Deck 6: The Aware Mind: Elements of Consciousness

Question 1

Carl's wife Juanita is unhappy that her husband's new shift as a security guard is from 11:00 p.m. to 8:00 a.m. She complains to her husband that since he started his new job, he has been having health, personality, mood, and interpersonal problems. What condition might Carl have?

A)circadian abnormality disorder
B)dysfunctional cycle condition
C)rapid eye movement (REM)behavior disorder
D)shift maladaption syndrome

Answer 1

shift maladaption syndrome

Question 2

Consciousness requires complex interactions between the cerebral cortex and the ____.

A)amygdala
B)thalamus
C)midbrain
D)hippocampus

Answer 2

thalamus

Question 3

Corrina finds a quiet cubicle at the library and prepares for a long night of studying. While she studies, she is also aware of the conversation taking place at the next table. What aspect of consciousness describes Corrina's awareness of both her textbook material and the other conversation?

A)preconscious awareness
B)state of awareness
C)stream of consciousness
D)content of awareness

Answer 3

content of awareness

Question 4

The existence of varying states of awareness benefits animals by facilitating ____.

A)reproduction and immune function
B)reproduction and energy conservation
C)body repair and immune function
D)body repair and energy conservation

Question 5

From an evolutionary perspective, why is self-awareness advantageous for animals?

A)It is correlated with heightened meaningfulness of self-preservation.
B)It facilitates the development of complex motor and sensory control.
C)It allows animals to respond instinctively to oncoming threats.
D)It provides the opportunity to choose responses rather than to respond instinctively.

Question 6

The Student Union is holding its weekly Friday night "De-stress 'til Dawn" mixer. Brandon is hungry, Shelby is tired, and Tina feels cold. Which brain structure controls the internal biological clocks responsible for regulating these processes?

A)hippocampus
B)amygdala
C)hypothalamus
D)cingulate cortex

Question 7

Internal biological clocks interact with external stimuli, referred to by the ____.

A)Dutch term maalgeven
B)Italian term lezionadare
C)French term temps-donner
D)German term zeitgebers

Question 8

Jonah and Eli are having a conversation about how the brain works. Jonah maintains that the brain must be much more active when a person is focused and attending to a problem, while Eli points out that the brain operates with the same activity no matter how focused a person is. Who is right?

A)Neither is right, because the brain exhibits about 5% more activity when a person is focused compared to when they are unfocused.
B)Jonah is right, as the brain shows between an 80 and 85% increase in activity when a person is focused compared to when they are unfocused.
C)Eli is right, because the brain activity level does not change at all when a person's focus level changes.
D)Neither is right, because the brain actually exhibits 10 to 15% less activity when a person is focused compared to when they are unfocused.

Question 9

Who is most likely to suffer the biggest disruption to his or her circadian rhythm?

A)Dale, who travels from Connecticut to Oregon for a business meeting
B)Eli, who travels from California to New York to visit his new grandson
C)Miranda, who travels from Maine to Florida for a family vacation
D)Carlos, who travels from Arizona to Montana for a job interview

Question 10

What is the relationship between the brain, the mind, and consciousness?

A)They are equal and interdependent entities.
B)They function as mutually exclusive entities.
C)Consciousness falls under the umbrella of the mind; the mind falls under the umbrella of the brain.
D)The brain falls under the umbrella of the mind; the mind falls under the umbrella of consciousness.

Question 11

Dr. Sanchez is a behavioral psychologist who studies learning and memory in rats. Because rats are most active at night, she asks the animal resource facility to reverse their light‑dark cycle to accommodate her experiments. However, the animal facility is reluctant to disrupt the rats' current ____, which lasts for "about a day."

A)circadian rhythm
B)cerebrodynamic cycle
C)chronometric temperance
D)contrast arousal

Question 12

Some researchers restrict the possibility of self-aware consciousness to species that ____.

A)show strong individualism
B)demonstrate cognitive complexity
C)exhibit complex social behavior
D)are at the top of the food chain

Question 13

Kendyl is born with a congenital disorder that prevents her eyes from sensing light; her fraternal twin brother Gabe is born with normal vision. Compared to Gabe, Kendyl will likely have ____.

A)no circadian cycle
B)a shorter circadian cycle
C)a longer circadian cycle
D)the same circadian cycle

Question 14

College roommates Sergio and Giuseppe decide to start a landscaping business over the summer. When they meet up at 5:00 a.m. one morning to work, Sergio is full of energy and begins to move heavy equipment right away while Giuseppe is sluggish and unable to focus. What aspect of consciousness describes the different mental states of Sergio and Giuseppe?

A)preconscious awareness
B)state of awareness
C)stream of consciousness
D)content of awareness

Question 15

Tasha runs a daycare center. She places birthday hats on a group of children to celebrate 1-year-old Chantal's birthday. Tasha notices that when Chantal passes by a mirror she grabs for the hat by reaching for the mirror instead of reaching for her own head. Tasha picks up the baby and helps her find her hat. What aspect of consciousness has Chantal not yet reached?

A)awareness of sensation
B)reflective awareness
C)self-awareness
D)meta-cognition

Question 16

Which of the following individuals is likely to have a longer-than-usual circadian rhythm?

A)Lisa, who has to get up every morning at 6:30 a.m., just before sunrise, to teach classes that begin at 8:00 a.m.
B)Dan, who has worked on a submarine far below the surface of the water for the last 3 months.
C)Jennifer, who works a usual 9 to 5 shift most days but is occasionally asked to work an overnight shift.
D)Ira, who spends most of his days working inside the "Bird House" at his city's local zoo.

Question 17

Activity in the ________ of the brain corresponds to mind wandering, thinking about the self, and preparing for conscious thought.

A)behavioral inhibition system (BIS)
B)reticular activating system (RAS)
C)prefrontal cortex (PFC)
D)default mode network (DMN)

Question 18

Samantha learns that after suffering a traumatic brain injury, her brother Tobias has significant injury to his thalamus. What can we anticipate will be the impact on Tobias in the future?

A)Tobias will not be able to speak but will understand what is being said to him.
B)Tobias will be conscious but is likely to have long-term memory loss.
C)Tobias will most likely suffer from irreversible brain death.
D)Tobias will likely make a full recovery, but will have problems with impulse control.

Question 19

Jess is fast asleep, and her roommate Crystal is studying in the next room when their cat knocks a lamp off of the bookshelf. Crystal jumps up from her desk, but Jess remains asleep. What brain structure is responsible for raising or lowering the thresholds of conscious awareness, such that Crystal reacts to the stimulus while Jess does not?

A)the reticular formation
B)the substantia nigra
C)the medial parietal cortex
D)the corpus callosum

Question 20

From an evolutionary perspective, why is the conscious awareness of ongoing sensations advantageous for animals?

A)It enables animals to have a sense of mortality and a strong will to pass on their genes.
B)It facilitates the development of complex motor and sensory control.
C)It allows animals to respond instinctively to oncoming threats.
D)It provides the opportunity to choose responses rather than to respond instinctively.

Question 21

Duke is exhausted and plops down on the couch. Fifteen minutes after falling asleep, Duke is not awakened by the refrigerator cycling on. He is, however, awakened by his roommate opening the refrigerator door. Duke is most likely in ____.

A)Stage 1 N-REM
B)Stage 2 N-REM
C)Stage 3 or 4 N-REM
D)REM sleep

Question 22

Our physiological state during REM sleep consists of ____.

A)slow and relaxed heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing; and twitching of postural muscles
B)rapid or irregular heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing; and twitching of postural muscles
C)slow and relaxed heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing; and paralysis of postural muscles
D)rapid or irregular heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing; and paralysis of postural muscles

Question 23

Tao wakes up his roommate Don so that he doesn't miss his morning classes again. Don tells Tao, "I wish you hadn't woken me up, I was about to land on Mars after winning a fierce battle against flying jellyfish." Don was most likely in ____.

A)Stage 1 N-REM
B)Stage 2 N-REM
C)Stage 3 or 4 N-REM
D)REM sleep

Question 24

Patti finds her husband Derek asleep in his recliner. She gently touches his shoulder and says, "Derek, wake-up; the dog needs to go out." Derek abruptly responds, "Patti, I am awake!" Derek was most likely in ____.

A)Stage 1 N-REM
B)Stage 2 N-REM
C)Stage 3 or 4 N-REM
D)REM sleep

Question 25

While eating her morning bowl of cereal, Kalinda daydreams about what she would do if she won the upcoming lottery drawing. Which cortical areas of Kalinda's brain are likely to be activated?

A)the DMN
B)frontoparietal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex
C)anterior cingulate cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
D)retrosplenial cortex and posterior parietal cortex

Question 26

Azul studies for her upcoming molecular biology midterm. She starts by making an outline of her textbook chapters and then begins studying her lecture notes. Azul's brain is likely to show ____ wave activity.

A)alpha
B)beta
C)delta
D)theta

Question 27

A shift in one's circadian rhythm during adolescence, which leads to peak alertness at night, is thought to correlate with ____.

A)a surge in the production of sex hormones
B)a burst in brain development
C)heightened individualistic ideals
D)metabolic reorganization

Question 28

Approximately an hour after falling asleep, Daisy's roommate repeatedly shakes her shoulder and asks Daisy to move her car out of the driveway. Daisy takes several minutes to respond to her roommate and then opens the refrigerator to find her keys. Daisy was most likely in ____.

A)Stage 1 N-REM
B)Stage 2 N-REM
C)Stage 3 or 4 N-REM
D)REM sleep

Question 29

Approximately an hour after falling asleep, Daisy's roommate repeatedly shakes her shoulder and asks Daisy to move her car out of the driveway. Daisy takes several minutes to respond to her roommate and then opens the refrigerator to find her keys. What type of brain waveforms did Daisy display right before being awakened?

A)delta waves
B)theta waves
C)beta waves
D)theta waves with sleep spindles and K-complexes

Question 30

Recent research focusing on morning people (larks)and night people (owls)suggests that ________.

A)being an owl is actually evolutionary adaptive, as people get more work done when they are safely in their homes at night
B)one can easily "retrain their bodies to shift to a different pattern"
C)being a lark or an owl may be due to genetic influence
D)there are significant hypothalamus differences between larks and owls

Question 31

Selena weeds her garden while thinking about what she will wear to her daughter's graduation ceremony. What brain network is engaged while Selena daydreams?

A)the "fall back network"
B)the "clandestine network"
C)the "ulterior network"
D)the "DMN"

Question 32

Artificial lighting affects sleep by breaking down ____.

A)epinephrine
B)collagen
C)keratin
D)melatonin

Question 33

After a grueling day of classes, Edith returns to her apartment and plops down in a comfortable recliner; she closes her eyes and immediately begins to relax. Edith's brain is likely to show an increase in____ wave activity.

A)alpha
B)beta
C)delta
D)theta

Question 34

Duke is exhausted and plops down on the couch. Fifteen minutes after falling asleep, Duke is not awakened by the refrigerator cycling on. He is, however, awakened by his roommate opening the refrigerator door. What type of brain waveforms did Duke display right before being awakened?

A)delta waves
B)theta waves
C)beta waves
D)theta waves with sleep spindles and K-complexes

Question 35

Why is it inaccurate to say that daydreaming is a "total waste of time"?

A)Because synaptic pruning, which is essential to the overall health of the brain, occur at higher rates during moments of daydreaming.
B)Because daydreaming gives our brain an opportunity to capture more of the essential REM waves needed for repair and growth.
C)Because we often think about past experiences and plan our future when the DMN is active during daydreaming.
D)Because daydreaming gives the brain an opportunity to replenish its supply of spent neurotransmitters, particularly dopamine and serotonin.

Question 36

Tao wakes up his roommate Don so that he doesn't miss his morning classes again. Don tells Tao, "I wish you hadn't woken me up, I was about to land on Mars after winning a fierce battle against flying jellyfish." What type of brain waveforms did Don display right before being awakened?

A)delta wave
B)theta wave
C)beta wave
D)theta waves with sleep spindles and K-complex activity

Question 37

Varying states of awareness are best monitored using ____, which provides an overall measure of brain activity.

A)a CAT scan
B)magnetic resonance imaging
C) an electroencephalogram
D)positron emission tomography

Question 38

Mina is seeing a therapist for depression. After several sessions, Mina's therapist recommends that she undergo light therapy and take antidepressant medication. Mina likely suffers from which disorder?

A)neurasthenia
B)somatization disorder
C)seasonal affective disorder
D)bipolar disorder

Question 39

What is the evidence to suggest that abrupt changes to one's daily schedule are detrimental to human behavior?

A)Switching from a day to night shift positively correlates with psychotic episodes.
B)Changing over to daylight savings time correlates with increased automobile accidents.
C)Divorce rates are higher in people who travel frequently to different time zones.
D)Murder rates typically increase during severe bouts of inclement weather.

Question 40

Patti finds her husband Derek asleep in his recliner. She gently touches his shoulder and says, "Derek, wake-up; the dog needs to go out." Derek abruptly responds, "Patti, I am awake!" What type of brain waveforms did Derek display right before being awakened?

A)delta waves
B)theta waves
C)beta waves
D)alpha waves with sleep spindles and K-complexes

Question 41

The part of the brain that has been found to be most active during lucid dreaming is the ________, which suggests that such dreams occur when this brain area just "wakes up" during sleep.

A)bed nucleus of the stria terminalis
B)the substantia nigra
C)ventromedial superior colliculus
D)dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Question 42

New mom Lin was up most of the night with her infant daughter. To give Lin a chance to sleep, her husband takes the baby to his parents' house for a few hours. As soon as they leave, Lin falls fast asleep. What stage of sleep does Lin likely enter to compensate for her lack of sleep?

A)Stage 1 N-REM
B)Stage 2 N-REM
C)Stage 3 or 4 N-REM
D)REM sleep

Question 43

Aurora talks to her therapist about a recurring dream in which she encounters a ferocious lion that has just escaped from local zoo. She works with her therapist to learn how to form a conscious awareness of the dream and to control the dream by turning the lion into a kitten. What technique is Aurora utilizing?

A)lucid dreaming
B)autonomous dreaming
C)directive dreaming
D)cogent dreaming

Question 44

Which scenario best illustrates the concept of a night terror?

A)Pierre dreams that a serial killer stands over his bed with a machete in his hand; Pierre is certain that he faces imminent death.
B)Chandra, who suffers from sleep apnea, dreams that she is sinking to the bottom of a lake and wakes up gasping for air.
C)Hector demonstrates acute distress even though he is asleep. When his roommate wakes him up, he is confused and does not remember being so upset.
D)Pauline has recurring nightmares in which her brother is trapped in a sinking car; because of this she worries obsessively about her brother's safety.

Question 45

During REM sleep, specific brainstem neurons show reduced activity. What types of neurotransmitters are released by these neurons?

A)serotonin and dopamine
B)serotonin and norepinephrine
C)glutamate and dopamine
D)glutamate and norepinephrine

Question 46

Consuela stands in front of her American History class to give a presentation. She suddenly loses consciousness and suffers a "sleep attack" referred to as ____.

A)dyspnea
B)cataplexy
C)ataxia
D)narcolepsy

Question 47

Dan, startled by the sound of a loud thump in the middle of the night, catches a glimpse of his roommate Yi wandering around their dorm room. The next morning Dan asks about the loud thump and Yi replies, "I think I was asleep the entire night . . . but I have been known to sleepwalk from time-to-time." What stage of sleep was Yi likely experiencing while sleepwalking?

A)Stage 1 N-REM
B)Stage 2 N-REM
C)Stage 3 or 4 N-REM
D)REM sleep

Question 48

Vanessa crams for her anatomy and physiology final by staying up the entire night before the exam. What is a likely consequence of Vanessa's actions?

A)Vanessa will experience a brief surge of energy during the test followed by a prolonged "crash" phase.
B)Vanessa will need to rest her eyes periodically during the exam or risk temporary vision impairment.
C)Vanessa will likely perform significantly below her fullest potential because she decreased her capacity to remember the material.
D)Vanessa will need to have at least two nights of normal sleep before experiencing normal mental functioning.

Question 49

Why is it thought that the human infant spends about half of its sleep time in REM?

A)to provide an adequate energy supply for organ maturation
B)to provide the stimulation necessary to facilitate brain "wiring"
C)to reinforce behaviors or skills observed during wakefulness
D)to reduce the stimulation that otherwise interferes with brain network pruning

Question 50

Carlos stands in front of his Thursday night slam poetry group to recite his most recent work. He suddenly experiences temporary muscle paralysis but does not lose consciousness, a condition termed ____.

A)dyspnea
B)cataplexy
C)ataxia
D)narcolepsy

Question 51

Study participants who were selectively deprived of Stages 3 and 4 N-REM sleep reported ____.

A)muscle and joint pain
B)blurred vision
C)headache and nausea
D)sore throat and itchy eyes

Question 52

Which disorder is correlated with individuals spending a greater portion of their sleeping time in REM?

A)generalized anxiety disorder
B)depression
C)obsessive compulsive disorder
D)autism spectrum disorder

Question 53

What is the evidence to suggest that sleep plays an important role in repairing the body?

A)Melatonin is manufactured during REM sleep.
B)Human growth hormone is released during Stages 3 and 4 of N-REM sleep.
C)Levels of the wound-healing chemical, prothrombin, are depleted during consciousness.
D)The immune cells phagocytes and lymphocytes mature during Stage 1 N-REM sleep.

Question 54

What is the physiological basis for night terrors?

A)Sleep spindles and K-complexes do not form during Stage 4 N-REM sleep.
B)Dreaming begins in N-REM stages rather than in the REM state.
C)Hyperstimulation of beta waves occur during the REM state.
D)The transition from Stage 4 N-REM sleep upward into REM goes awry.

Question 55

Darius suffers from insomnia; his family practitioner prescribes zolpidem to treat his insomnia. What can Darius expect from the medication?

A)He can expect to fall asleep 15 minutes faster and stay asleep 30 minutes longer.
B)He can expect to fall asleep 30 minutes faster and stay asleep 45 minutes longer.
C)He can expect to fall asleep 45 minutes faster and stay asleep 60 minutes longer.
D)He can expect to fall asleep 60 minutes faster and stay asleep 75 minutes longer.

Question 56

Maria dreams that she is standing in the middle of the street as a bus travels toward her, but she feels frozen and cannot move out of the way. According to which theory does Maria's inability to move reflect the muscle paralysis that occurs during the REM state?

A)static-depiction theory
B)instinctive-representation theory
C)real-time paralysis theory
D)activation-synthesis theory

Question 57

One hypothesized mechanism by which antidepressant medications help to regulate mood is the suppression of ______ sleep.

A)N-REM stage 1
B)N-REM stage 2
C)N-REM stage 3
D)REM

Question 58

Aviva wakes up abruptly after she dreams she is falling from the sky. She is relieved to find herself safe and secure in her comfortable bed. What may have caused Aviva to feel as if she were falling?

A)activation of the vestibular system
B)hyperstimulation of the cerebellum
C)surge in human growth hormone release
D)increased K-complex formation

Question 59

Dora has no problem falling asleep each night, but she wakes up frequently in the middle of the night and often cannot fall back asleep. From what type of insomnia does Dora suffer?

A)maintenance insomnia
B)duration insomnia
C)continuance insomnia
D)interval insomnia

Question 60

What is a typical REM and N-REM cycling in humans?

A)First half of sleep: N-REM dominates; second half of sleep: REM dominates.
B)First half of sleep: REM dominates; second half of sleep: N-REM dominates.
C)First half of sleep: only N-REM occurs; second half of sleep: only REM occurs.
D)First half of sleep: only REM occurs; second half of sleep: only N-REM occurs.

Question 61

Consider the following scenarios. Which person displays characteristic signs of a persistent vegetative state?

A)Brian is in a persistent state of unconsciousness; he cannot be awakened and does not respond to painful stimuli.
B)Sienna is learning to walk after her automobile accident; however, she still cannot communicate and suffers significant cognitive impairment.
C)Anil is in a coma; his mother is hopeful because he occasionally opens his eyes and sometimes even smiles or cries, but Anil's doctors tell her that these actions are random.
D)Muriel was in a deep coma; she now squeezes her mother's hand when she hears her voice, but she cannot open her eyes or speak.

Question 62

Which area of the brain, attached to the basal ganglia by an impulsive, reward-seeking system, plays a large role in brain addiction?

A)medulla oblongata
B)nucleus accumbens
C)hypothalamus
D)hippocampus

Question 63

Following cardiac arrest, Teresa's father Ike is in a coma. Ike's doctor explains to Teresa that his brain activity shows ____.

A)alpha and theta waves that are consistent with sleep
B)alpha and theta waves that are distinct from a normal sleeping pattern
C)only alpha waves that are consistent with sleep
D)only alpha waves that are distinct from a normal sleeping pattern

Question 64

Sleep ________ is a sleep disorder in which the person stops breathing while asleep.

A)apnea
B)dystonia
C)ataxia
D)dyspepsia

Question 65

Sam suffers from restless leg syndrome. From what other disorder is Sam likely to suffer?

A)obsessive compulsive disorder
B)generalized anxiety disorder
C)bipolar disorder
D)attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Question 66

What is the relationship between caffeine and Parkinson's disease?

A)It causes Parkinson's disease.
B)It positively correlates with Parkinson's disease.
C)It prevents one from acquiring Parkinson's disease.
D)It negatively correlates with Parkinson's disease.

Question 67

Natalia, who suffers from epilepsy, experiences a seizure in which she completely loses consciousness, stops breathing, and thrashes about uncontrollably. Natalia experienced which type of seizure?

A)partial tonic-clonic
B)partial myoclonic
C)generalized tonic-clonic
D)generalized myoclonic

Question 68

Undergraduate student Gabrielle is writing a research paper on the physiological effects of commonly used drugs, such as caffeine. As her well-informed friend, you tell Gabrielle that caffeine is known to ____.

A)block dopamine uptake in the brain
B)stimulate the ventral tegmental area in the brain
C)interfere with adenosine-induced inhibition in the brain
D)upregulate serotonin levels and receptors in the brain

Question 69

The major psychoactive chemical in marijuana is ____.

A)tocotrienol
B)tert-butylhydroquinone
C)thiazolidinedione
D)tetrahydrocannabinol

Question 70

The neurological conditions prosopagnosia and Capgras syndrome, which affect aspects of facial recognition, have taught us that conscious experience ____.

A)is an all-or-nothing phenomenon
B)stems from the integration of several brain pathways
C)evolved to ensure species continuation in humans and lower animals
D)is a uniquely human attribute that is only approximated by some lower species

Question 71

Michael sleeps every night with a loud and somewhat disruptive machine that uses a mask to regulate airflow into his lungs. His wife has grown used to the inconvenient noises made by this machine, but she often thinks about moving into the guest bedroom for sleep time. Which diagnosis might Michael have received?

A)sleep apnea
B)somnambulism
C)narcolepsy
D)insomnia

Question 72

Regina wakes her husband in the middle of the night and tells him, "Where am I? This isn't our bedroom." After a visit to the emergency room, Regina learns that she likely suffered a partial seizure originating in her ____ lobe.

A)temporal
B)parietal
C)occipital
D)frontal

Question 73

Megan is contemplating trying lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)at a party. As her friend, what warning would you give her?

A)It can cause symptoms of schizophrenia.
B)It can lead to major depressive episodes.
C)It can cause hallucinations days after using the drug.
D)It is strongly addictive.

Question 74

What physiological response may be responsible for the phenomenon of a near-death experience characterized by out-of-body experiences, the perception of light at the end of a tunnel, and the state of calmness?

A)deactivation of adrenal medullary pathways
B)increased inhibition of action potentials in brainstem neurons
C)activation of the nigrostriatal pathway
D)release of chemicals to minimize cell loss in the brain

Question 75

Brain death is characterized by ____.

A)a persistent vegetative state lasting longer than 18 months
B)two flatline EEG recordings taken 24 hours apart
C)a continuous comatose state lasting longer than 12 weeks
D)EEG recordings void of beta waves for at least 48 hours

Question 76

Patients with narcolepsy have damaged or missing cells in their ____, which cause a disruption in the production of ________.

A)hippocampus; neurotransmitters
B)amygdala; neuromodulators
C)medulla; oxytocin
D)hypothalamus; orexin

Question 77

Jordan typically has at least three cups of coffee throughout the day. She decides to cut her coffee habit "cold turkey," but experiences severe lethargy despite having a good night's sleep. Jordan is experiencing ____.

A)the desensitization effect
B)withdrawal symptoms
C)recoil narcosis
D)sensitization syndrome

Question 78

The inhibition of which neurotransmitter contributes to the onset of seizure activity?

A)GABA
B)glutamate
C)dopamine
D)norepinephrine

Question 79

When Gregg first started drinking alcohol, he needed only one or two beers to feel "buzzed"; now he needs at least four or five beers before he feels anything. What process describes Gregg's need for more alcohol before feeling its effects?

A)drug resistance
B)desensitization
C)habituation
D)tolerance

Question 80

Some cases of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)may include biological vulnerabilities in the function of which neurotransmitter?

A)glutamate
B)norepinephrine
C)serotonin
D)dopamine