Deck 7: The Developing Mind: Life-Span Development

Question 1

Which researcher supports an incentive theory of motivation? ​

A)Dr. Morgan, who believes that "unpleasant internal forces are the biggest factors that drive motivation"
B)Dr. Stern, who believes that "rewards play a central role in shaping motivation"
C)Dr. Chen, who believes that "motivation is an innate characteristic based on instinctive behaviors"
D)Dr. Lopez, who believes that "only external, but not internal forces, can be strong motivating factors"

Answer 1

Dr. Stern, who believes that "rewards play a central role in shaping motivation"

Question 2

According to psychologist ____, motivation is a process that is best thought of as a process that maintains homeostasis. ​

A)Hans Selye
B)Philip Bard
C)William James
D)Walter Canon

Answer 2

Walter Canon

Question 3

We can think of motivation as a process that maintains ____. ​

A)self-awareness
B)self-actualization
C)homeostasis
D)competition

Answer 3

homeostasis

Question 4

How does motivation offer a survival advantage? ​

A)It dictates the formation of social bonds.
B)It stimulates competition and ingenuity.
C)It fosters ambition and perseverance.
D)It prevents the waste of precious energy resources.

Question 5

Why are animals motivated to explore their environments? ​

A)to find potential mates and pass on their genes
B)to act more effectively when the need arises
C)to boost overall brain function through curiosity
D)to avoid confrontation by ensuring that the territory is unmarked

Question 6

Which of the following is the best statement of the distinction between a mood and an emotion? ​

A)A mood is a positive state, while an emotion is a negative state.
B)A mood stimulates motivation, while an emotion does not.
C)A mood is a more general state than an emotion.
D)An emotion involves physical changes, while a mood does not.

Question 7

What do motivation and emotion have in common? ​

A)They both arouse an organism to stimulate some type of behavior.
B)They both stimulate behavioral changes in a specific manner.
C)They both cause a prolonged change in behavior.
D)They both lead to general rather than specific behavioral changes.

Question 8

Drive theories of motivation are often described as "____" theories because internal drives move an organism toward a goal. ​

A)push
B)pull
C)throw
D)catch

Question 9

Clarice wakes up in a daze and remembers that she has to do laundry. On her way to the laundry room, she encounters an enormous black spider, which causes her heart to race. Despite this, she continues to the laundry room and stays until all of her clothes are washed and dried to her satisfaction. At what point does Clarice experience an emotion? ​

A)when she remembers that she has to do laundry
B)when she wakes up in a daze
C)when she encounters the spider
D)when she starts her laundry

Question 10

Hours into their cross-country road trip, Omar and Carl are famished. The two friends argue about what to do. Should they stop at a highway rest stop, or search for a place to eat in the nearest town? They decide to stop this time at a rest stop, and next time in town. How is motivation demonstrated in this scenario? ​

A)They compete for similar resources.
B)They seek to eat food.
C)They disagree on the best solution to their problem.
D)They react instinctively to their hunger.

Question 11

Which scenario best illustrates the concept of drive reduction? ​

A)The sun is bothering Mary's eyes, so she moves into the shade of a nearby tree.
B)Deshaun has an intense itch on his back but he ignores it because he knows he will be unable to reach it.
C)A wave of fear washes over Luisa as she narrowly misses the car in front of her.
D)Julio expects to receive a sizable bonus and is ecstatic when he finally gets it.

Question 12

A(n)_____ is a value that is defended in order to maintain homeostasis. ​

A)set point
B)metabolism
C)extrinsic balance
D)emotion

Question 13

Incentive theories of motivation are to ____ as drive theories are to ____.

A)pull; push
B)push; pull
C)biological; psychological
D)psychological; biological

Question 14

A state of tension and arousal triggered by cues important for survival is referred to as ____. ​

A)emotion
B)mood
C)drive
D)motivation

Question 15

Sally loves to run, and works jogging into her daily schedule because of the "runner's high" she experiences. Sally is motivated by a(n)____ reward.

A)top-down
B)bottom-up
C)extrinsic
D)intrinsic

Question 16

Millie has always struggled with her weight. During a recent physical examination, her doctor recommended that she lose 30 pounds. What is the most probable reason that Millie is overweight?

A)She is highly sensitive to external cues for hunger.
B)She is highly sensitive to internal cues for hunger.
C)She is relatively insensitive to external cues for hunger.
D)She is relatively insensitive to internal cues for hunger.

Question 17

Caesar ingests a large meal, causing his blood glucose levels to rise. In response, Caesar's pancreas releases insulin to remove glucose from the blood stream. As glucose levels drop, the pancreas stops releasing insulin. Which factor establishes the set point? ​

A)insulin
B)glucose
C)pancreas
D)blood

Question 18

Eriq is going to the "Grand Opening" of a local sporting goods store because he read that there will be food, giveaways, and a raffle for a grand prize of a $500 gift card. Eriq is motivated by ______ rewards. ​

A)top-down
B)bottom-up
C)extrinsic
D)intrinsic

Question 19

Clarice wakes up in a daze and remembers that she has to do laundry. On her way to the laundry room, she encounters an enormous black spider, which causes her heart to race. Despite this, she continues to the laundry room and stays until all of her clothes are washed and dried to her satisfaction. What aspect of Clarice's day demonstrates motivation? ​

A)feeling her heart race
B)waking up in a daze
C)encountering the spider
D)doing her laundry

Question 20

Incentive theories of motivation are often described as "____" theories because external rewards move an organism toward a goal. ​

A)push
B)pull
C)throw
D)catch

Question 21

The body monitors fat stores by assessing levels of the hormone ____, which is produced and secreted by fat cells. ​

A)insulin
B)glucocorticoid
C)calcitonin
D)leptin

Question 22

Following his afternoon classes, Darren stops at the cafeteria and eats a hot dog and french fries. If you were to run a blood test on Darren shortly after his meal, what would you expect to find? ​

A)low glucose; low insulin
B)low glucose; high insulin
C)high glucose; high insulin
D)high glucose; low insulin

Question 23

Interested in losing weight, Patrick seeks the advice of his doctor. Dr. Burns recommends a medication that can help Patrick by inhibiting the absorption of fats by the digestive tract. What medication is Patrick's doctor recommending? ​

A)ephedrine
B)orlistat
C)amphetamines
D)sibutramine

Question 24

Interested in losing weight, Frederica seeks the advice of her doctor. Dr. Rothschild recommends a medication that can help her by acting as a serotonin agonist. What medication is Frederica's doctor recommending? ​

A)ephedrine
B)orlistat
C)lorcaserin
D)sibutramine

Question 25

Dr. Pollini is investigating how the brain regulates patterns of eating behavior. He performs an experiment and finds that lesioning a particular brain region interferes with rodent's ability to feel satiated. This, in turn, leads them to significantly increase their food intake and to gain weight. What area of the brain has Dr. Pollini lesioned? ​

A)lateral hypothalamus
B)ventromedial hypothalamus
C)lateral amygdala
D)ventromedial amygdala

Question 26

As many as ____% of individuals with eating disorders today are males. ​

A)​10
B)​15
C)​20
D)​25

Question 27

Elroy is eager to lose weight after gaining 15 pounds during his freshman year of college. He decides to do a crash diet over the summer, which starts with cabbage soup and salad every day for 2 weeks. Elroy loses weight at first but quickly puts weight back on, even gaining an extra 5 pounds before returning to college. What is the most likely reason for this? ​

A)By choosing low fat foods, he increased ghrelin levels.
B)He ate too many vegetables, which contain a high carbohydrate content.
C)He chose a diet that was not diverse and this led to an increase in his metabolism.
D)He lowered his metabolism by triggered mechanisms designed to prevent starvation.

Question 28

Derek, a neuropsychology graduate student, works in a behavioral eating research lab. Derek suggests to the lead investigator that injecting people with leptin will help them lose weight. His idea is quickly shot down by a classmate, who states, "Not so fast, Derek; ____." ​

A)as leptin increases, glucose absorption decreases
B)high levels of leptin inhibit insulin synthesis
C)leptin is metabolized by fat cells quicker than it is produced
D)obese humans already have high levels of circulating leptin

Question 29

Eric has recently put on some weight and has excess fat stores. How is Eric's body likely to react to the increased fat storage? ​

A)Leptin levels will increase and the sympathetic nervous system will be activated.
B)Leptin levels will decrease and the sympathetic nervous system will be activated.
C)Leptin levels will increase and the parasympathetic nervous system will be activated.
D)Leptin levels will decrease and the parasympathetic nervous system will be activated.

Question 30

Brianna suffers from anorexia nervosa. In addition to having an unusually low body weight, she has irregular menstrual cycles, an increased sensitivity to cold, a fine downy hair on her face and body (called lanugo), and has skin that appears ____.

A)oily with a blue tint
B)oily with a yellow tint
C)dry with a blue tint
D)dry with a yellow tint

Question 31

Why has our contemporary lifestyle, with many people spending hours sitting sedentary in front of televisions or computers, contributed to a significant rise in obesity? ​

A)because low muscle tone promotes insulin insensitivity
B)because blood glucose levels remain stagnant during inactivity
C)because leptin is most effective when people are active
D)because humans use energy very efficiently, and less activity causes us to use less energy

Question 32

Molly is hungry. She passes right by the fruit basket on her kitchen counter and instead, grabs the ice cream out of the freezer. What human food preferences does Molly's behavior demonstrate? ​

A)Our digestive system is innately suited for sugary, high-fat foods.
B)Short bursts of elevated blood glucose lead to increased arousal.
C)We retain the preferences of our ancestors for calorie-rich foods to ward off starvation.
D)Sugary, high-fat food stimulates orexin release to relieve stress.

Question 33

According to Cannon and Washburn (1912), what as hypothesized to be the cause of hunger cues? ​

A)Hunger originates from psychological factors.
B)Hunger correlates with the extent of stomach contractions.
C)Hunger is mainly influenced by blood glucose levels.
D)Hunger is influenced by visual and social cues.

Question 34

Suppose that it is 1964, and that Betty, a homemaker who put on weight with each of her three pregnancies, wants to lose 20 pounds. What medication would have been prescribed to Betty at that time to help her lose weight? ​

A)ephedrine
B)orlistat
C)amphetamines
D)sibutramine

Question 35

Why are those who suffer from diabetes with high levels of glucose in their blood likely to report feeling hungry? ​

A)because of a rebound effect
B)because of heightened metabolic activity
C)because of increased insulin levels
D)because their cells are deprived of glucose

Question 36

Long-term, who is most likely to succeed in their attempts to lose weight? ​

A)Diane, who decides to lose weight by cutting out potato chips and ice cream from her diet
B)Enrique, who decides to lose weight by going on a high-protein, no-carbohydrate diet
C)Padma, who decides to lose weight by cutting meat completely out of her diet
D)Tommy, who decides to lose weight by restricting his caloric intake to 1,000 calories per day

Question 37

From 1991 to 2012, the rates of obesity have risen from 12 to ____% (Ogden, Carroll, Kit, & Flegal, 2014). ​

A)​24
B)​37
C)​44
D)​54

Question 38

Dr. Pasantes is investigating how the brain regulates patterns of eating behavior. She performs an experiment and finds that lesioning a particular brain region causes rodents to completely stop eating. What area of the brain has Dr. Pasantes lesioned? ​

A)the lateral hypothalamus
B)the ventromedial hypothalamus
C)the lateral amygdala
D)the ventromedial amygdala

Question 39

Anorexia nervosa is characterized by the maintenance of unusually low body weight, an intense fear of gaining weight and ____. ​

A)cycles of binge eating and purging
B)the need to defy conventional norms
C)a distorted view of the body as obese
D)the extreme need for control

Question 40

The height-to-weight ratio used to identify healthy weight, underweight, overweight, and obesity is referred to as the ____. ​

A)personal mass index
B)personal density index
C)body mass index
D)body density index

Question 41

What two hormones are associated with romantic love?

A)testosterone and estrogen
B)testosterone and oxytocin
C)vasopressin and estrogen
D)vasopressin and oxytocin

Question 42

According to the work of Simon LeVay (1991), which part of the brain shows similarities between women and homosexual men? ​

A)the third interstitial nucleus of the hypothalamus (INAH-3)
B)the lateral nucleus of the amygdala (LNA)
C)the suprachiasmatic striatum of the hippocampus (SSH)
D)the left anterior parietal (LAP)lobe of the cerebral cortex

Question 43

What is the evidence to support the idea that hormones involved in the menstrual cycle do not significantly influence women's sexual interest? ​

A)Women report more pain during sex and less sexual interest while ovulating.
B)Menopause produces significant hormonal changes in women, but has little impact on  their sexual interest and activity.
C)Women report increased sexual activity during ovulation but only if they are trying to get pregnant.
D)Fertility drugs that increase gonadotropin levels have little impact on female sexual interest.

Question 44

The binge‑purge cycling of bulimia nervosa involves processes similar to those of ____. ​

A)the circadian cycle
B)a hypoglycemic reaction
C)addiction
D)a panic attack

Question 45

In one study (Twenge, Baumeister, Tice, & Stucke, 2001), students who were told that a personality test revealed that they were "the type likely to end up alone later in life" were more likely to ____. ​

A)show signs of depression and anxiety
B)show less empathy and act aggressively
C)report low self-esteem and low self-efficacy
D)demonstrate introversion and neuroticism

Question 46

Selena has suffered from bulimia nervosa for several years. She finally seeks professional help and is surprised to find out that medication can help her. What type of medication, when combined with cognitive behavioral therapy, would be most helpful for Selena?

A)selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
B)phenothiazines
C)amphetamines
D)catecholamine reuptake inhibitors

Question 47

What hormonal differences in women cause them to be more likely than men to equate sexual desire with feelings of romantic love? ​

A)higher oxytocin and lower testosterone
B)higher vasopressin and lower testosterone
C)higher oxytocin and higher estrogen
D)higher vasopressin and higher estrogen

Question 48

What is the connection between romantic love and sexual desire? ​

A)Romantic love is not possible without some degree of sexual desire.
B)Sexual desire cannot be sustained without romantic love.
C)Although they represent separate emotional states, they are physiologically similar.
D)Romantic love and sexual desire represent distinct biological and emotional states.

Question 49

Sexual orientation is best defined as ____. ​

A)engaging in sexual activity with a specific sex
B)a stable pattern of attraction to members of a particular sex
C)exhibiting characteristic behaviors consistent with a particular sex
D)exhibiting sexual attractions that are inconsistent with one's sex

Question 50

The research of Anne Becker illustrates how cultural attitudes toward beauty affect eating behaviors (Becker, Burwell, Herzog, Hamburg, & Gilman, 2002). What did Anne Becker find? ​

A)With the introduction of American television, adolescent girls in Fiji reported higher rates of dieting.
B)Home-schooled American teens with no access to television reported less of a desire to diet than their public school counterparts.
C)In regions of Africa once plagued by famine, food surplus levels positively correlate with the number of women reporting the need to diet.
D)Adolescent German girls were three times as likely to go on diets after visiting America while vacationing with their families.

Question 51

Which physiological response represents a remnant of our ancestors' need to defend their territory? ​

A)When study participants were asked to escape a virtual fire, individuals told to imagine their homes on fire showed the greatest amygdala activity.
B)Police reports show higher incidences of aggression for men facing foreclosure than for men experiencing unemployment.
C)Victims demonstrated a surge in corticosteroid levels weeks following a crime that occurred at or near their home, but not in a far off location.
D)Males experience greater drops in testosterone when witnessing their favorite teams lose home games rather than away games.

Question 52

According to research (van Anders, Hamilton, & Watson, 2007), who is likely to have the highest testosterone levels? ​

A)Eric, who cannot seem to stay in a long-term relationship, and was called a "commitment-phobe" by his last girlfriend
B)Don, who just proposed to Sandra, his girlfriend of 2 years, but secretly longs for his former girlfriend, Jen, whom he dated for 6 years
C)Sergio, who has been married for 14 years to Sarafena, but also has a mistress, Donatella, whom he has been seeing for the last 10 years
D)Eduardo, who has been married for 11 years and has four boys ages 2 through 7, and is secretly relieved that he has no daughters

Question 53

According to the work of Simon LeVay (1991), gay men and women have similarities in their ____. ​

A)levels of estrogen
B)levels of oxytocin
C)hypothalamic brain structure
D)basal ganglia brain structure

Question 54

Why are men with older brothers, but not men with older sisters or those who are only children, more likely to be gay? ​

A)Mothers are more likely to unknowingly treat their youngest sons like daughters.
B)A mother's heightened immune response with subsequent male-fetus pregnancies affects brain development.
C)Older brothers are likely to deride and belittle the youngest brother, creating a more sensitive, fearful, and confused individual.
D)Older brothers are more likely to protect and guard the youngest brother, shielding him from rough-and-tumble play and traditional masculine rituals.

Question 55

After a night of eating a gallon of ice cream and potato chips, Stephen takes laxatives to purge the ingested food from his body. Stephen, like many others who suffer from bulimia nervosa, is likely to feel what after purging? ​

A)relief and calm
B)a heightened sense of control
C)depression and disgust
D)elation and arousal

Question 56

Nicole tells her gynecologist that lately she has had no sexual desire. Nicole and her gynecologist discuss the possibility of using a hormone patch to address her sexual dysfunction. This hormone patch likely uses which hormone? ​

A)testosterone
B)estrogen
C)progesterone
D)follicle stimulating hormone

Question 57

What is the evidence to suggest that exposure to sex hormones in the womb affects sexual orientation? ​

A)Females exposed to higher than normal levels of male hormones in the womb develop masculinized external genitalia and report more same-sex sexual activity.
B)Males whose mothers were on hormone replacement therapy while pregnant report more attraction to males than the general population.
C)The testosterone hormonal patch used to stimulate sexual desire in females also leads to higher birth rates of babies who later identified themselves as lesbians.
D)Women who took drugs to stimulate ovulation had sons who were more likely to experiment with same-sex activity.

Question 58

When asked to identify what is most important to their happiness, an overwhelming majority of people typically rated ____ at the top of their list. ​

A)wealth
B)physical health
C)intimacy
D)fame

Question 59

According to research (Bryant & Haselton, 2009), women who are ovulating are more likely to ____. ​

A)have extramarital affairs
B)speak in higher tones
C)breakup with abusive partners
D)consume fewer calories

Question 60

According to research (Kirk, Bailey, & Martin, 2000), if one identical male twin is homosexual, his twin has what percent chance of also being homosexual? ​

A)​30%
B)​50%
C)​70%
D)​90%

Question 61

A major advantage provided by emotion is ____. ​

A)that it creates the desire for affiliation
B)in its ability to produce arousal
C)that it promotes self-actualization and empathy
D)in its ability to produce an internal drive for survival

Question 62

Maslow's view of motivation is best described as a ____. ​

A)tree of power
B)web of ambition
C)pyramid of needs
D)pinwheel of desire

Question 63

According to Maslow, what is at the pinnacle of human striving? ​

A)affection
B)esteem
C)belongingness
D)self-actualization

Question 64

According to research (Cacioppo, Berntson, Larsen, Poehlmann, & Ito, 2000), which of the following is true regarding negative and positive emotions? ​

A)Negative emotions produce stronger somatic nervous system arousal than positive emotions.
B)Positive emotions produce stronger somatic nervous system arousal than negative emotions.
C)Positive emotions produce stronger autonomic nervous system arousal than negative emotions.
D)Negative emotions produce stronger autonomic nervous system arousal than positive emotions.

Question 65

Patient S. M. is able to recognize the emotions of happiness, sadness, and disgust portrayed in photographs, but has selective difficulty identifying fear correction. Which brain region has probably suffered damage in this patient? ​

A)hypothalamus
B)amygdala
C)pons
D)medulla

Question 66

Achievement motivation is usually defined as ____. ​

A)the need to reach a level of self-perfection
B)a desire to excel or outperform others
C)the fulfillment of culturally dictated goals
D)meeting the needs of those we seek to please

Question 67

Gaia glances over at her roommate, who is on the phone with her mother. She watches as her roommate's facial expressions change from happy to sad to angry as she progresses through the phone conversation. Which area of Gaia's brain is most likely to change activity as she processes the different facial expressions? ​

A)hippocampus
B)amygdala
C)insula
D)striatum

Question 68

Consider the case of Eliot (Damasio, 1994), who had frontal lobe surgery to remove a tumor. What did we learn with regard to the brain's use of emotional information? ​

A)Emotions act as the gateway for social intelligence by establishing limits for and patterns of appropriate behaviors that promote survival.
B)Emotions regulate higher order cognition by allowing the mind to integrate concrete knowledge with abstract reasoning.
C)Emotions set the stage for forming strong connections with other individuals and establishing long lasting bonds.
D)Emotions provide a bridge to past experiences that can be used to set priorities such as approach and avoidance.

Question 69

Compared with other species, why are social connections especially important for the survival of human beings? ​

A)Human beings typically lose the drive to survive during times of prolonged isolation.
B)Human beings require the greatest amount of parenting to survive to adulthood and reproduce.
C)Human beings have a set point for social activity and need external connections to monitor the balance.
D)Human beings suffer both psychological and physical damage from isolation, whereas most other species are unaffected by it.

Question 70

Martha, a first grade teacher, is concerned about her student, Marvin. She knows that 6-year-old Marvin has the potential to learn, but he always comes to school hungry and without a coat, even in the coldest months. According to Maslow, why is Marvin in danger of failing? ​

A)He is showing signs of neglect; thus, he likely lives in an environment void of enrichment.
B)He will eventually feel like a social outcast and rebel against conventional societal norms.
C)He will have impaired brain development due to the lack of appropriate physiological and psychological care.
D)He will have little to no motivation to learn at school if his most basic needs are not met.

Question 71

What evidence illustrates that the need for affiliation has a genetic component? ​

A)Adoption studies show that siblings raised in different environments show similar patterns of social activity.
B)Our set point for needing affiliation correlates with cortical thickness.
C)People who are low in their need for affiliation are more likely to have genetic 5-HTTLPR polymorphism.
D)Twin studies show that set points for the need for affiliation are influenced by genetics.

Question 72

Of the following, who displays characteristics most consistent with high levels of achievement motivation? ​

A)April, who tackles her quantum physics problems with a high level of abstract reasoning
B)Devlin, who decides to skip going to the football game on Sunday, and instead goes to the office to get ahead of the coming week's work
C)Calista, who worries constantly about whether or not her parents are happy with her grades
D)NaShaun, who is climbing the corporate ladder and knows to keep his friends close but his enemies closer

Question 73

What is a critique of the human motivation for self-actualization (Kenrick, Griskevicius, Neuberg, & Schaller, 2010)? ​

A)There is no evolutionary explanation for reaching this goal.
B)It is overly simplistic and is virtually never reached.
C)Self-actualization contradicts the motivation for affiliation.
D)Cultures differ dramatically in their emphasis on self-actualization.

Question 74

Abnormal development of the amygdala is associated with which disorder?

A)bipolar disorder
B)major depressive disorder
C)obsessive compulsive disorder
D)autism spectrum disorder

Question 75

Which saying best reflects the concept of self-actualization?

A)"Search for inner peace."
B)"Be all that you can be."
C)"Do unto others as you would have done unto you."
D)"Take time to stop and smell the roses."

Question 76

Which nervous system structure participates in the general arousal associated with emotional states? ​

A)cranial nervous system
B)somatic nervous system
C)autonomic nervous system
D)encephalic nervous system

Question 77

As part of his honor's thesis, Braydon develops a survey to evaluate the update of Maslow's hierarchy of needs by Kenrick and colleagues (2010). Braydon is most interested in determining if men and women differ in the highest level of motivation, which is ____. ​

A)mate retention
B)parenting
C)affiliation
D)status

Question 78

According to the Yerkes‑Dodson law, ____ (Yerkes & Dodson, 1908).

A)the ideal amount of arousal interacts with the complexity of a task to determine performance
B)performance and arousal function independently of each other, but are both impacted by task complexity
C)heightened arousal leads to heightened performance on complex tasks
D)dampened arousal disinhibits instinctive behaviors but inhibits acquired behaviors

Question 79

Baby Alec squints his face, squeezes his fists, and tightens up his body muscles. His mother immediately runs over to try to soothe him. Alec's actions demonstrate that ____. ​

A)emotions are easily communicated through nonverbal means
B)complex emotions require maturity
C)emotions drive classical conditioning
D)without language, emotions are abstractions

Question 80

What is the evidence to support that there is coordinated development of language and emotional communication in our brains?

A)Stroke victims with infarcted Broca's areas have difficulty producing language and the appropriate emotional response.
B)Children with autism typically demonstrate delayed language development and difficulty expressing emotion.
C)We use the same pathways for language and for the perception and appreciation of music.
D)The brains of novelists show a wider range of emotions than that of doctors.