Deck 3: The Criminal Justice System.

Question 1

The United States has a​

A) ​dual-court system.
B) ​triple-court system.
C) ​one-court system.
D) ​quadruple-court system.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

A "true bill" coming from a grand jury and charging a suspect with a specific crime is called a(n)​

A) ​arrest.
B) ​warrant.
C) ​indictment.
D) ​booking.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The determination of whether or not a defendant is guilty is called​

A) ​adjudication.
B) ​indictment.
C) ​booking.
D) ​information.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of the following is true concerning the criminal justice system and the U.S.Constitution?​

A) ​The U.S. Constitution does not discuss the criminal justice system specifically.
B) ​The U.S. Constitution dictates how state agencies should be run.
C) ​The U.S. Constitution created the state police agencies.
D) ​The U.S. Constitution created the federal law enforcement agencies.

Question 5

According to Cole and Smith,which of the following is not a goal of the criminal justice system?​

A) ​Doing justice
B) ​Controlling crime
C) ​Preventing crime
D) ​Increasing crime

Question 6

What layer of the criminal justice "wedding cake" involves celebrated cases resulting in a jury trial that are highly unusual with great public attention?​

A) ​Top
B) ​High-middle
C) ​Low-middle
D) ​Bottom

Question 7

The concept of dividing power between a central (national)government and regional (state)governments is called​

A) ​confederacy.
B) ​federalism.
C) ​constitutional.
D) ​political.

Question 8

Which of the following statements best explains the goals of the criminal justice system?​

A) ​The actions of citizens taking simple precautions cannot prevent crime.
B) ​Efforts to control crime allow police to go beyond the law.
C) ​Decisions must be made that reflect the legal, social, political, and moral values of society.
D) ​All of these are true.

Question 9

The authority to make decisions without reference to specific rules or facts,using instead one's own judgment is referred to as​

A) ​exchange.
B) ​due process.
C) ​system.
D) ​discretion.

Question 10

A key concept in the criminal justice process involving the mutual transfer of resources among individual actors is called​

A) ​exchange.
B) ​due process.
C) ​system.
D) ​discretion.

Question 11

Most defendants whose charges are not dropped ultimately​

A) ​go to trial.
B) ​plead guilty.
C) ​serve long prison sentences.
D) ​are not guilty by reason insanity.

Question 12

The person who is the "key link between the police and the courts" because he or she considers the facts of the case and decides whether there is probable cause to believe an offense was committed is the​

A) ​judge.
B) ​defense attorney.
C) ​parole officer.
D) ​prosecutor.

Question 13

When a person is physically taken into custody,this is called a(n)​

A) ​warrant.
B) ​arrest.
C) ​indictment.
D) ​information.

Question 14

A court order issued by a judge authorizing police officers to make arrests or search premises is called a(n)​

A) ​arrest.
B) ​warrant.
C) ​bail.
D) ​booking.

Question 15

Prisons,jails,and other corrections facilities and programs are administered by which of the following?​

A) ​Federal government
B) ​State governments
C) ​City governments
D) ​All of the above

Question 16

What layer of the criminal justice "wedding cake" consists of misdemeanors?​

A) ​Top
B) ​High-middle
C) ​Low-middle
D) ​Bottom

Question 17

Which of the following occurs at the initial appearance?​

A) ​The suspect is fingerprinted.
B) ​The suspect is notified of the official charges against him or her.
C) ​The judge decides whether probable cause exists.
D) ​The suspect enters his or her plea.

Question 18

The criminal justice "wedding cake" layers reflect differences in how crimes are prioritized.Based on these priorities,which statement best reflects a summary of these layers?​

A) ​All cases are basically the same.
B) ​People who marry are less likely to commit crimes.
C) ​Different cases receive different kinds of treatment.
D) ​Celebrated cases are no different than other cases.

Question 19

What layer of the criminal justice "wedding cake" consists of serious felonies?​

A) ​Top
B) ​High-middle
C) ​Low-middle
D) ​Bottom

Question 20

Which of the following is not a characteristic of practitioners in the criminal justice system?​

A) ​Discretion
B) ​Resource dependence
C) ​Filtering
D) ​Complete independence of actors

Question 21

If a person is taken into custody,this is called a(n)____________________.

Question 22

The three major goals of the three components (police,courts,and corrections)of the American criminal justice system are _________________________.

Question 23

If an official acts according to his or her own judgment in the criminal justice system,this is called ____________________.

Question 24

According to Cole and Smith,which of the following is not an explanation for the racial and ethnic disparities that exist within the criminal justice system?​

A) ​Minorities commit more crimes.
B) ​The criminal justice system is racist.
C) ​America is a racist society.
D) ​None of these, because all of the above can explain the disparities.

Question 25

Most criminal cases are heard in ____________________ court.

Question 26

The inequality of treatment of one group by the criminal justice system,compared with the treatment accorded other groups,is called​

A) ​federalism.
B) ​crime.
C) ​disparity.
D) ​due process.

Question 27

When we say that crime in American is "intra-racial," we mean that​

A) ​victims and offenders tend to be in different racial groups.
B) ​victims and offenders tend to be in the same racial group.
C) ​race does not play a part in who is the victim and who is the offender.
D) ​racial differences can only be discovered using intra-group analysis.

Question 28

The separate judicial structure for each state in addition to a national structure creates a(n)____________________ system.

Question 29

The few celebrated cases are at Layer ____________________ of the criminal justice "wedding cake."​

Question 30

The criminal justice system is designed to control crime by arresting,prosecuting,convicting,and punishing those who disobey the ____________________.

Question 31

The U.S.Constitution gives specific powers to the ____________________ government.

Question 32

How much greater is the per capita incarceration rate for African Americans as compared to whites?​

A) ​Twice as great
B) ​Three times as great
C) ​Five times as great
D) ​Seven times as great

Question 33

One-third of all persons arrested by the police are members of which minority group?​

A) ​African Americans
B) ​Native Americans
C) ​Hispanics
D) ​Caucasians

Question 34

Compared to whites,African Americans and Hispanics are drawn into the criminal justice system at a​

A) ​slightly lower rate.
B) ​slightly higher rate.
C) ​similar rate.
D) ​much higher rate.

Question 35

The mutual transfer of resources is called ____________________.

Question 36

Federal sentencing guidelines punish users of crack cocaine about 100 times more harshly than users of powder cocaine.This fact reflects which of the textbook's explanations for racial disparities?​

A) ​Racial insensitivity and unequal treatment in society can shape criminal justice policy.
B) ​Crack cocaine is more harmful to society than powder cocaine.
C) ​Few people are arrested for using powder cocaine.
D) ​The effects of powder cocaine are not as strong as those of crack cocaine.

Question 37

What layer of the criminal justice "wedding cake" reflects the priorities of how the criminal justice system deals with felonies of "lesser concern"?​

A) ​Top
B) ​Bottom
C) ​High-middle
D) ​Low-middle

Question 38

The criminal justice process may be viewed as a(n)____________________ process through which cases are screened.

Question 39

The procedure by which an administrative record is made of the arrest is called a(n)____________________.

Question 40

The State of Michigan v.Christopher Jones illustrated​

A) ​the importance of selecting open-minded jurors.
B) ​the difficulties of proving guilt in a rape case.
C) ​the prosecutor's use of multiple charges to pressure defendants to plead guilty.
D) ​that circumstantial evidence cannot be used to convict an offender.

Question 41

Criminal justice in the United States is highly decentralized.

Question 42

At all levels of the justice process,there is a high degree of discretion employed by decision makers.

Question 43

Plea bargaining is an example of an exchange relationship in the criminal justice system.

Question 44

Criminal justice is a system of parts-police,courts,corrections-that do not affect each other.

Question 45

Most criminal laws are written by state legislatures and enforced by state agencies.

Question 46

Decisions made within the system of criminal justice should not have to reflect important values.

Question 47

Misdemeanors are at Layer ____________________ of the criminal justice "wedding cake."​

Question 48

When the U.S.Constitution was ratified in 1788-1789,it contained few references to criminal justice.

Question 49

Congress and President George W.Bush sought to increase the government's effectiveness by creating new federal agencies.

Question 50

Congress has refused to expand the powers of the FBI.

Question 51

____________________ profiling occurs when police officers disproportionately stop people of color more than whites.

Question 52

Most crime in America is ____________________-racial.

Question 53

Federalism divides power between a central (national)government and regional (state)governments.

Question 54

Differential treatment based on race is called ____________________.

Question 55

Criminal justice agencies are not dependent on others for funding.

Question 56

The U.S.Constitution explicitly includes criminal justice among the powers of the federal government.

Question 57

Relatively few offenders break federal criminal laws compared to the large numbers who break state criminal laws.

Question 58

Defendants who win appeals typically go free.

Question 59

Citizens and their actions can prevent crime.

Question 60

The criminal justice system is designed to control and prevent crime.

Question 61

To achieve the goals of criminal justice,many kinds of organizations-such as police,prosecution,_______,and corrections-have been formed.

A) ​courts
B) ​defense
C) ​bail bonds
D) ​magistrate

Question 62

A(n)_________ is returned by a grand jury as a true bill charging an individual with a specific crime on the basis of a determination of probable cause.

A) ​information
B) ​arrest
C) ​warrant
D) ​indictment

Question 63

Imagine you are a legislator in your home state.What policy might you suggest for reducing racism in the criminal justice system?​

Question 64

Explain Cole and Smith's use of the concepts of system and exchange to describe the criminal justice system.Is this a useful way to view criminal justice? Why or why not?​

Question 65

The ______ is better able than any state agency to pursue criminal investigations across state borders.

A) ​U.S. Marshal
B) ​Secret Service
C) ​FBI
D) ​Homeland Security Department

Question 66

What impact does the federal budget have on the FBI?​

Question 67

In the American criminal justice system,all cases undergo the same process and receive equal attention.

Question 68

Minority groups do not suffer greatly from poverty.

Question 69

In the United States,the law may be interpreted differently in various states.

Question 70

At the _________the suspect is brought before a judge and is given formal notice of the charge(s)for which he or she is being held,advised of his or her rights,and,if approved by the judge,given a chance to post bail.

Question 71

Minorities are subjected to much higher rates of incarceration than the white majority.

Question 72

The criminal justice system is designed to control crime by arresting,prosecuting,convicting,and _______ those who disobey the law.

A) ​punishing
B) ​sentencing
C) ​correcting
D) ​instructing

Question 73

In the American criminal justice system,most cases proceed all the way to trial.

Question 74

Explain how recent high-profile cases may suggest or refute racial disparity within the criminal justice system.

Question 75

There is no evidence of racism in the way society asks the criminal justice system to operate.

Question 76

Because police usually observe the crimes that occur,they are at an advantage in quickly arresting offenders.

Question 77

A document charging an individual with a specific crime,which is prepared by a prosecuting attorney and presented to a court at a preliminary hearing,is a(n)​

A) ​indictment.
B) ​information.
C) ​arraignment.
D) ​trial.

Question 78

Which of the following is not a major duty of law enforcement agencies?​

A) ​Keeping the peace
B) ​Preventing crime
C) ​Providing social services
D) ​Providing probation services

Question 79

More than half of convicted offenders are supervised in the community.

Question 80

Cole and Smith provide three explanations for why minorities are subjected to the criminal justice system at much higher rates than the white majority.Briefly summarize one of these three explanations and discuss its strengths and weaknesses.