Deck 5: The Police Role in Society: Crime Fighter or Public Servant

Question 1

According to Packer, which of the following is one of the principles under which the crime control model operates?

A)Efficiency is rejected if it involves shortcuts.
B)Protection of process is as important as protection of innocents.
C)A conveyor belt is the model for the system.
D)The coercive power of the state is always subject to abuse.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Authority is defined as:

A)the right inherent in a role to use any means to overcome resistance.
B)the use of signs and symbols to induce compliance.
C)the use of words and arguments to induce compliance.
D)the unquestionable entitlement to be obeyed that comes from fulfilling a specific role.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

In relation to community policing and ethics, all of the following is true except:

A)community policing ethical issues arise from the closer relationships formed with community members. ​
B)community policing models often foster more corruption than traditional law enforcement models.
C)community policing reduces cynicism and burnout among police officers, which may reduce corruption.
D)community policing may increase the potential for gratuities.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

___________ is the right of people in certain roles to use any means to overcome resistance.

A)Power
B)Duty
C)Authority
D)Persuasion

Question 5

The public servant model of policing includes all the following except which?

A)Criminals are not a distinct group. ​
B)Police have a limited ability to control crime.
C)Protection of the process of justice is as important as crime control.
D)Police should focus on processing cases through the system as efficiently as possible.

Question 6

The policing strategy that utilizes data analysis to drive decision-making in order to prevent crime is known as:

A)professional policing. ​
B)traditional policing.
C)community policing.
D)intelligence-led policing.

Question 7

Cohen and Feldberg include all of the following as ethical standards derived from the social contract except:

A)safety and security. ​
B)efficiency.
C)fair access.
D)teamwork.

Question 8

Wilson's descriptions of the various types of police include all of the following except which?

A)legalistic
B)service
C)watchman
D)caretaker

Question 9

is different from the other three means of control in that it is physical.

A)Force ​
B)Authority
C)Argument
D)Persuasion

Question 10

A shift in police focus away from serving political bosses and toward serving the law was a characteristic of the:

A)professional era. ​
B)community policing era.
C)political era.
D)legalistic era.

Question 11

A model of law enforcement that addresses underlying problems rather than simply enforcing the law is referred to as:

A)crime control policing. ​
B)reactive policing.
C)traditional policing.
D)community policing.

Question 12

Cohen and Feldberg proposed five ethical standards that can be derived from the social contract between society and the individuals. Which of the following is not one of these standards?

A)teamwork
B)objectivity
C)equality
D)fair access

Question 13

The crime control and due process models were developed by:

A)Carl Klockars.
B)Herbert Packer.
C)Lawrence Sherman.
D)John Crank.

Question 14

According to Klockars, what are the four elements of police power?

A)power, persuasion, threat, and force
B)power, persuasion, force, and authority
C)authority, threat, force, and persuasion
D)force, coercion, persuasion, authority

Question 15

Persuasion is defined as:

A)the right to inherent in a role to use any means to overcome resistance.
B)the use of signs, symbols, words, and arguments to induce compliance.
C)the use of force and coercion to get one's way.
D)the unquestionable entitlement to be obeyed that comes from fulfilling a specific role.

Question 16

The concepts of community policing, problem-oriented policing, and accountability mechanisms are components of which model of policing? 

A)preventive policing ​
B)reactive policing
C)traditional policing
D)intelligence-led policing

Question 17

According to Packer, which of the following is one of the principles under which the due process model operates?

A)Protection of the process is as important as protection of citizens.
B)Efficiency in casework is a top priority. ​
C)There is a presumption of guilt.
D)Emphasis is on speed and finality.

Question 18

Force is defined as:

A)the right to inherent in a role to use any means to overcome resistance.
B)the use of signs, symbols, words, and arguments to induce compliance.
C)the use of physical coercion to overcome the will of the individual.
D)the unquestionable entitlement to be obeyed that comes from fulfilling a specific role.

Question 19

The crime control approach is consistent with the following except:

A)Criminals are the enemy. ​
B)Police officers are like soldiers in a war.
C)Police officers serve all the people.
D)Efficiency is a top priority.

Question 20

Muir's typology of police styles includes which of the following:

A)the professional
B)the avoider
C)the enforcer
D)the watchman

Question 21

The "blue curtain of secrecy" refers to:

A)the law that prevents the release of some victim information from police reports.
B)the practice of police officers to remain silent when fellow officers commit unethical actions .
C)the practice of voting in secret during elections of police union leaders.
D)the news media's reluctance to report on certain police issues.

Question 22

Our new police chief has determined that the strong police subculture and code of silence are detrimental to the department.
According to the text, all of the following methods would help the new chief weaken the existing subculture except:

A)working with the police union to address officer issues ​
B)emphasizing formal ethics training in the police academy
C)increasing diversity in the force through new hires
D)using less severe punishments for officer misconduct

Question 23

A new police chief is sworn in. The city has been plagued with street crime and a poor relationship with the community. He has pledged to reduce crime and improve public satisfaction.
Assume the new chief sets up a D.A.R.E. program with the local schools, orders 25 percent of his patrol officers to switch to foot patrol, and sets up a citizens' advisory board. These actions would be consistent with:

A)a " zero tolerance" policy. ​
B)an intelligence-based strategy.
C)predictive policing.
D)community policing.

Question 24

Scheingold points to each of the following as a contributing factor to the development of the police subculture except:

A)police work in a uniquely stressful work environment.
B)police typically form a homogenous social group.
C)police perceive themselves as receiving unfair treatment from the media.
D)police officers participate in a basically closed social system.

Question 25

Roland is a police officer in pursuit of a fleeing rape suspect. The chase is on foot, and Roland is a much faster runner than his partner. He catches the suspect out of sight of his partner. When his partner, Ted, arrives on the scene, he observes Roland striking the suspect, despite the fact that the suspect is already in handcuffs.
Ted chooses not to report his partner. He arrived at this decision by deciding that the greater good is served by preserving the rapist's conviction, rather than risk losing it due to an excessive force complaint. Ted does believe that Roland acted improperly, but decides that the community is better off if the rapist is incarcerated than if a complaint is pursued against an otherwise excellent officer. Ted's decision is consistent with:

A)utilitarianism. ​
B)ethical formalism.
C)ethics of care.
D)zero tolerance.

Question 26

A new police chief is sworn in. The city has been plagued with street crime and a poor relationship with the community. He has pledged to reduce crime and improve public satisfaction.
The concept of "divine right" refers to:

A)the idea that people are indistinguishable from the office they hold. ​
B)the belief among some officers that they deserve free things from businesses they patrol, such as coffee.
C)the expectation that the highest-ranking officer will be promoted as the next police chief.
D)the right of every suspect to be treated as innocent until proven guilty.

Question 27

Souryal argued that there are different kinds of loyalty to superiors or to fellow officers, including all of the following except:

A)integrated loyalty. ​
B)personal loyalty.
C)institutional loyalty.
D)fragmented loyalty.

Question 28

A new police chief is sworn in. The city has been plagued with street crime and a poor relationship with the community. He has pledged to reduce crime and improve public satisfaction.
If the chief invests in new technologies such as GIS mapping software and data analysis tools, in order to better deploy police resources, this would be known as:

A)a " zero tolerance" policy. ​
B)an intelligence-based strategy.
C)predictive policing.
D)community policing.

Question 29

The Law Enforcement Code of Ethics and the Oath of Honor were developed by:

A)the U.S. Department of Justice.
B)the Police Benevolent Association.
C)the National Sheriffs' Association.
D)the International Association of Chiefs of Police.

Question 30

In Brown's typology of police styles, which type of officer emphasizes public order and peace officer tasks?

A)the professional-style officer
B)the service-style officer
C)the clean-beat officer
D)the old-style crime fighter

Question 31

The four major themes of formal ethical codes for law enforcement include all except:

A)fairness.
B)personal conduct.
C)service.
D)education.

Question 32

Roland is a police officer in pursuit of a fleeing rape suspect. The chase is on foot, and Roland is a much faster runner than his partner. He catches the suspect out of sight of his partner. When his partner, Ted, arrives on the scene, he observes Roland striking the suspect, despite the fact that the suspect is already in handcuffs.
When the case comes to trial, Ted maintains his story on the witness stand. This is known informally as:

A)a blue screen. ​
B)discretion under oath.
C)"dilemma of duty."
D)"testilying."

Question 33

In Muir's typology of police styles, the professional :

A)used coercion exclusively.
B)avoided situations where they might be challenged.
C)balanced coercion with compassion.
D)had citizens solve problems and made deals to keep the peace.

Question 34

Roland is a police officer in pursuit of a fleeing rape suspect. The chase is on foot, and Roland is a much faster runner than his partner. He catches the suspect out of sight of his partner. When his partner, Ted, arrives on the scene, he observes Roland striking the suspect, despite the fact that the suspect is already in handcuffs.
The suspect does file a complaint with Internal Affairs, and Ted is questioned about the incident. Ted tells the investigator that he observed nothing out of the ordinary: When he arrived at the scene the suspect was in custody and Roland was reading him his rights. This is an example of:

A)the blue curtain of secrecy. ​
B)discretion.
C)persuasion.
D)"dilemma of duty."

Question 35

Roland is a police officer in pursuit of a fleeing rape suspect. The chase is on foot, and Roland is a much faster runner than his partner. He catches the suspect out of sight of his partner. When his partner, Ted, arrives on the scene, he observes Roland striking the suspect, despite the fact that the suspect is already in handcuffs.
Ted understands that committing perjury in this case is wrong, and technically qualifies as corruption. What type of corruption is this?

A)"noble-cause" corruption ​
B)gratuitous corruption
C)legalistic corruption ​
D)"blue curtain" corruption

Question 36

In Muir's typology of police styles, the reciprocator :

A)used coercion exclusively.
B)avoided situations where they might be challenged.
C)balanced coercion with compassion.
D)had citizens solve problems and made deals to keep the peace.

Question 37

In Brown's typology of police styles, the old-style crime fighters :

A)are concerned only with action that might be considered crime control.
B)avoided situations where they might be challenged.
C)balanced coercion with compassion.
D)had citizens solve problems and made deals to keep the peace.

Question 38

A new police chief is sworn in. The city has been plagued with street crime and a poor relationship with the community. He has pledged to reduce crime and improve public satisfaction.
If the chief wants to pursue an intelligence-led policing strategy, he would:

A)require his officers to obtain bachelor's degrees. ​
B)improve relations with the local media.
C)increase surveillance of known criminal organizations. ​
D)research successful police methods from other cities.

Question 39

Which of the following statements about police subculture is false?

A)Increasing diversity of police recruits has eliminated the social homogeneity of the workforce
B)Civil litigation has increased the risk of covering for another officer ​
C)Decreasing crime rates have reduced the need for a "code of silence"
D)Police unions have contributed to the weakening of the police subculture

Question 40

Our new police chief has determined that the strong police subculture and code of silence are detrimental to the department.
If the chief institutes a policy to help officers with stress, anger, or substance abuse, rather than seek to terminate or punish them, this policy would be consistent with:

A)blue curtain of secrecy. ​
B)ethics of care.
C)noble cause.
D)managerial discretion.

Question 41

The responsibilities that are attached to a specific role are called __________.

Question 42

The term ______________ means to have the power to make a decision between two or more choices.

Question 43

The Law Enforcement Code of Ethics is focused more directly on the public servant role, as opposed to the crime fighter role.

Question 44

Reuss-Ianni found that the informal subculture of police enforced the notion that managers were not to be trusted.

Question 45

The crime control paradigm of policing is most consistent with ethical formalism.

Question 46

"Testilying" is the practice of lying to a suspect in order to elicit information or a confession.

Question 47

One of the key principles of Packer's crime control model is that repression of criminal behavior is  more important than procedural justice.

Question 48

Loyalty to groups or persons is logical and based on fact, not emotion.

Question 49

Brown and Muir both included the "peacemaker" officer in their typologies.

Question 50

A perception of the police officer as public servant implies a much more restrictive view of the use of force and police power.

Question 51

Muir's police types included the professional, the reciprocating officer, the enforcer, and the clean-beat officer.

Question 52

An unquestionable entitlement to be obeyed that comes from fulfilling a specific role is called  __________.       

Question 53

Studies cited in the text show that police choose not to make an arrest in a large number of cases where an arrest would be legally justified.

Question 54

In the early days of American policing, the police performed social services such as housing indigents and running soup kitchens.

Question 55

According to the author, ________________  is a perception that everyone is weak or corrupt.

Question 56

The four themes found in formal codes of ethics for law enforcement are fairness, service, importance of law, and continuing education.

Question 57

A program where officers and members of the public form partnerships to address problems and prevent crime is called a(n)________________________ program.

Question 58

According to the text, fewer than 10 percent of SWAT team deployments are in response to hostage, barricade, or active shooter situations.

Question 59

According to Scheingold, the values of police subculture are like dominant American values, only they are more extreme.

Question 60

Cohen and Feldberg believe that the justification for police power comes from natural law.

Question 61

Describe the elements of the formal code of ethics and contrast them with the values of the police subculture.

Question 62

Explain the public servant role and the crime fighter role and why the two may be inconsistent.

Question 63

Describe and discuss Klockars' four elements of police control .

Question 64

Improper police behavior in the pursuit of fighting crime, such as falsifying information to obtain a warrant, is known as __________ corruption.

Question 65

were divisions within some police departments that spied on organizations thought to be promoting socialism.

Question 66

is the right, inherent in one's role, to use any means to overcome resistance.

Question 67

Describe the steps you would take as Chief to reduce the negative effects of the police subculture in your department.

Question 68

Explain how the social contract is the source of police power and explain the elements or characteristics of policing that logically flow from such power.

Question 69

The term used to describe the use of physical power to overcome the will of another individual is ____________.         

Question 70

An element of the police subculture is that some officers see themselves as victims, due to low pay and _____________  that seem to favor offenders.

Question 71

Discuss the impacts of community policing on ethical behavior among police officers. Why might community policing act as an "insulator" against unethical behavior?

Question 72

Describe Wilson and Brown's typologies of police and explain how each might perceive the role of discretion.

Question 73

Compare and contrast the due process model and crime control model and discuss which model is more appropriate today.

Question 74

The use of signs, symbols, words, and arguments to induce compliance is called __________.

Question 75

Describe Sherman's police "values," and provide an example of each.

Question 76

Packer's _______________ model of policing suggests that police focus on efficiently processing cases against offenders who are presumed to be guilty.

Question 77

Discuss the impact that the terror attacks of 9/11 had on police procedures and strategy .

Question 78

One argument against allowing officers to accept _________________ is the perception that they may lead to special treatment.

Question 79

Because a crime control model serves the greater good by protecting citizens, the idea that just about any practices are allowed in the pursuit of law enforcement is consistent with a(n)____________ view of ethics.

Question 80

Kraska and Balko have documented an observation that American police have become increasingly ______________ over the last 30 years.