Deck 4: Becoming an Ethical Professional

Question 1

Which part of the brain is associated with feelings of empathy, shame, and moral reasoning?

A)frontal lobes
B)inferior parietal lobe ​
C)left hemisphere
D)right hemisphere

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of the following is a type of test that measures an individual's ability to recognize and/or agree with moral terms?

A)memory tests
B)spatial skill tests
C)recognition tests
D)intelligence tests

Answer 2

C

Question 3

According to Kohlberg, which is the first stage of moral development?

A)punishment and obedience orientation
B)instrument and relativity orientation
C)social contract orientation
D)law and order orientation

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The phrase "ghost in the machine" refers to the incorrect belief that:

A)DNA can be altered.
B)oxytocin causes hallucinations.
C)whistleblowers can make anonymous reports.
D)the body is separate from the mind.

Question 5

Which of the following is not a characteristic of frontal lobe damage?

A)difficulty in logical reasoning
B)impulsivity
C)tendency toward apathy
D)loss of motor function

Question 6

According to the text, which of the following is not a factor affecting the ethical climate of an organization?

A)leadership
B)state and local laws
C)reward structure
D)organizational messages

Question 7

According to Bandura, self-regulation can be "turned off," leading to inhumane acts, through cognitive restructuring via several different mechanisms. Which of the following is not one of these mechanisms?

A)dehumanization
B)displacement of responsibility
C)advantageous labeling
D)disregard of the consequences

Question 8

A survey of police chiefs found that they recommend that ethics training should focus on  ______________  rather than rules.

A)shared values and problem solving
B)legal requirements for each position
C)reviewing and updating the organization's Code of Ethics
D)defining basic terms for new recruits

Question 9

Self-efficacy, an i ndividual's feelings of competence, is developed by:

A)earning praise from a supervisor.
B)comparing one's self to others.
C)participating in training.
D)participating in therapy.

Question 10

Sanitizing language, such as "wasting" or "whacking" instead of killing is an example of:

A)behavioral classification.
B)metaphorical cataloging.
C)cognitive adage.
D)euphemistic labeling.

Question 11

Research indicates, for instance, that when workers are busy and stressed, they are more likely to make unethical choices because, possibly, the brain processes responsible for _____________ is already overloaded with other demands.

A)remembering ethics training
B)perceiving instructions being given
C)communicating with co-workers
D)rationally deciding the correct action

Question 12

Cognitive dissonance, modeling, and reinforcement are all elements of:

A)learning theory.
B)Kohlberg's moral stages theory.
C)ethical fading.
D)moral disengagement theory.

Question 13

In which of Kohlberg's moral stages do individuals control their behavior so as to not hurt others' feelings or be thought of as bad?

A)Stage 1
B)Stage 2
C)Stage 3
D)Stage 4

Question 14

Shermer believes that morality is a product of?

A)learning
B)reasoning
C)evolution
D)negative reinforcement

Question 15

Which of the following statements about developmental theories is false?

A)Developmental theories propose that individuals mature physically, cognitively, and emotionally.
B)Developmental theories argue that individuals have normal growth phases in areas such as morality and emotional maturity.
C)Jean Piaget and Lawrence Kohlberg are well-known developmental theorists.
D)Kohlberg's moral stages of development consist of two levels of moral reasoning, with three stages in each  level.

Question 16

According to learning theorists:

A)behavior arises from moral beliefs.
B)moral behavior arises through reason.
C)moral beliefs arise from a habit of moral behavior that is the product of reinforcement.
D)negative reinforcement is the most effective way to teach moral belief.

Question 17

In order to facilitate modeling, identification, and persuasive authority, ethical leaders should:

A)continually provide in-service trainings.
B)foster personal relationships with their subordinates.
C)pursue an advanced degree as a way to exhibit expertise.
D)seek advice from other leaders in similar positions.

Question 18

Social learning theory was developed by:

A)Albert Bandura.
B)Jean Piaget.
C)F) Skinner.
D)Erik Erikson.

Question 19

Studies regarding biological sex differences in brain activity found evidence of sex differences in all except:

A)antisocial tendencies.
B)delinquency.
C)conduct disorders.
D)intelligence.

Question 20

Which of the following statements about social learning theory is true?

A)Social learning theory was developed by Lawrence Kohlberg.
B)Social learning theory reflects the idea of modeling as the mechanism of development.
C)Social learning theorists believe moral behavior is hierarchical.
D)Social learning theorists believe that as we develop, we move from pure egoism toward altruism.

Question 21

Wolfe and Piquero found that officers who perceived that organizational procedures were fair were less likely to:

A)resign prior to retirement.
B)call in sick.
C)file discrimination lawsuits.
D)engage in misconduct.

Question 22

During Kohlberg's ____________ level, people perceive themselves as members of society, and living up to role responsibilities is paramount in believing oneself to be good.

A)pre-conventional
B)post-conventional
C)un-conventional
D)conventional

Question 23

All of the following elements of Trautman's "corruption continuum" seem to be present in the description of the  Penn State scandal found in the chapter, except:

A)ignoring obvious ethical problems.
B)administrative indifference toward integrity.
C)lack of a published Code of Ethics for the organization.
D)a survival-of-the-fittest approach by employees, who commit unethical acts to protect themselves.

Question 24

A terrorist leader has recruited new volunteers and is addressing them. He tells them that their mission will "eliminate" many people but that they would be serving a higher purpose. He explains that their group's struggle depends on martyrs such as themselves. He goes on to say that their victims belong to a lesser class of people and refers to them with an insulting ethnic slur. He declares that they deserve to be eliminated. The new volunteers not only agree to take part in a suicide mission, they are happy to have been chosen.
By telling the recruits that their victims are a lesser class of people and calling them an insulting name, the leader is using which method of cognitive restructuring?

A)dehumanization
B)cognitive dissonance
C)advantageous comparison
D)displacement of responsibility

Question 25

A terrorist leader has recruited new volunteers and is addressing them. He tells them that their mission will "eliminate" many people but that they would be serving a higher purpose. He explains that their group's struggle depends on martyrs such as themselves. He goes on to say that their victims belong to a lesser class of people and refers to them with an insulting ethnic slur. He declares that they deserve to be eliminated. The new volunteers not only agree to take part in a suicide mission, they are happy to have been chosen.
By telling the recruits that they will be "eliminating" victims (as opposed to "killing," "blowing up," "gunning down," etc.), the leader is using which method of cognitive restructuring?

A)euphemistic labeling
B)cognitive dissonance
C)advantageous comparison
D)displacement of responsibility

Question 26

During Kohlberg's _____________ level, a person moves beyond the norms and laws of a society to determine universal good, that is, what is good for all societies.

A)pre-conventional
B)post-conventional
C)un-conventional
D)conventional ​

Question 27

In the text, the author describes an experiment in which a group of children were told a hypothetical story in which an adult punished a neutral act, such as a child practicing a musical instrument. Afterward, the children classified the act of playing a musical instrument as bad behavior.
This experiment lends credence to the power of:

A)cognitive dissonance.
B)modeling.
C)​​ the "blank slate."
D)reinforcement.

Question 28

A terrorist leader has recruited new volunteers and is addressing them. He tells them that their mission will "eliminate" many people but that they would be serving a higher purpose. He explains that their group's struggle depends on martyrs such as themselves. He goes on to say that their victims belong to a lesser class of people and refers to them with an insulting ethnic slur. He declares that they deserve to be eliminated. The new volunteers not only agree to take part in a suicide mission, they are happy to have been chosen.
The volunteers accept the instructions of their leader and intend to carry out the mission. They have no ethical reservations, as they have been trained to follow orders. Which method of cognitive restructuring are the volunteers employing?

A)dehumanization
B)cognitive dissonance
C)advantageous comparison
D)displacement of responsibility

Question 29

The idea that workers feel they are being treated fairly is known as:

A)organizational justice.
B)occupational fairness.
C)workgroup morality.
D)ethical climate.

Question 30

Joe is in charge of an FBI field office. His office has been monitoring an organized crime family in his jurisdiction. The criminals have been unusually active lately, and there has been much criticism in the media about the FBI's inability to shut them down. Joe approves the use of GPS trackers to gather intelligence, despite having been told in the past that doing so without a warrant was a violation of suspects' rights.
Since Joe was, at one time, faithful to the rules regarding GPS trackers, but has dropped his opposition over time, he has demonstrated:

A)moral reconsideration.
B)a synthesizing mind.
C)ethical fading.
D)characteristics of a "noble savage."

Question 31

According to the "corruption continuum," organizations can become corrupt through all of the following except:

A)administrative indifference toward integrity.
B)ignoring obvious ethical problems.
C)hypocrisy and fear- dominated culture.
D)charismatic leadership.

Question 32

Which of the following was not mentioned as a consequence of recent events involving police use of force?

A)body cameras for police
B)disarming local police officers
C)special prosecutors
D)citizen review boards ​

Question 33

Which of the following individuals added a "care perspective" to Kohlberg's theory?

A)Jean Piaget ​
B)Albert Bandura
C)Carol Gilligan ​
D)Jackson Flanagan

Question 34

________________ are often put into place to guard against ethics problems but sometimes have the unintended effect of actually increasing unethical behavior.

A)Polygraph examinations
B)Compliance systems
C)Honor systems
D)Security cameras

Question 35

Joe is in charge of an FBI field office. His office has been monitoring an organized crime family in his jurisdiction. The criminals have been unusually active lately, and there has been much criticism in the media about the FBI's inability to shut them down. Joe approves the use of GPS trackers to gather intelligence, despite having been told in the past that doing so without a warrant was a violation of suspects' rights.
If an agent in Joe's office reports Joe's actions, that agent would be referred to as:

A)an inside reporter.
B)a whistleblower.
C)a "disciplined mind." ​
D)a "noble savage."

Question 36

Which of the following statements about developmental theories is true?

A)Developmental theories propose that individuals mature physically, cognitively, and emotionally.
B)Developmental theorists believe that exceptionally bright individuals can skip stages.
C)Bentham is a well-known developmental theorist.
D)Developmental theories argue that individual have normal "moral imaginations."

Question 37

Joe is in charge of an FBI field office. His office has been monitoring an organized crime family in his jurisdiction. The criminals have been unusually active lately, and there has been much criticism in the media about the FBI's inability to shut them down. Joe approves the use of GPS trackers to gather intelligence, despite having been told in the past that doing so without a warrant was a violation of suspects' rights.
Joe's decision to ignore his ethical reservations is a result of the pressure he feels to obtain results. Bazerman and Tenbrunsel would refer to Joe's decision as:

A)euphemistic labeling. ​
B)motivated blindness.
C)advantageous comparison.
D)failure of duty.

Question 38

A terrorist leader has recruited new volunteers and is addressing them. He tells them that their mission will "eliminate" many people but that they would be serving a higher purpose. He explains that their group's struggle depends on martyrs such as themselves. He goes on to say that their victims belong to a lesser class of people and refers to them with an insulting ethnic slur. He declares that they deserve to be eliminated. The new volunteers not only agree to take part in a suicide mission, they are happy to have been chosen.
By referring to the recruits as "martyrs" and saying that their mission will serve a higher purpose, leader is using which method of cognitive restructuring?

A)dehumanization
B)moral justification
C)advantageous comparison
D)displacement of responsibility

Question 39

The text mentions the case of Penn State football coach Jerry Sandusky, who was convicted of more than 40 counts of child sexual assault. His crimes occurred over a span of more than 10 years, as Penn State administrators failed to act, despite their knowledge of his behavior. At one point, another coach witnessed an assault, but only reported it to the head coach, who in turn only reported it to his superior.
Which of    Bandura's methods of "cognitive restructuring" is illustrated by the other coaches who felt they had done their duty by merely passing the information up the chain?

A)diffusion of responsibility
B)euphemistic labeling
C)dehumanization ​
D)advantageous comparison

Question 40

According to the text, injury to the frontal lobe of the brain can result in all of the following except:

A)memory loss.
B)decreased attention span.
C)an difficulty following directions. ​
D)tactless behavior.

Question 41

Victor and Cullen determined that there can be differences in ethical climates within an organization.

Question 42

Sherman suggests that coercion is a key element in criminal justice, so the moral issues related to coercion should be studied.

Question 43

According to learning theory, moral behavior is learned best through reinforcement and exposure to higher order reasoning.

Question 44

Some biological theorists believe that morality lies in the "emotion" centers of the brain.

Question 45

According to Kohlberg, all people progress through each stage of moral development until they reach the highest stage.

Question 46

An employee who reveals unethical behavior in an organization is known as a whistleblower.

Question 47

According to the text, training classes in ethics have more influence over the behavior of employees than the behavior of administrators and supervisors.

Question 48

The importance of Kohlberg's work is the link he makes between gender and moral development.

Question 49

The term ____________  refers to an individual's feeling of competence.

Question 50

According to Gilligan, most men analyze moral decisions with a rules or justice orientation.

Question 51

Using words that downplay the seriousness of our actions is an example of________________ labeling .

Question 52

According to Kohlberg, moral development is closely related to intellectual development.

Question 53

Kohlberg's possible seventh stage of moral development centers on the concept of agape.

Question 54

Albert Bandura is best-known for his theories regarding the biological factors that influence one's moral  development.

Question 55

are "paper-and-pencil" tests that measure an individual's ability to recognize  and/or agree with moral terms.

Question 56

Zak refers to oxytocin as the "moral molecule."

Question 57

The brain releases oxytocin in settings where there are feelings of anger or fear.

Question 58

Kohlberg's research indicates that, while there are six stages of moral development, people pass through these  stages in different orders, depending on their upbringing.

Question 59

Sherman says that ethics courses relating to criminal justice should include understanding the morality of  _______________, since this concept is intrinsic to the criminal justice system.

Question 60

theories of behavior propose individuals have normal growth patterns in such areas as morality and emotional maturity.

Question 61

Describe the case involving Phineas Gage and discuss its implications for the study of criminal justice.

Question 62

Discuss Bandura's findings regarding the influence of co-workers on one's behavior and explain how this topic relates to police supervision.

Question 63

Briefly explain how men and women differ in their moral development, according to the research presented in the text.

Question 64

Gilligan suggests women tend to approach moral dilemmas with an orientation emphasizing relationships and needs; she refers to this as the          .

Question 65

Describe how organizations can become corrupt, according to Trautman's "Corruption Continuum."

Question 66

Describe Bandura's definition of self-regulation and discuss at least four of the ways it can be "turned off."

Question 67

Pinker's concept of the ________________ refers to the idea that humans are naturally peaceful and altruistic.

Question 68

Kohlberg's "moral stages" are ___________, meaning that each succeeding stage encompasses and is more  comprehensive and complicated than the preceding stage.

Question 69

Summarize the advice that Souryal and Metz offer to those who desire to be good leaders. How can this advice be utilized by leaders in the criminal justice system?

Question 70

Review the role that biochemistry plays in one's moral development.

Question 71

According to learning theorists, the most effective way to change the ethics of a profession is to utilize ______________  to change behaviors.

Question 72

List and discuss the necessary elements that Sherman identified for teaching ethics in criminal justice.

Question 73

Kohlberg's description of moral stages includes the concept of _______________ , which he describes as a non-exclusive love and acceptance of everyone.

Question 74

Gilligan found that most men analyze moral decisions with a(n) ____________________   orientation (Stage 4), whereas many women see the same moral dilemma with an orientation toward needs and relationships.

Question 75

One who justifies unethical behavior by claiming to only be following orders is using Bandura's ________________ method of cognitive restructuring.

Question 76

A person whose moral development has progressed to the point where he or she has moved beyond the norms of society to determine universal good is, according to Kohlberg, at the  ___________ level.

Question 77

External influences on an organization are both objective and                   .

Question 78

Research indicates that workers are more likely to make ___________ choices when they are busy and stressed .

Question 79

Describe and discuss Kohlberg's moral development theory. What problems do critics see with his theory?

Question 80

Describe and discuss modeling and reinforcement and how they are related to moral development.