Deck 11: The Feeling Mind: Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

During prenatal development the ______ begins to differentiate into the cells of the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm? ​

A)placenta
B)fetus
C)zygote
D)embryo

Answer 1

zygote

Question 2

What is a teratogen? ​

A)a stimulus that results in heightened reflexes in the fetus
B)an abnormality in physiological development
C)a condition resulting from alcohol consumption by the mother during pregnancy
D)any agent that can harm the zygote, embryo, or fetus

Answer 2

any agent that can harm the zygote, embryo, or fetus

Question 3

Mia continued to drink heavily with her friends throughout her pregnancy. Her son, now four, has physical abnormalities, including an underdeveloped jaw and thin upper lip, and cognitive and behavioral problems. He most likely has ____. ​

A)Down syndrome
B)fetal alcohol syndrome
C)hydrocephalus
D)spina bifida

Answer 3

fetal alcohol syndrome

Question 4

How can parents positively influence earlier formation and timing of autobiographical memories in children?

A)by encouraging more emotion knowledge
B)by encouraging more general information knowledge
C)by encouraging more collective culture knowledge
D)by modeling the customary roles of children and adults

Question 5

Which term describes a developing organism between 8 and approximately 40 weeks following conception in humans? ​

A)zygote
B)ovum
C)embryo
D)fetus

Question 6

Which of the following is not a common teratogen?

A)SSRI antidepressant medications
B)alcohol
C)folic acid
D)HIV infection

Question 7

A mother's use of alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, or cocaine during pregnancy can significantly reduce ____. ​

A)the development of the amygdala in her child's brain
B)the volume of gray matter in her child's brain
C)the development of the hippocampus in her child's brain
D)the volume of white matter in her child's brain

Question 8

With regard to developmental themes, your text emphasizes ____.

A)the genetic heritage of individuals
B)the influence of families on behavior
C)the interactions between nature and nurture
D)the environmental influences on development

Question 9

During pregnancy, which organ provides the developing fetus with nutrients and oxygen, and protects it from exposure to a variety of toxins and disease-causing agents?

A)placenta
B)ovaries
C)uterus
D)endoderm

Question 10

In humans, zygote is the correct term for a developing organism during which period of time?

A)between eight and forty weeks after conception
B)during the first two weeks following conception
C)during the period of greatest growth and maturation
D)between three and eight weeks following conception

Question 11

In whose life have epigenetic processes likely played the most dominant role?

A)Five-year-old Blanca, who is a happy girl with many friends
B)Twenty-year-old Tristan, who grew up in a neighborhood of poverty and violence and went on to became a successful architect
C)Thirty-year-old Naomi, who is from a wealthy family that has experienced a number of tragedies
D)Sixty-five old Oliver, who has worked hard as a truck driver since he was 19 years old

Question 12

The ectoderm develops into ____.

A)muscle and skeleton
B)nerve tissue and skin
C)endocrine and respiratory organs
D)reproductive and excretory organs

Question 13

Which of the following is an accurate statement?

A)Epigenetic tags continue to accumulate in response to ongoing experience throughout the life span.
B)Epigenetic tags are formed in the early life span, but deteriorate in old age.
C)Epigenetic tags replace internal signals in driving physical growth after birth.
D)Epigenetic tags only form during prenatal development due to external influences such as the mother's diet.

Question 14

Marjorie is in her seventh month of pregnancy with her first child. Which of the following is true regarding the child's development? ​

A)It started having measurable REM sleep about three months ago.
B)It has not yet had any exposure to food preferences.
C)It is already within the range of a full-term birth.
D)It can hear and recognize Marjorie's voice.

Question 15

Development is believed to ____.

A)proceed gradually and smoothly over time
B)be continuous in some aspects and discontinuous in others
C)be discontinuous in underlying processes and continuous in their observable aspect
D)proceed somewhat abruptly from one stage to the next

Question 16

Which scenario best exemplifies an ecological approach to development?

A)Elias first walked on his own around the time of his first birthday.
B)Rowena was born at 40 weeks and weighed 7 ½ pounds.
C)Liam was toilet trained at 18 months, a standard approach for his community.
D)As a newborn, Angelina would grasp her father's finger when he placed it in her hand.

Question 17

Contemporary views on human development focus on age-related changes that occur ____. ​

A)from infancy to puberty
B)during childhood and adolescence
C)until the brain is fully developed
D)across the entire life span

Question 18

The study of human development considers changes in behavior ____. ​

A)due to genetic history
B)that correlate with growth or maturation
C)due to experience with one's surroundings
D)that correlate with environmental factors

Question 19

A 40-year-old woman has a greater probability of giving birth to a child with Down syndrome than a 25-year-old woman. This is because the 40-year-old woman is more likely to ___________. ​

A)produce a flawed egg due to body aging, leading to chromosomal abnormalities
B)have eggs that suffer genetic mutations, leading to recessive illnesses
C)experience more exposure to harmful environmental influences, leading to faulty cell division
D)fail to produce eggs rapidly enough, leading to eggs that are not fully developed at the time of ovulation

Question 20

When referring to humans, which of these terms describes a developing organism from three weeks to eight weeks following conception?

A)embryo
B)fetus
C)zygote
D)ovum

Question 21

Research has shown that young infants do not see detail at a distance as well as adults do and need more contrast than adults in order to see well. According to the text, what research method was used? ​

A)assessment of anxiety levels when the primary caregiver is at various distances
B)observation of facial expressions and head movements as well as the duration and intensity of suckling during feedings
C)measurement of the amount of time the baby spends viewing a pattern rather than a uniform screen
D)qualitative interviews with parents and other caretaking adults

Question 22

Ava is almost 1 month old. What does she spend most of her day doing? ​

A)crying
B)eating
C)sleeping
D)defecating and urinating

Question 23

Newborns show an innate preference for looking at faces. This preference ____. ​

A)is uniquely human and has never been observed in primates or lower animals
B)lacks an adaptive advantage and, in the modern world, may have no use at all
C)quickly recedes after the first month and disappears by three months
D)provides advantages relative to the importance of social relationships

Question 24

We produce many more synapses than we need, and then retain only those that are used in a "use it or lose it" fashion. What does this demonstrate?  ​

A)the discontinuous model of development
B)the universal approach to development
C)the dominance of nature over nurture
D)the important role of experience in wiring the brain

Question 25

Ethan is just 2 weeks old. His mother strokes his cheek and he turns toward the touch and opens his mouth. This is called the ____ reflex. ​

A)palmar
B)sucking
C)Moro
D)rooting

Question 26

Sofia was 6 pounds at birth. She is a healthy baby. How much does she likely weigh now that she is 1 year old? ​

A)10 pounds
B)15 pounds
C)18 pounds
D)24 pounds

Question 27

The average age at which each motor milestone is met ____. ​

A)applies equally to almost all children
B)falls within a wide range of normal development
C)varies greatly depending on culture
D)is a fairly precise measure of how each child is likely to develop

Question 28

Bree is HIV-positive and is managing her infection with antiretroviral drugs. She just learned that she is pregnant. To avoid passing the virus to her baby, her doctor may advise her to ________. ​

A)deliver the baby vaginally if at all possible
B)deliver the baby by cesarean if possible
C)avoid use of HIV medications while pregnant
D)take extra iron and calcium while pregnant

Question 29

During what time period does the human brain show rapid growth in gray matter? ​

A)during the first two trimesters of the pregnancy
B)in the latter months of pregnancy and for the first 18 months of life
C)from birth through middle to late childhood
D)all the way through adolescence and into early adulthood

Question 30

Amy loves to eat swordfish in any preparation but decides to avoid it during her pregnancy. Why might she choose to reduce her consumption of this oily fish? ​

A)It may contain too much iron.
B)It might contain mercury.
C)It likely contains DHA (Docoshexaenoic acid).
D)It probably contains too much vitamin A.

Question 31

Madelyn has increased salmon, an oily fish, in her diet during her pregnancy in accordance with her doctor's instructions. Her doctor says that this is one of the "safer" oily fish for pregnant women to consume. Why is Madelyn eating more salmon? ​

A)to prevent spina bifida
B)to promote liver function
C)to prevent heart disease
D)to promote brain and eye development

Question 32

To which of the following tastes will a newborn react most favorably? ​

A)bitter
B)sour
C)salty
D)sweet

Question 33

In what order do the following steps of development occur? ​

A)roll, sit, crawl, hop, raise head, walk
B)raise head, roll, sit, crawl, walk, hop
C)raise head, crawl, sit, roll, hop, walk
D)sit, crawl, roll, raise head, hop, walk

Question 34

Penelope has decided to nurse her newborn daughter instead of using bottles and formula. She noticed that her daughter nurses for different amounts of time based on what Penelope has eaten that day. Which of the following snacks would be likely to lead the baby to breastfeed for the longest amount of time? ​

A)a salad with bitter greens
B)a snack of sour gumdrops
C)a bowl of salty pretzels
D)a plate of sweet pastries

Question 35

According to research (Fox, Hershberger, & Bouchard, 1996), who is most likely to reach milestones in motor development at the same time? ​

A)fraternal twins
B)two brothers
C)identical twins
D)two sisters

Question 36

Lucas is in first grade and works hard to print his alphabet letters on the lines on his notebook paper. In which direction is this motor development proceeding? ​

A)from toe to head
B)from his waist to his head and feet at the same time
C)from his fingers to his hands and from his toes to his feet
D)from his midline to his extremities

Question 37

What role does habituation play in evaluating a baby's sensory capacities? ​

A)When the baby spends equal time looking at two stimuli, he or she has likely learned to distinguish between them.
B)When the baby cries while looking at a familiar stimulus, he or she likely is not yet habituated to it.
C)When the baby cries while looking at an unfamiliar stimulus, he or she has likely become habituated to it.
D)When the baby spends equal time looking at two stimuli, he or she likely cannot tell the difference between them.

Question 38

A spurt in myelination occurs between the ages of 6 and 13 years in parts of the brain associated with ____. ​

A)visual acuity
B)emotional functioning
C)language and spatial relations
D)memory

Question 39

Because babies cannot talk, researchers must rely on which of the following to assess their sensory capabilities? ​

A)measures of heart rate, facial expression, and head movements
B)traditional hearing and vision exams
C)interviews with parents and other caring relatives
D)sign language with the baby

Question 40

What is the likely purpose of the palmar reflex? ​

A)unknown as it disappears as nervous system matures
B)a possible evolutionary remnant allowing primates to cling to an adult's fur
C)a possible evolutionary remnant allowing primates to cling to an adult
D)a behavior that helps the baby nurse

Question 41

In some cultures, children are encouraged to walk earlier or later than what would be considered the average age in the United States (Super, 1976). With this in mind, which of the following statements is accurate? ​

A)Changes in the developmental timeline are virtually imperceptible because motor milestones are genetic.
B)Changes in the developmental timeline are generally quite dramatic depending on the culture.
C)Changes in the developmental timeline are usually slight because myelination of motor nerves usually just precedes the achievement of a new skill.
D)Changes in the developmental timeline can take place only during the spurt of myelination that occurs between ages 6 and 13.

Question 42

According to Lev Vygotsky's theory, the zone of _____ development includes the tasks that a child can do (or learn to do)with the assistance of more skilled peers or adults.

A)distal
B)assisted
C)scaffolded
D)proximal

Question 43

According to Piaget's theory, cognitive abilities develop through regular stages. This idea is a classic example of the ____ approach. ​

A)assimilation
B)conservation
C)ecological
D)discontinuity

Question 44

Baby Asha is sitting on the floor when her older brother sits down next to her. He takes her favorite stuffed horse out of her hands, holds it up, and then puts it behind his back. Within just a few seconds, Asha begins to cry. Her brother hands her back the horse, which stops the crying, but he doesn't understand why she didn't just look behind his back for the toy. What would be the reason for this?

A)Asha is in Piaget's formal operations stage of cognitive development and has not yet overcome centration.
B)Asha is in Piaget's concrete operations stage of cognitive development and has not yet overcome conservation.
C)Asha is in Piaget's preoperations stage of cognitive development and has not yet overcome egocentrism.
D)Asha is in Piaget's sensorimotor stage of cognitive development and has not yet mastered object permanence.

Question 45

Ava, age 5, and her mother are playing with clay. They make two round balls of the same size. Ava flattens one into a pancake shape and says "Look, Mommy, now this one has more clay." In this context, Ava does not yet understand ____. ​

A)assimilation
B)egocentrism
C)conservation
D)object permanence

Question 46

Which of the following describes Piaget's sensorimotor stage of development? ​

A)the stage of development beginning at the age of 6 years and ending at the age of 12 years and characterized by logical but not abstract reasoning
B)the stage of development beginning at birth and ending at the age of 2 years and characterized by active exploration of the environment
C)the stage of development beginning at age 12 and extending through adulthood and characterized by mature reasoning capabilities
D)the stage of development beginning at the age of 2 years and ending at the age of 6 years and characterized by use of symbols, egocentrism, and limits on the ability to reason logically

Question 47

Stephan is 5 years old, and is able to put moderate-sized jigsaw puzzles together with the help of his older brother. If he tries to do the puzzle on his own, he will usually be unsuccessful. According to Lev Vygotsky, putting together these puzzles falls in Stephan's ______.

A)zone of optimal development
B)zone of proximal development
C)schema of preoperational development
D)range of accommodation

Question 48

What is object permanence? ​

A)the ability to form mental representations of objects that are no longer present
B)the ability to understand the concept of "me" and "it"
C)the ability to incorporate new learning into an existing schema without the need to revise the schema
D)the ability to understand that changing the form or appearance of an object does not change its essence

Question 49

Little Joey is visiting the zoo for the first time and sees a zebra. He says, "Look, Mommy, a horse." This is an example of ____. ​

A)adaptation
B)assimilation
C)accommodation
D)conservation

Question 50

Luis is 10 years old. He is becoming quite good at arguing with his parents over such topics as what his bedtime should be and whether he has eaten enough of his dinner to have dessert. He loves toys and projects that involve hands-on learning, but cannot yet handle abstract concepts. According to Piaget, Luis is in the ____ stage of cognitive development. ​

A)formal operational
B)sensorimotor
C)preoperational
D)concrete operational

Question 51

Which of the following is an accurate definition of accommodation? ​

A)the ability to form mental representations of objects that are no longer present
B)the incorporation of new learning into an existing schema, without the need to revise the schema
C)the ability to understand that changing the form or appearance of an object does not change its quantity
D)The incorporation of new learning into an existing schema that requires revision of the schema

Question 52

Alexa is 15 years old. She is very involved in environmental issues, including broad issues such as finding alternatives to fossil fuels and the protection of biodiversity on the planet. According to Piaget, Alexa is in the ____ stage of cognitive development.

A)concrete operational
B)formal operational
C)sensorimotor
D)preoperational

Question 53

For which of the following has Piaget's theory of cognitive development been criticized?

A)Piaget overestimated the capabilities of young children.
B)Piaget viewed the developing child in relative isolation from his or her family, community, and culture.
C)Piaget specified the wrong mechanisms responsible for moving from one stage to the next.
D)Piaget focused too much on the variability of individual cognitive development.

Question 54

Which of the following is true of Lev Vygotsky's view of cognitive development? ​

A)A child gains knowledge of the world by interacting socially and collaboratively with parents, teachers, and other members of the community.
B)A child learns to understand the world by actively exploring it, like a miniature scientist.
C)A child has a "zone" of development in which to learn how to accomplish tasks without help.
D)A child develops according to a species perspective, largely independent of culture.

Question 55

What is Piaget's name for the stage of development that begins at the age of 2 years and ends at the age of 6 years and is characterized by use of symbols, egocentrism, and limits on the ability to reason logically? ​

A)formal operational stage
B)concrete operational stage
C)sensorimotor stage
D)preoperational stage

Question 56

According to the theory of Jean Piaget, how is egocentrism defined? ​

A)the limited ability to understand the point of view of other people
B)the ability to form mental representations of objects that are no longer present
C)the emotional bonding between an infant and a parent or caregiver
D)the ability to understand that others have thoughts that are different from one's own

Question 57

Which of the following reflects the view of contemporary developmental psychologists and is in contrast to Piaget's analysis?

A)Children's abilities to understand objects in their world depend on their development of language abilities.
B)Very young children seem to understand a great deal about objects and how they work, even before they have had much experience interacting with them.
C)Very young children seem to understand a great deal about objects and how they work, once they have gained substantial experience interacting with them.
D)Children's abilities to understand objects in their world develop slowly over time.

Question 58

When Zach started elementary school, he was able to focus very attentively on class projects, but only for limited periods of time. By about sixth grade, his attention span started to lengthen significantly each year. Which model or theory does this exemplify? ​

A)theory of mind
B)zone of proximal development
C)information processing model
D)ecological development

Question 59

The notion that even very young children seem to understand a great deal about objects and how they work, even before they've had much experience interacting with those objects, is called _____ theory. It contradicts Piaget's cognitive theory. ​

A)naïve
B)operational
C)sociocultural
D)egocentric

Question 60

Which of the following is an accurate definition of assimilation? ​

A)The incorporation of new learning into an existing schema that requires revision of the schema
B)The ability to understand that changing the form or appearance of an object does not change its quantity
C)The incorporation of new learning into an existing schema, without the need to revise the schema
D)The ability to form mental representations of objects that are no longer present

Question 61

Joshua is 3 years old. He often whines, and constantly demands attention from his parents, not venturing far from them at the park. Which of the following would most likely describe the parenting style of Joshua's parents? ​

A)strict and punitive
B)attentive and available
C)unresponsive or inconsistent
D)anxious and overprotective

Question 62

Which of the following is a finding from Harry Harlow's study (1958)of rhesus monkeys and attachment? ​

A)The pleasure obtained through feeding formed the basis of the mother-infant bond.
B)The wire mothers with an attached milk bottle were the preferred source of comfort for food and emotional needs.
C)The infant was positively reinforced with food for staying near the mother.
D)The mother's ability to provide contact comfort was critical in forming a strong attachment on the part of her infant.

Question 63

In which of the following two scenarios does Grace demonstrate that she has developed theory of mind? (1)Grace accidentally pops Max's red balloon. Max is furious and heartbroken. Grace tells her mother "Max thinks I did it on purpose." (2)Grace and Max play contentedly side by side with their blocks. Max builds a tower and Grace builds two small houses.

A)scenario (1)only
B)scenario (2)only
C)scenarios (1)and (2)
D)neither scenario

Question 64

Mario is a high school sophomore. His parents are strict but loving. They provide clear standards that are reasonable for his age and enforce them fairly. When he is given consequences for his actions, they are meant more to teach than to punish. Mario is sometimes invited to share his input on the rules that his parents set in the home. Mario's parents are using a(n)_____ parenting style. ​

A)authoritarian
B)authoritative
C)indulgent
D)uninvolved

Question 65

What is the pattern of infant-caregiver bonding that can take several different forms, but is generally characterized as less desirable for the child's outcomes than secure attachment?

A)disorganized attachment
B)insecure attachment
C)anxious-ambivalent attachment
D)avoidant attachment

Question 66

Individual differences in temperament may emerge early in life. These traits ____.

A)will likely be substantially modified by adulthood
B)are not valid indicators of later psychological disorders
C)are impacted very little by environmental factors
D)most likely represent genetic differences

Question 67

The emotional bonding linking an infant to a parent or caregiver is called ____. ​

A)attachment
B)reinforcement
C)dependency
D)goodness of fit

Question 68

Which scenario exemplifies a key factor in predicting the timing of attachment?

A)Jayce has learned to sit up.
B)Jayce can say small sentences.
C)Jayce is starting to crawl.
D)Jayce can grasp his mother's hoop earring but does not let go.

Question 69

A pattern of infant-caregiver bonding in which children explore confidently and return to the parent or caregiver for reassurance is called ____ secure. ​

A)avoidant
B)insecure
C)secure
D)disorganized

Question 70

A failure to develop a typical theory of mind has been linked to the development of ____ (Gopnik, Capps, & Meltzoff, 2000). ​

A)Down syndrome
B)depression
C)autism spectrum disorder
D)language anomalies

Question 71

Avoidant or anxious-ambivalent attachment is more common in children with ____. ​

A)low intrinsic motivation
B)low negative affect
C)high intrinsic motivation
D)high negative affect

Question 72

Parenting styles can be divided into four categories, which vary along ____ (Baumrind, 1975; Maccoby & Martin, 1983). ​

A)four dimensions: empathy, recognition, discipline, and expectations
B)two dimensions: parental support and behavioral regulation
C)three dimensions: empathy, supervision, and expectations
D)two dimensions: recognition and expectations

Question 73

Which of the following statements is true regarding studies that compared the frequencies of Ainsworth's three attachment types in the United States to frequencies in Japan and Germany?

A)The German sample had about the same number of securely attached infants as in the United States.
B)The German sample had many more infants with avoidant attachment than in the United States.
C)The Japanese sample had zero cases of anxious-ambivalent attachment.
D)The Japanese sample had higher proportions of avoidant attachments.

Question 74

The parenting style that combines high behavioral regulation with low support is ____. ​

A)authoritative
B)indulgent
C)authoritarian
D)uninvolved

Question 75

The temperament traits of children, which are visible within the first few months of life, have been described along three dimensions (Mary Rothbart et al., 2007): surgency or extroversion, negative affect or mood, and ____.

A)innate resilience
B)effortful control
C)empathy
D)agreeableness

Question 76

About the same time that infants begin to crawl, usually between 6 and 8 months, they also begin to show separation anxiety. This indicates that they ____.

A)now recognize who does and does not belong in their social world
B)have not bonded with any particular person or persons
C)have an insecure form of attachment
D)have an avoidant form of attachment

Question 77

Jack was a very timid child, both physically and socially. His parents gently encouraged him to participate in activities with other children, without pushing him hard enough to be uncomfortable. Over time he became quite adept at playing team sports. This is an example of ____. ​

A)egocentrism
B)avoidant attachment
C)goodness of fit
D)theory of mind

Question 78

Rosa is 15 months of age. A new babysitter came to the house so Rosa's mother could focus on her writing in her office upstairs. Rosa was fine while her mother was still in the room with them but cried and cried when she left. Her mother returned an hour later and Rosa ran over to her right away. What pattern of attachment is this? ​

A)avoidant
B)anxious-ambivalent
C)disorganized
D)secure

Question 79

Marcus is about 1 ½years old. His mother left him at a friend's house to play for the first time while she took the family car in for maintenance. Marcus did not show distress when his mother left nor did he immediately approach her when she returned. What pattern of attachment is this? ​

A)avoidant
B)secure
C)disorganized
D)anxious-ambivalent

Question 80

What is an important elaboration of Piaget's concept of egocentrism?

A)naïve theories
B)the information processing model
C)attachment theory
D)theory of mind