Deck 9: The Knowing Mind: Memory

Question 1

According to the Atkinson and Shiffrin model of memory, information flows through three stages. What illustrates the correct flow of information in this model?

A)sensory input, short-term memory, and long-term rehearsal
B)sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory
C)short-term memory, working memory, and long-term memory
D)sensory memory, short-term rehearsal, and long-term memory

Answer 1

sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory

Question 2

The first stage of the Atkinson‑Shiffrin model involved the retention of large amounts of incoming data for very brief amounts of time. This is called ____.

A)declarative memory
B)short-term memory
C)sensory memory
D)explicit memory

Answer 2

sensory memory

Question 3

Will is 10 years old and preparing for a spelling contest. He is starting to memorize the spelling of the word antidisestablishmentarianism . He realizes that he can group the letters into anti, dis, establish, and so forth. This process is called ____.

A)rehearsal
B)chunking
C)consolidation
D)encoding

Answer 3

chunking

Question 4

The second stage of the Atkinson‑Shiffrin model holds a small amount of information for a limited time. This is called ____.

A)sensory memory
B)short-term memory
C)working memory
D)iconic memory

Question 5

The "magic number 7 plus or minus 2" refers to the ____.

A)capacity of short-term memory
B)duration of short-term memory
C)duration of semantic memory
D)capacity of semantic memory

Question 6

After class, Anita and Bev make plans to study for their psychology exam together but cannot decide on a time or location. In addition, Anita realizes that she left her phone in her apartment. Anita and Bev decide to tell one another their e-mails before running off to their next class, but neither stops to write the information down. They will likely retain this information in sensory memory for ____.

A)a second or less
B)5 seconds
C)10 seconds
D)30 seconds

Question 7

After class, Anita and Bev make plans to study for their psychology exam together but cannot decide on a time or location. In addition, Anita realizes that she left her phone in her apartment. Anita and Bev agree that it is easiest to meet at Bev's dorm. Bev gives Anita her room number and passcode. Anita likely will be able to retain this information in short-term memory, without additional processing, for ____.

A)a second or less
B)no more than 30 seconds
C)about 2 minutes
D)a maximum of 5 minutes

Question 8

As Harry walks out of the supermarket, he sees his parked car get hit by another car. He tries to memorize the make, model, and license plate number of the other car. According to Baddeley's model, he is using his working memory's ____.

A)central executive
B)visuospatial sketch pad
C)episodic buffer
D)phonological loop

Question 9

Allan and Bob are debating the true meaning of the term memory . How does your textbook define this process?

A)the acquisition of knowledge through experience
B)the ability to learn from environmental stimuli
C)the ability to retain knowledge
D)the acquisition of sensory information

Question 10

Stephen has just finished composing his first poem, entitled Clouded Memories , for his poetry slam class. He is slated to recite the first 10 lines during class tonight, and repeats them over and over to himself as he is walking there. This is called ____.

A)maintenance rehearsal
B)elaborative rehearsal
C)chunking
D)consolidation

Question 11

Carlos asks Laura to write down her phone number and e-mail address. He promptly loses the slip of paper. However, he finds that he stills remembers them both. This is possible because ____.

A)of the nature of rehearsal within working memory
B)of the passive nature of storage involved with working memory
C)working memory can manage more than one type of information at a time
D)working memory processes information as visuospatial memories

Question 12

Jenna tickles her 5-year-old son. This sensory input is first translated into ____.

A)echoic memory
B)acoustic code
C)iconic memory
D)haptic code

Question 13

The four components of working memory proposed by Baddeley et al. are called the central executive, the episodic buffer, the visuospatial sketch pad, and the ____ loop.

A)phonological
B)schematic
C)semantic
D)maintenance

Question 14

What is an adaptation of the short-term memory model that involves the active manipulation of multiple types of information simultaneously?

A)restorative memory
B)declarative memory
C)autobiographical memory
D)working memory

Question 15

The information processing continuum flows both from the bottom up and the top down. What is the correct order of steps in this process, starting from the bottom up?

A)thinking, problem solving, memory, learning, perception, sensation, attention
B)attention, sensation, perception, learning, memory, thinking, problem solving
C)attention, perception, sensation, problem solving, memory, learning, thinking
D)problem solving, thinking, learning, memory, attention, sensation, perception

Question 16

What is the correct ordering of the processes of memory?

A)storage, encoding, and retrieval
B)retrieval, storage, and encoding
C)encoding, storage, and retrieval
D)encoding, retrieval, and storage

Question 17

Chunking is the ____.

A)recovery of stored information from long-term memory storage
B)process of grouping similar or meaningful information together
C)repetition of information to prevent decay from short-term memory
D)transformation of information from one form to another

Question 18

The "magic number 7 plus or minus 2" was first identified by psychologist ____.

A)Alan Baddeley
B)George Sperling
C)George Miller
D)Richard Atkinson

Question 19

Both brains and computers have the ability to store memories, with one critical difference. What is this difference?

A)A brain stores exact copies of data, whereas a computer stores bits of data that are reconstructed later for use.
B)A computer's stored information is always retrievable, whereas a brain's stored information is frequently irretrievable.
C)A brain's stored information is always retrievable, whereas a computer's stored information is occasionally irretrievable.
D)A computer stores exact copies of data, whereas a brain stores bits of data that are reconstructed later for use.

Question 20

Jeremy is typing a term paper on his computer and saves it every 5 minutes, just to be safe. How does the computer's memory store this file differently than Jeremy's memory?

A)The computer receives the information and translates it into smaller chunks.
B)The computer receives the information and stores an identical copy of the information.
C)The computer receives and translates the information into a composite image.
D)The computer receives the information and stores it semantically.

Question 21

Dinesh takes a quick call from his wife and then returns to a conversation with his coworker. His wife asked him to pick up six items at the grocery store on his way home from work, and while walking to his car, he realizes that he can remember only the first three items. This illustrates the ____.

A)spreading activation model
B)primacy effect
C)recency effect
D)maintenance model

Question 22

Doris is memorizing some chapter definitions for an economics quiz. For each defined term, she repeats the definition and uses the new term in a sentence that contains other words with which she is already familiar. She is engaging in ____.

A)elaborative rehearsal
B)chunking
C)explicit learning
D)maintenance rehearsal

Question 23

Sheldon goes to the grocery store to buy a few items, and when he gets there he can remember only the last few things that he wanted to buy. "I knew I should have written everything down," he says to himself. Sheldon has illustrated the _____ effect.

A)recency
B)rehearsal
C)mnemonic
D)primacy

Question 24

Professor Sevilla asks one of his graduate students, Leland, to finish his class lecture on memory. Leland begins by explaining that nondeclarative memories (1)are unconsciously and effortlessly retrieved memories; (2)are easy to verbalize; (3)include memories for classical conditioning, procedural learning, and priming; and (4)are also known as implicit memories. Which part of his definition is inaccurate?

A)Nondeclarative memories are unconsciously and effortlessly retrieved.
B)Nondeclarative memories are easy to verbalize.
C)Nondeclarative memories include memories for classical conditioning, procedural learning, and priming.
D)Nondeclarative memories are also known as implicit memories.

Question 25

A declarative memory that is accessed in a conscious, direct, and effortful manner is also called a(n)____.

A)implicit memory
B)personal history memory
C)procedural memory
D)explicit memory

Question 26

Marietta has memorized the capital cities of all 50 states. This is an example of ____ memory.

A)episodic
B)procedural
C)autobiographical
D)semantic

Question 27

Long-term memory is characterized by ____.

A)unlimited duration and unlimited capacity
B)limited duration and unlimited capacity
C)limited duration and limited capacity
D)unlimited duration and limited capacity

Question 28

According to the levels of processing theory, the depth (shallow to deep)of processing ____.

A)enhances long-term memory capacity
B)predicts the duration of information in long-term memory
C)predicts the ease of retrieval
D)exemplifies the power of maintenance rehearsal

Question 29

Nadine's 9-month-old son now knows to look for his teddy bear when she hides it behind the pillow. This appearance of object permanence in infants after the age of 8 months or so provides support for the importance of the ____ to working memory.

A)cerebellum and occipital cortex
B)hypothalamus and hippocampus
C)cerebrum and insula
D)parietal and prefrontal cortex

Question 30

Manuel is teaching his 3-year-old son Joey the alphabet song. Joey sings "A B C D H K G." This is an example of ____.

A)the recency effect
B)elaborative rehearsal
C)mnemonics
D)the primacy effect

Question 31

A graph of the serial position effect, where the likelihood of recall of an item is plotted as a function of the item's position in a list during presentation, takes the shape of a(n)____.

A)J-shaped curve
B)line that begins at a low level and slopes upward to the right
C)line that begins at a high level and slopes downward to the right
D)U-shaped curve

Question 32

Matt remembers visiting Disney World and SeaWorld in Florida with his family when he was 8 years old. This is an example of a(n)____.

A)procedural memory
B)autobiographical memory
C)episodic memory
D)semantic memory

Question 33

Which of the following is believed to result from the storage of a list of items in long-term memory through rehearsal?

A)the levels of processing effect
B)the primacy effect
C)the serial position effect
D)the recency effect

Question 34

An implicit memory is also known as a(n)____.

A)nondeclarative memory
B)episodic memory
C)autobiographical memory
D)declarative memory

Question 35

The component of working memory that is responsible for verbal and auditory information is the _____.

A)visuospatial sketch pad
B)episodic buffer
C)central executive
D)phonological loop

Question 36

Declarative memories are consciously retrieved memories that are easy to verbalize and include ____.

A)semantic, episodic, and autobiographical information
B)explicit and implicit memories
C)semantic, procedural, and autobiographical memories
D)nondeclarative and implicit aspects

Question 37

Manuel is teaching his 3-year-old son Joey the alphabet song. Joey sings "A B C D J R P X Y Z." This is an example of ____.

A)the primacy and recency effects
B)elaborative rehearsal
C)maintenance rehearsal
D)encoding specificity

Question 38

In most cases, information moves from short-term or working memory to long-term memory through ____.

A)chunking
B)mnemonics
C)the method of loci
D)rehearsal

Question 39

The final stage of the Atkinson‑Shiffrin model refers to the location of permanent memories. This is called ____ memory.

A)maintenance
B)eidetic
C)long-term
D)working

Question 40

According to the levels of processing theory, who will be able to remember the most definitions of the vocabulary words in a given chapter?

A)James, who reads through each term and its definition
B)Pat, who takes turns with her roommate defining and explaining each term
C)Phil, who memorizes the definitions by chunking
D)Renee, who repeats each term and its definition multiple times out loud

Question 41

Gregory was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease, which produces degeneration in the basal ganglia. He likely will experience increasing difficulty with learning new ____ memories.

A)declarative
B)procedural
C)episodic
D)semantic

Question 42

Priming is a change in a response to a stimulus as a result of exposure to a ____.

A)subliminal message
B)stimulus above the subjective threshold
C)stimulus below the objective threshold
D)previous stimulus

Question 43

Which of the following is a nondeclarative memory?

A)Mike remembers learning how to ski as a teenager.
B)In a spelling contest, Larry misremembers the spelling of the word mnemonic .
C)Juan feels happy when he smells the scent of the perfume that his mother wore.
D)Ryan remembers how to play chess the way that his grandfather taught him.

Question 44

Jerome's prefrontal cortex was damaged as a result of a skiing accident. He retained his semantic and procedural knowledge of how to drive a standard shift automobile. Jerome would most likely have problems recalling which of the following?

A)how to parallel park, whether driving his own car or one owned by a friend
B)how to find his way about in his home town
C)how to check the oil level or what an oil filter is used for
D)who taught him to drive a standard shift or how old he was when he learned

Question 45

Scientists have discovered correlations between activity in parts of the human brain and specific components of long-term memory through the observation of ____.

A)patients with brain damage and brain imaging studies in healthy participants
B)Taxicab drivers in the cities of London, Chicago, and New York
C)infants who were born between 2 and 12 months premature
D)pigeons and rats, both of whom were born with only half of their cerebral cortex

Question 46

An implicit memory for how to carry out a motor skill or action is called ____.

A)procedural memory
B)eidetic memory
C)declarative memory
D)retrograde memory

Question 47

Semantic or episodic memories that reference the self are called ____ memories.

A)autobiographical
B)procedural
C)self-reflective
D)nondeclarative

Question 48

What theory views the mind as an interconnected network made up of simpler units?

A)the constructivist theory
B)the computational theory
C)the connectionist theory
D)the correlational theory

Question 49

Alex is starting his day. Which of the following represents a procedural memory?

A)He grimaces at the sound of the alarm clock.
B)He brushes his teeth.
C)He reminds himself to pack a lunch for work.
D)He forgets his keys.

Question 50

Martin has a very stunning memory of virtually everything that has happened to him since he was 4 years of age. He remembers the weather on his 6th birthday, the baseball card he got when he was 11 years old, and the color of the eyes of the girl who sat next to him in his sixth grade classroom. Martin remembers all of these details despite the fact that he is 53 years of age. Martin has a condition called ______.

A)major neurocognitive disorder
B)dissociative fugue disorder
C)pseudomnemonism
D)hyperthymesia

Question 51

Episodic memories are affected by damage to the ____.

A)basal ganglia
B)hippocampus
C)prefrontal cortex
D)amygdala

Question 52

As discussed in your text, Henry Molaison (H. M.)lost extensive tissue in the inner part of both temporal lobes, including the hippocampus and amygdala in both hemispheres. In her research, Brenda Milner found that Molaison could learn a new procedural task, mirror tracing, as well as typical control participants did. However, he could not remember the details of the task. This outcome suggests that ____.

A)his declarative memories were intact but not his procedural memories
B)his procedural memories were intact but not his nondeclarative memories
C)his procedural memories were intact but not his declarative memories
D)his declarative memories were intact but not his nondeclarative memories

Question 53

Which of the following statements regarding semantic memories is true?

A)Different patterns of activity in the cerebral cortex are correlated with various types of semantic memories.
B)A tool labeling task is associated with activity in the visual cortex of the occipital lobe, suggesting that we think about what a tool looks like in order to name it.
C)Damage to the prefrontal cortex can produce a condition known as source amnesia of certain semantic memories.
D)An animal naming task activates areas associated with hand movements, suggesting that we think about touching an animal in order to name one.

Question 54

The spreading activation model proposes that people organize general knowledge based on ____.

A)their personal experiences
B)predetermined hierarchies
C)semantic similarities
D)existing cultural norms

Question 55

The hippocampus ____.

A)serves as a storage location for long-term memories
B)participates in the consolidation of information into long-term memory
C)plays a role in procedural memory
D)is unrelated to the formation of spatial memories

Question 56

When Gina was 10, she swam in the ocean for the first time. She remembers the feeling of kicking her feet, slicing her arms through the water, tasting the tangy salt water, floating her on her back, and learning from her father that salt water is more dense than fresh water, which makes floating easier. Which element is a semantic memory?

A)the familiar feel of kicking her feet and slicing her arms through the water
B)how tangy the salt water was
C)that salt water is more dense than fresh water
D)the feeling of floating on her back

Question 57

Ella is a participant in a study using the lexical decision task technique. To which pair of real or non-real words would she likely have the fastest response time?

A)table -resk
B)dup -loor
C)building -house
D)egg -tree

Question 58

Within the category of declarative memories, far more is known about _______ organization than other types of organization.

A)procedural
B)episodic
C)semantic
D)explicit

Question 59

As discussed in your text, Henry Molaison (H. M.)lost extensive tissue in the inner part of both temporal lobes, including the hippocampus and amygdala in both hemispheres. The type of declarative memory problems experienced by Molaison are frequently produced by damage to the ____.

A)cerebral cortex
B)hippocampus
C)amygdala
D)corpus callosum

Question 60

Which of the following statements about semantic and episodic memories is true?

A)Semantic memories can result from a single, personal experience.
B)Episodic memories provide us with an objective understanding of the world.
C)Semantic memory contains specific information about events, objects, and people.
D)Episodic memory is organized as a timeline.

Question 61

Former members of a Girl Scout troop have gotten back in touch on Facebook. Verda reminds the others of their camping trip, where it rained for 3 days. Others share their memories of that weekend as well. What is most likely to happen to Verda's memories?

A)They remain essentially the same.
B)They are stored in a separate section of long-term memory from the memories of others.
C)They are over-written by the memories shared by others.
D)They interact with others' memories and are re-encoded as new long-term memories.

Question 62

Under the spreading activation model, which of the following concepts or properties would have the weakest connection with the word rose for most people?

A)aunt
B)flower
C)red
D)fragrant

Question 63

The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon reflects that retrieval is a(n)____.

A)all-or-none process
B)erratic step-by-step process
C)step-by-step process that moves closer to the target
D)completely unpredictable process

Question 64

Ashley is studying a list of vocabulary words for her psychology exam. Which of the following would be most effective for recalling definitions during the exam?

A)cues based on her own experiences
B)cues provided by the textbook
C)cues suggested by her study partner
D)cues recommended by her professor

Question 65

When Frederic Bartlett's study participants recalled the story he had read to them 20 hours earlier, they ____.

A)recalled it nearly verbatim
B)added random details to the story
C)added details that fit with the meaning of the story
D)added details that were in jarring contrast to the story

Question 66

Recognition tasks are easier than recall tasks because ____.

A)they are based on personal experience
B)they provide fewer cues
C)they provide more cues
D)they provide widely accepted cues

Question 67

Tom often smokes while studying in his apartment. Of course, he cannot smoke during his exams. This may make retrieval of the material more difficult because of ____.

A)encoding specificity
B)episodic memory
C)context-dependent memory
D)short-term memory

Question 68

A set of expectations about objects and situations is called a(n)____.

A)template
B)mnemonic
C)mindset
D)schema

Question 69

Sam is participating in a study regarding retrieval from short-term memory. He memorizes a list of five items. What is most likely to happen?

A)He is able to retrieve the items simultaneously.
B)He can identify any of the five items in the same amount of time.
C)He remembers the middle item the most quickly.
D)He searches through his short-term memory one item at a time.

Question 70

Sarah is having a tip-of-the tongue experience with the name of an Indian restaurant that recently received a great review. She suspects that it may start with a "K" sound and consist of two syllables, but all that comes to mind is Canton or Colorado. Which of the following choices would be the most likely name of the restaurant?

A)Curry Palace
B)Kebab Express
C)Chaudhury's
D)Kashmir

Question 71

A cue is ____.

A)the transformation of information from one form to another
B)the process of grouping similar or meaningful information together
C)a memory aid that links new information to well-known information
D)any stimulus that helps you access target information

Question 72

Fred is studying vocabulary for his biomedical class while lying on his bed. At the same time, his roommates and their friends are enthusiastically watching the basketball game on television in the living room. Fred's recall of the material will likely be best while ____.

A)seated at a desk in a quiet room
B)lying down with background noise
C)outdoors in fresh air and sunshine
D)lying down in a silent setting

Question 73

Which of the following most accurately describes eyewitness testimony in the courtroom setting?

A)It is considered to be uniformly precise and reliable.
B)Errors in testimony are usually due to the witness's premeditated intent.
C)It can be affected by the words attorneys use when framing questions.
D)Preliminary testimony is considered unreliable; therefore, follow-up questioning is essential.

Question 74

Which of the following is one of the most important schemas we have for organizing and remembering what we study?

A)hierarchies from most important to least important
B)the self
C)alphabetization
D)categorization by purpose and properties

Question 75

Professor Giles asks his students to write down the first word that come to mind when they see the word fish . Bob writes down sea , James writes down chips , and Angela writes down net . According to the spreading activation theory, this result ___.

A)is made possible by the connections from the amygdala to the hippocampus
B)indicates that Professor Giles has not taught the student the correct response
C)is highly unusual because such different answers would not likely be stimulated by the same probe
D)makes sense because personal experiences determine how people organize general knowledge

Question 76

Mary is visiting the beach close to her childhood home. Which of the following best describes her memories of childhood summers?

A)They are detailed and static images.
B)They blend childhood memories with new content in working memory.
C)They are unreliable.
D)They are similar to reopening an old computer file.

Question 77

What is reconstruction?

A)The rebuilding of a memory out of stored elements
B)A set of expectations about objects and situations
C)The incorporation of unique combinations of information in memory
D)Competition between newer and older information in memory

Question 78

Ron is about to leave his apartment. His keys are not on his dresser, where he usually leaves them. He starts to retrace his steps from the night before and realizes that he should look in the bathroom, as this was his first stop upon arrival. This reflects the process of ____.

A)mood congruent memory
B)encoding specificity
C)flashbulb memory
D)decay

Question 79

Roger is preparing for his final exam in Bioethics . The most difficult type of question for him on the exam, in terms of memory retrieval, will most likely be ____.

A)essay
B)true‑false
C)matching
D)multiple choice

Question 80

The spreading activation model accounts for the results of the lexical decision experiments that demonstrate priming by explaining ____.

A)our unconscious daily responses to non-real words
B)the quicker decision time with related words
C)the strong connections between unrelated words
D)the organization of related words in short-term memory