Deck 4: The Punishment of Offenders

Question 1

According to the authors, rehabilitation is oriented solely toward the offender and does not imply any consistent relationship between the severity of the punishment and the gravity of the crime.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Incapacitation focuses on characteristics of the offenders instead of characteristics of the victims.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Most Western democracies impose the death penalty.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT one of the four major goals of corrections in the United States?

A) ​deterrence
B) ​incarceration
C) ​rehabilitation
D) ​retribution

Question 5

Discrimination occurs when criminal justice officials either directly or indirectly treat people differently because of their race, ethnicity, gender, or class.

Question 6

The United States employs a national standard approach to sentencing.

Question 7

In the past decade, many have argued that the needs of the victim and the community should be the focus of punishment goals.

Question 8

Retribution is a goal of punishment designed to repair the damage done to the victim and community by an offender's criminal act.

Question 9

The concept of good time is provided to inmates in certain correctional facilities based on:

A) ​medical issues.
B) ​​complaints to staff.
C) ​family matters.
D) ​participation in vocational programs.

Question 10

One impact of sentencing guidelines is that sentencing discretion has shifted from the prosecutor to the judge.

Question 11

Community-based punishments such as probation and intermediate sanctions are imposed far more often than prison sentences in the United States.

Question 12

The public must be constantly reminded about punishment for deterrence to work.

Question 13

Unjust punishments can occur because of sentencing disparities and wrongful convictions.

Question 14

The concept of selective incapacitation rests on the idea that:​

A) ​most serious offenders require short periods of incarceration.
B) ​a small number of offenders are responsible for a disproportionate number of violent and property crimes.
C) ​the cost of incarceration can be decreased by housing only serious violent drug offenders.
D) ​the crime rate will remain relatively stable if serious felons are incarcerated for long periods.

Question 15

Legislatures establish the penal codes that set forth the sentences that judges may impose.

Question 16

All punishments inflicted upon offenders are visible.

Question 17

The clerk of the court is responsible for preparing the presentence report provided to a judge prior to sentencing.

Question 18

Incarceration, the death penalty, and probation all may have more than one intended goal behind their implementation.

Question 19

The deserved-punishment approach requires sanctions be administered solely for the goal of incapacitation.

Question 20

Recent knowledge of the effectiveness of deterrence shows that social science is able to measure the effects of various punishments.

Question 21

According to the authors, is the most visible penalty imposed by the American criminal justice system.

A) ​imprisonment
B) ​probation
C) ​parole
D) ​the death sentence

Question 22

Since the , retribution as a justification for the criminal sanction has aroused new interest.

A) ​1930s
B) ​1950s
C) ​1970s
D) ​1990s

Question 23

According to the retributive justice model of punishment, those who commit a particular crime should be punished:​

A) ​subjectively.
B) ​alike.
C) ​differently.
D) ​mercifully.

Question 24

The goal of rehabilitation is oriented solely toward the ______________and does not imply any consistentrelationship between the severity of the punishment and the gravity of the crime.

A) ​state
B) ​victim
C) ​offender
D) ​law

Question 25

Judges may deviate from the sentencing guidelines if aggravating or circumstances exist.

A) ​mitigating
B) ​fixed
C) ​purposeful
D) ​exaggerating

Question 26

Among the stated goals of the correctional process as mentioned by the authors, which of the following does not overlap with the objectives of the other purposes?​

A) ​rehabilitation
B) ​deterrence
C) ​incapacitation
D) ​retribution

Question 27

Depriving an offender of the ability to commit crimes against society, usually by detention in prison, is:​

A) ​deterrence.
B) ​retribution.
C) ​incapacitation.
D) ​rehabilitation.

Question 28

Punishment of criminals that is intended to be an example to the public and to discourage the commission of offenses by others is known as:​

A) ​specific deterrence.
B) ​specific retribution.
C) ​general deterrence.
D) ​general rehabilitation.

Question 29

In the famous United States v. Booker decision, the Supreme Court found that sentencing guidelines were:​

A) ​mandatory.
B) ​discretionary.
C) ​necessary.
D) ​binding.

Question 30

asserts that a person who has infringed on the rights of others deserves to be penalized or punished.

A) ​Deterrence
B) ​Retribution
C) ​Incapacitation
D) ​Rehabilitation

Question 31

Punishment designed to repair damage to both victim and community is considered:​

A) ​rehabilitation.
B) ​retribution.
C) ​reintegration.
D) ​restorative justice.

Question 32

Legislatures concerned with the correctional goal of treatment usually prescribe a(n):​

A) ​determinate sentencing scheme.
B) ​indeterminate sentencing scheme.
C) ​mandatory sentencing scheme.
D) ​presumptive sentencing scheme.

Question 33

The most frequently applied set of sentencing guidelines used throughout the United States is the:​

A) ​Minnesota Sentencing Guidelines.
B) ​New York Sentencing Guidelines.
C) ​Pennsylvania Sentencing Guidelines.
D) ​Georgia Sentencing Guidelines.

Question 34

Experts usually cite as reasons wrongful convictions occur.

A) ​plea-bargaining pressures
B) ​community pressure
C) ​eyewitness error
D) ​all of these

Question 35

Sentencing guidelines are designed to do all of the following except:​

A) ​reduce disparity in sentencing for similar offenses.
B) ​increase and decrease punishments for certain offenders and offenses.
C) ​reduce prison overcrowding.
D) ​enhance rehabilitative efforts to punish offenders.

Question 36

With reference to time, rehabilitation is:

A) ​future-oriented.
B) ​present-oriented.
C) ​past-oriented.
D) ​both future- and past-oriented.

Question 37

Probationary sentences emphasize guidance and in the community.

A) ​employment
B) ​educational attainment
C) ​supervision
D) ​family connectivity

Question 38

According to Herbert Packer, which of the following is NOT an element of punishment?​

A) ​an offense
B) ​the infliction of pain because of the commission of the offense
C) ​use of community justice tactics to deter the offender
D) ​a dominant purpose to prevent further offenses or to inflict pain on the offender

Question 39

Punishments less severe than prison but more restrictive than traditional probation are:

A) ​restorative sanctions.
B) ​indefinite sanctions.
C) ​immediate sanctions.
D) ​intermediate sanctions.

Question 40

According to the concept of , offenders are returned to society once they are treated.

A) ​deterrence
B) ​retribution
C) ​incapacitation
D) ​rehabilitation

Question 41

Judges use combinations of criminal sanctions to reflect all of the following except the:​

A) ​needs of the community.
B) ​severity of the crime.
C) ​emotional state of victim.
D) ​characteristics of the offender.

Question 42

Restorative justice sees crime as a violation against which of the following?​

A) ​victim and community
B) ​offender and state
C) ​community and state
D) ​victim and offender

Question 43

Divergence in the lengths and types of sentences imposed for the same crime or crimes of comparable seriousness when no reasonable justification is known as a:

A) ​judicial disparity.
B) ​sentencing disparity.
C) ​form of systemic racism.
D) ​miscarriage of justice.

Question 44

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a.Remove an offender's capacity to commit crime
b.Min/max range of incarceration
c.Punishment as an example to the public
d.Restoring the offender to society
e.Control over the amount of time a prisoner serves
f.Deserved punishment
g.Incarcerated for the betterment of society
h.Goal of punishment seeking to repair damage caused
i.Fixed time of incarceration
j.Punishment for the individual
General deterrence

Question 45

__________________ refers to a report prepared by a probation officer, who investigates a convicted offender's background to help the judge select an appropriate sentence.

A) ​Presentence
B) ​Pretrial
C) ​Post-sentence
D) ​Post-trial

Question 46

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a.Remove an offender's capacity to commit crime
b.Min/max range of incarceration
c.Punishment as an example to the public
d.Restoring the offender to society
e.Control over the amount of time a prisoner serves
f.Deserved punishment
g.Incarcerated for the betterment of society
h.Goal of punishment seeking to repair damage caused
i.Fixed time of incarceration
j.Punishment for the individual
Retribution​

Question 47

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a.Remove an offender's capacity to commit crime
b.Min/max range of incarceration
c.Punishment as an example to the public
d.Restoring the offender to society
e.Control over the amount of time a prisoner serves
f.Deserved punishment
g.Incarcerated for the betterment of society
h.Goal of punishment seeking to repair damage caused
i.Fixed time of incarceration
j.Punishment for the individual
Determinate sentencing​

Question 48

_______________________ is an instrument developed for judges that indicates the usual sanctions given previously for particular offenses.

A) ​Sentencing guidelines
B) ​Sentencing report
C) ​Pretrial guidelines
D) ​Presentence report

Question 49

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a.Remove an offender's capacity to commit crime
b.Min/max range of incarceration
c.Punishment as an example to the public
d.Restoring the offender to society
e.Control over the amount of time a prisoner serves
f.Deserved punishment
g.Incarcerated for the betterment of society
h.Goal of punishment seeking to repair damage caused
i.Fixed time of incarceration
j.Punishment for the individual
Mandatory sentencing​

Question 50

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a.Remove an offender's capacity to commit crime
b.Min/max range of incarceration
c.Punishment as an example to the public
d.Restoring the offender to society
e.Control over the amount of time a prisoner serves
f.Deserved punishment
g.Incarcerated for the betterment of society
h.Goal of punishment seeking to repair damage caused
i.Fixed time of incarceration
j.Punishment for the individual
Indeterminate Sentencing​

Question 51

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a.Remove an offender's capacity to commit crime
b.Min/max range of incarceration
c.Punishment as an example to the public
d.Restoring the offender to society
e.Control over the amount of time a prisoner serves
f.Deserved punishment
g.Incarcerated for the betterment of society
h.Goal of punishment seeking to repair damage caused
i.Fixed time of incarceration
j.Punishment for the individual
Specific deterrence​

Question 52

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a.Remove an offender's capacity to commit crime
b.Min/max range of incarceration
c.Punishment as an example to the public
d.Restoring the offender to society
e.Control over the amount of time a prisoner serves
f.Deserved punishment
g.Incarcerated for the betterment of society
h.Goal of punishment seeking to repair damage caused
i.Fixed time of incarceration
j.Punishment for the individual
Incapacitation​

Question 53

According to the authors, which of the following is NOT one of the major sentencing structures currently used in the United States?

A) ​indeterminate
B) ​intermediate
C) ​determinate
D) ​mandatory

Question 54

assumes that society can remove an offender's capacity to commit further crimes by detention in prison or by execution.

Question 55

___________ contends that an offender should be punished based on the severity of the offense.

Question 56

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a.Remove an offender's capacity to commit crime
b.Min/max range of incarceration
c.Punishment as an example to the public
d.Restoring the offender to society
e.Control over the amount of time a prisoner serves
f.Deserved punishment
g.Incarcerated for the betterment of society
h.Goal of punishment seeking to repair damage caused
i.Fixed time of incarceration
j.Punishment for the individual
Restorative Justice​

Question 57

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a.Remove an offender's capacity to commit crime
b.Min/max range of incarceration
c.Punishment as an example to the public
d.Restoring the offender to society
e.Control over the amount of time a prisoner serves
f.Deserved punishment
g.Incarcerated for the betterment of society
h.Goal of punishment seeking to repair damage caused
i.Fixed time of incarceration
j.Punishment for the individual
Selective incapacitation​

Question 58

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a.Remove an offender's capacity to commit crime
b.Min/max range of incarceration
c.Punishment as an example to the public
d.Restoring the offender to society
e.Control over the amount of time a prisoner serves
f.Deserved punishment
g.Incarcerated for the betterment of society
h.Goal of punishment seeking to repair damage caused
i.Fixed time of incarceration
j.Punishment for the individual
Rehabilitation​

Question 59

Which of the following is NOT one of the major factors that influence judges' sentencing decisions?​

A) ​role of the victim in the crime
B) ​offender's role in the commission of the crime
C) ​offender's criminal history
D) ​severity of the offense

Question 60

The least frequently used criminal sanction in the United States is:​

A) ​death.
B) ​incarceration.
C) ​intermediate sanctions.
D) ​probation.

Question 61

A convicted offender who is imprisoned for a fixed period of time has been given a __________ sentence.

Question 62

List and explain the various factors that influence the sentencing process. Of these factors, which do you feel has the most negative effect on the criminal justice system? on the offender? on the victim? on society in general?​

Question 63

Discuss the four major forms of criminal sanctions that are most commonly used within our correctional system. What are the pros and cons of each form? Which do you feel is a greater deterrent to crime and why do you believe this particular sanction is more effective than the others?​

Question 64

The use of sentences was greatly expanded in the 1980s as a primary weapon in the War on Drugs.

Question 65

The correctional goal of __________________ attempts to restore the convicted offender to a constructive place in society through the use of individualized treatment.

Question 66

The correctional goal of ____________________ assumes that society can, by detention in a correctional facility or by execution, remove an offender's capacity to commit further crimes.

Question 67

presumes members of the general public will be discouraged by observing the punishments of others and will conclude the costs of crime outweigh the benefits.

Question 68

is the goal of punishment inflicted on a person who has violated a criminal law and deserves to be punished.

Question 69

___________________ sanctions are penalties that are more severe than probation but less severe than incarceration.

Question 70

The most frequently applied criminal sanction is .

Question 71

In keeping with the goal of treatment, sentencing gives correctional officials and parole boards significant control over the amount of time an offender serves through a lack of fixed time of incarceration.

Question 72

Describe and discuss the two types of deterrence. What are the pros and cons of each type? Which are you in favor of and why?

Question 73

Unjust punishments can occur because of sentencing disparities and _____________.

Question 74

______________________ is the most visible form of punishment used in the United States.

Question 75

List and explain the four goals of corrections, including the intended purpose of each. Provide your opinion on the overall effectiveness of each purpose; in doing so, be sure to discuss which you are in favor of in regard to the potential reduction in recidivism rates of offenders.

Question 76

Offenders who repeat certain kinds of crime are sentenced to long prison terms through the concept of incapacitation.

Question 77

presumes that punishment inflicted on criminals will discourage them from committing future crimes.

Question 78

Of the four major goals of corrections, ________________ clearly conflicts with the other three goals since it focuses on treatment of the offender as opposed to other more punitive sanctions.