Deck 25: Nation Building and Economic Transformation in the Americas

Question 1

Jose de San Martin's most effective troops were

A)Spanish ex-patriots.
B)former American convicts.
C)former American cowboys.
D)former Portuguese soldiers.
E)former slaves.

Answer 1

former slaves.

Question 2

In 1810, Spain's richest and most populous American colony, whose silver mines were the largest in the world, was

A)Venezuela.
B)Brazil.
C)Peru.
D)Mexico.
E)Bolivia.

Answer 2

Mexico.

Question 3

divided the United States into two separate and competitive societies.

A)women's suffrage
B)slavery
C)tariffs
D)agriculture
E)All of these are correct.

Answer 3

slavery

Question 4

Which of the following were similarities shared by Venezuelan leader José Antonio Páez and American Andrew Jackson?

A)They were both successful military leaders.
B)They both had uneducated and poor beginnings.
C)They both challenged constitutional limits to their power.
D)They both were personalist leaders.
E)All of these are correct.

Question 5

The Confederation of 1867

A)recognized that Britain had lost Canada in the War of 1812 with the United States, and they were forced to withdraw.
B)was an Irish nationalist group that staged an invasion of Canada in that year.
C)caused a split in political loyalty and a civil war between British and French Canadians.
D)was a political accord that was reached between Canadians and Pontiac Indians over use of the Great Lakes (on the Canadian side).
E)created the Dominion of Canada with a central government in Ottawa.

Question 6

Initially, the two nations in Latin America that retained monarchies were

A)Mexico and Bolivia.
B)Peru and Chile.
C)Uruguay and Paraguay.
D)Mexico and Brazil.
E)Brazil and Argentina.

Question 7

The overthrow of the Venezuelan, Mexican, and Bolivian colonial governments first occurred in

A)1776.
B)1789.
C)1800-1801.
D)1808-1809.
E)1824.

Question 8

Who anonymously published an article in which he called slavery a "cancer eating away at Brazil"?

A)Pedro I
B)Pedro II
C)John VI
D)José María Morelos
E)Simón Bolívar

Question 9

The United States election of 1824 was controversial because

A)one of the four candidates for president had been incapacitated by a stroke but ran anyway.
B)expansionist policies to the west dominated the political agenda.
C)the selection of the president was made by a vote in the House of Representatives.
D)the provision for overturning slavery was narrowly defeated.
E)the faction known as "war hawks" did not support their own candidate.

Question 10

In Caracas, the revolutionary junta that declared independence in 1811 was led by

A)Bonapartists.
B)creoles.
C)mulattoes.
D)slaves.
E)None of these is correct.

Question 11

Latin American nations found it particularly difficult to define the role of in these new nations.

A)race
B)wealth
C)the Catholic Church
D)property
E)All of these are correct.

Question 12

The "crisis of legitimacy" that undermined colonial authority in Latin America was caused by

A)revolutionary ideas.
B)the collapse of the imperial economy.
C)Napoleon's invasion of Spain and Portugal.
D)a peasant uprising that overthrew the Viceroyalty.
E)the example of the American War for Independence against Britain.

Question 13

The political body established to rule Spain's colonies during the French occupation of Spain was called the

A)Personalist Power.
B)Junta Central.
C)Colonial Cabinet.
D)Patriotic Front.
E)Madrid Militia.

Question 14

Independence in Brazil first occurred when

A)Bolivar overthrew the reign of King John VI after his return to Portugal.
B)Emperor Pedro I, son of the king of Portugal, declared Brazil a constitutional monarchy.
C)juntas turned Brazil into a constitutional republic.
D)the armies of the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata freed the slaves, breaking the economic stronghold of Portugal.
E)Francisco Garibaldi was elected as the president of Brazil in 1831.

Question 15

What city was the second important center of revolutionary activity in Spanish South America?

A)Caracas
B)Buenos Aires
C)Rio de Janeiro
D)La Paz
E)Bogota

Question 16

Morales, Hidalgo, and Iturbide were all radicals in the independence movements. All of them were

A)elected to serve as officials in the new republic.
B)outlaws who had to run to Bolivia to avoid arrest.
C)supported by loyalist factions of local elites.
D)executed by firing squad.
E)commended by Ferdinand IV.

Question 17

Which of the following were significant preconditions for revolution in Mexico?

A)displacement of indigenous communities from their agricultural lands
B)rising unemployment in urban areas
C)crop failures and epidemics
D)increased food prices with decreased productivity
E)All of the above.

Question 18

Even though this state would fail by 1830, Simón Bolívar created Gran Colombia in 1824, which unified

A)the peoples of all Spanish-speaking America.
B)the Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking territories.
C)Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador into one nation.
D)Central and South America into one coalition.
E)Haiti, Antigua, and Brazil into one nation.

Question 19

A significant difference in colonial political experiences is that the British colonies had

A)grown accustomed to elections, political parties, and factions.
B)a constitution written by committee.
C)peaceful coexistence with indigenous populations.
D)a more advanced economic trade system than Spain.
E)None of these are correct.

Question 20

The Mexican revolutionaries José María Morelos and Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla were

A)lawyers.
B)Catholic priests.
C)military officers.
D)labor union organizers.
E)physicians.

Question 21

After 1800, when the profitability of sugar plantations declined, which British groups pushed for the end of slavery?

A)Labor unions
B)Protestant ministers
C)Free traders
D)All of these are correct.
E)None of these is correct.

Question 22

Two brothers, Tecumseh and the Prophet, created a large organized alliance among Amerindians of the Ohio River Valley.

A)Pontiac
B)Apache
C)Cherokee
D)Shawnee
E)Navajo

Question 23

People who wanted slavery to be outlawed were called

A)deconstructionists.
B)populists.
C)luddites.
D)libertarians.
E)abolitionists.

Question 24

In the 1820s, Argentina and Brazil fought to a military stalemate, leaving this country independent:

A)Peru
B)Uruguay
C)Paraguay
D)Tierra del Fuego
E)the Archipelago Islands

Question 25

Which of the following was true regarding the American abolitionist movement?

A)They believed slavery offended Christian morality.
B)They believed slavery violated universal human rights.
C)It was supported by many women suffragists.
D)They eventually accepted the fact that slavery couldn't be abolished peacefully.
E)All of these are correct.

Question 26

The Sioux defeated General Custer at the

A)Battle at the Alamo.
B)Battle of Little Bighorn.
C)Pottawatomie Creek Massacre.
D)Battle of Poltava.
E)Harper's Ferry Raid.

Question 27

U.S. western expansion relied upon

A)popular support of the idea of Manifest Destiny.
B)railroads.
C)aggressive diplomacy.
D)warfare against the Mexican and Amerindian populations.
E)All of these are correct.

Question 28

Though they eventually were defeated, one advantage that Amerindians in Argentina and Chile had in checking settlers' southern expansion was an unlimited food supply from

A)guinea pigs.
B)herds of wild cattle.
C)buffalo.
D)the goats and sheep of the pampas.
E)All of these are correct.

Question 29

The Caste War was

A)a rebellion by the creoles and mestizos in Mexico against the caudillos.
B)an independence movement by the Choctaw confederation.
C)an alliance of the Plains tribes to resist western expansion.
D)a popular uprising of Maya that nearly succeeded in taking back the Yucatán.
E)a mutiny against British Raj in India in 1857.

Question 30

By the mid-nineteenth century, Mexico lost all but which of the following to the United States?

A)Texas
B)Arizona
C)New Mexico
D)California
E)Mexico City

Question 31

The Trail of Tears was the

A)massacre of the Powhatan tribes along the Appalachian Trail.
B)route of the slave trade from the Carolinas to Mississippi and Alabama.
C)southern name for the route of General Sherman in his destructive siege and burning of Charleston.
D)exile to Texas of settlers who left to establish the Republic.
E)forced resettlement of Cherokee, Creek, and Choctaw peoples to the west of the Mississippi River.

Question 32

White Caribbean settlers, who were a tiny minority of the population, were not enthusiastic about independence from European imperial governments because they

A)worried that disaster relief would not be provided.
B)feared slave revolts.
C)feared that trade would diminish.
D)felt vulnerable to economic takeover by the United States.
E)feared the rise of Caribbean tourism.

Question 33

Which Amerindian group was initially successful in its efforts to reclaim traditional lands before eventually succumbing to the Chilean military?

A)Maya
B)Cree
C)Mapuches
D)Pawnee
E)None of these are correct.

Question 34

A French army was driven out of Mexico by

A)Benito Juarez.
B)Simón Bolívar.
C)Tupac Amaru II.
D)Emperor Maximilian.
E)Aldo Suarez.

Question 35

On which of the following islands did slavery last the longest?

A)St. Lucia
B)Haiti
C)The Dutch Antilles
D)Puerto Rico
E)Cuba

Question 36

After the American Revolution, Amerindians

A)were no longer exploited.
B)were pushed out of territories previously promised by treaties with Britain.
C)peacefully coexisted with settlers moving westward.
D)depended on the American government honoring their commitments of support from the Revolutionary War.
E)were deported from the continent.

Question 37

Despite emancipation of slaves in the United States, African Americans lived under harsh conditions, including

A)a mandatory seven-day workweek.
B)deportation to Liberia.
C)laws that prohibited African Americans from practicing Christianity.
D)"Jim Crow" laws that segregated public transportation, jobs, and schools.
E)All of these are correct.

Question 38

Which former slave became one of the most vocal and effective leaders of the abolitionist movement?

A)Frederick Douglass
B)Abraham Lincoln
C)Theodore Weld
D)Sarah Grimke
E)Charles Fourier

Question 39

During Brazil's war with Paraguay (1865-1870), large numbers of slaves

A)joined the Brazilian army in exchange for freedom.
B)were liberated by foreign armies.
C)temporarily controlled the Brazilian government.
D)petitioned the pope to mediate for them.
E)fled the country.

Question 40

The Plains Indians (Sioux, Comanche, Pawnee, Kiowa)successfully resisted U.S. expansion in part because they

A)had become skilled users of horses and firearms.
B)had resistance to diseases, which the settlers did not have.
C)used a legal system to their advantage.
D)were far superior warriors.
E)had adopted the techniques of nonviolent resistance.

Question 41

Instructions: Answer the following question(s).
Describe the constitutional experiments of the nineteenth century in the United States, Canada, and Latin America.

Question 42

By 1910, 30 percent of this country's population was foreign-born, more than twice the proportion in the U.S. population.

A)Brazil
B)Argentina
C)Mexico
D)Cuba
E)Canada

Question 43

One of the largest demands in "women's rights" in America took the form of

A)equal wages for equal work as men.
B)the right to be legally independent.
C)demands for the right to vote.
D)access to higher education.
E)improved work conditions outside the home.

Question 44

In 1872, this became the first U.S. national park.

A)Yellowstone
B)Yosemite
C)Grand Canyon
D)Muir Woods
E)Gettysburg

Question 45

Much of Cuba's dense forest was cut for

A)merchant and naval shipbuilding.
B)cattle-grazing land.
C)expanding sugar production.
D)charcoal for new industries.
E)prevention of malaria.

Question 46

What continent provided the majority of immigrants to the Western Hemisphere in the nineteenth century?

A)Asia
B)Europe
C)Australia
D)South America
E)Micronesia

Question 47

Which of the following had by 1900 achieved income levels similar to those of Western Europe?

A)Canada
B)the United States
C)Argentina
D)None of these is correct.
E)All of these are correct.

Question 48

Working-class women transformed gender relations by

A)becoming directly involved in reform movements.
B)working outside the home.
C)armed revolution.
D)copying the tactics of the Jacobins in the French Revolution.
E)going on strike in the home.

Question 49

When confronted with the choice of economic growth or environmental protection in the 1800s and early 1900s,

A)Western Hemisphere nations tried to adopt a balanced policy.
B)some nations chose growth over protection.
C)all nations chose environmental protection.
D)all nations chose economic growth.
E)nations did not make a conscious choice between the two.

Question 50

Perhaps the most critical feature to economic integration was which form of technology in the Western Hemisphere?

A)telegraphs
B)electricity
C)railroads
D)refrigeration
E)computerization

Question 51

Canadian efforts to assimilate immigrants included

A)complete relaxation of immigration laws.
B)the discovery of penicillin to cure immigrant diseases.
C)teaching patriotism and English in school.
D)the adoption of all Romance languages as the official language.
E)forcing immigrants to wear badges of ethnicity.

Question 52

A group of women angered by their exclusion from an international antislavery conference, called for the Women's Rights Convention of 1848 which was held in

A)Paterson, New Jersey.
B)Seneca Falls, New York.
C)Toronto, Canada.
D)Washington, D.C.
E)Boston, Massachusetts.

Question 53

France's support for slavery decreased after

A)the Haitian Revolution.
B)the writing of the Declaration of the Rights of Man.
C)Napoleon conscripted slaves to fight his wars against Britain, promising freedom in exchange for military service.
D)sale of the Louisiana Territory reduced its need for plantation labor.
E)the French economy focused more on wine production and handicrafts than industrialized manufacture.

Question 54

Which of the following technological improvements changed the Argentine cattle industry at the end of the nineteenth century?

A)refrigeration
B)the steamship
C)the invention of barbed wire
D)lowered freight costs
E)All of these are correct.

Question 55

The adoption of the language, customs, values, and behaviors of a group as a result of contact with people from another culture is called

A)acculturation.
B)maturation.
C)revelation.
D)indoctrination.
E)calcification.

Question 56

To what extent did the independence movements in Latin America draw inspiration from, and ultimately come to resemble, the American and French Revolutions? What, on the other hand, were the factors that were unique to these colonies and that ensured that their revolutions followed their own distinct trajectories?

Question 57

Which of the following first allowed women to graduate from medical school?

A)Chile
B)Canada
C)Brazil
D)Argentina
E)None of these is correct.

Question 58

The economic success of the United States in the nineteenth century was exemplified by the

A)telephone network.
B)rise of state and municipal governments.
C)increase in manpower of the United States army.
D)United States' railroad network.
E)All of these are correct.

Question 59

Canada decided to reduce Asian immigration in the 1880s by

A)signing the Chinese Exclusion Act.
B)enacting literacy and citizenship tests.
C)using a quota system.
D)imposing a head tax on Chinese immigrants.
E)None of these is correct.

Question 60

The Industrial Revolution created new demand for metals such as copper, zinc, and tin. This led to mining booms in

A)the western United States.
B)Mexico.
C)Chile.
D)Bolivia.
E)All of these are correct.

Question 61

What factors led to the alteration of the American environment? How was the environment altered?

Question 62

What was the effect of independence and the end of colonialism on Amerindians? Consider former British, Spanish, and Portuguese colonies.

Question 63

Discuss and give examples of personalist leaders in the Americas.

Question 64

Compare and contrast the revolutionary movements in Venezuela, Mexico, and Brazil.

Question 65

Define and discuss the patterns of economic development and underdevelopment in the Americas. What regions enjoyed economic development during the nineteenth century, and what were the major components of that development? What regions remained underdeveloped, and why?

Question 66

Leaders like José Antonio Páez and Andrew Jackson who relied on popular followings rather than constitutions and laws were known as .

Question 67

Not a constitutional republic like its neighbors, Brazil instead became a .

Question 68

What role did women and free African Americans play in the United States abolitionist movement?

Question 69

Which was not a factor in spurring revolt in Latin America?

Question 70

Free blacks and slaves in Venezuela joined forces with the Spanish loyalists during the era of the .

Question 71

What was the nature of immigration to the Americas in the nineteenth century? What were some of the issues and contributions of immigration?

Question 72

Discuss the significance of railroads in transforming the Western Hemisphere. How did railroads affect Latin America, the United States, and Canada?