because of a bad streak of luck, and luck is always ripe for changing."
D) Paul: "I didn't try my hardest; if I work at it, I can get a job."

Question 69

Which of the following will have an effect on depressed moods for both American and Chinese adolescents?

A) poor parent relationships
B) poor academic achievement
C) serious parent illness
D) harsh discipline in childhood

Question 70

According to Hammen and colleagues (1992), some people who respond to stress with depression ____.

A) contribute to their own stress
B) have social supports who make them dependent
C) see themselves as so independent that they refuse to accept help from others
D) have too much norepinephrine in the frontal lobes

Question 71

Research addressing the relationship between stress and depression suggests that ____.

A) several minor stressors are more likely than one severe stressor to cause depression.
B) acute stress is more likely than chronic stress to cause depression.
C) exposure to dangerous events is more likely than loss and humiliation to cause depression.
D) there is a bidirectional relationship between stress and depression so that stress can cause depression and depression can cause stress.

Question 72

Depressed behavior is related to ____.

A) low levels of serotonin
B) high levels of serotonin
C) high levels of estradiol
D) low levels of estradiol

Question 73

Individuals from which culture are especially likely to present bodily complaints when they are depressed?

A) Chinese
B) Irish American
C) American Indian
D) Italian American

Question 74

According to Beck, when people see themselves in a pessimistic way and assume that people do not like them, they have a ____.

A) learned helplessness style
B) negative self-schema
C) negative attributional style
D) distress-oriented schema

Question 75

Which sociocultural factor has been found to be significantly associated with depression?

A) religion
B) education
C) gender
D) gene expression

Question 76

Imagine that there is an equal level of stress in Gerald's and Mary's lives. Ruling out biological differences, we might expect Mary to be more prone to depression if she ____.

A) is employed outside the home and has no children
B) maintains a nontraditional gender role
C) sees herself as controlling her life situations
D) tends to ruminate and amplify her depressive moods

Question 77

Which quote best illustrates what Seligman means by learned helplessness?

A) "Nothing I do will ever improve my situation."
B) "Everyone can perform well except for me."
C) "I can't remember anything good ever happening to me."
D) "Many of the stresses in my life I brought on myself."

Question 78

The basic assumption of Seligman's explanation for depression is that ____.

A) both cognitions and feelings of helplessness are learned and that depression results from learned helplessness
B) cognitions and but not feelings of helplessness are learned and that depression results from learned helplessness
C) feelings but not cognitions of helplessness are learned and that depression results from learned helplessness
D) high levels of negative cognitions coupled with stress results in depression

Question 79

In therapy, a psychologist tries to convince a depressed woman that her actions do affect the environment and that even though uncontrollable events happened in the past, they need not happen again. This therapist is making use of principles from ____.

A) psychodynamic theory
B) learned helplessness theory
C) the biogenic theory of depression
D) the cognitive triad

Question 80

Evidence for heritability of bipolar disorders suggests that ____.

A) no significant evidence regarding heritability and bipolar disorders has been discovered
B) a g ene for bipolar disorder exists on chromosome 11
C) there is a complex genetic basis of bipolar disorders involving interactions among multiple genes
D) the concordance rate for bipolar disorder is higher for dizygotic twins than for monozygotic twins