Deck 4: Becoming an Ethical Professional

Question 1

According to Kohlberg, which is the first stage of moral development?

A)Punishment and obedience orientation
B)Instrument and relativity orientation
C)Social contract orientation
D)Law and order orientation

Answer 1

A

Question 2

What is not one of Kohlberg's moral stages?

A)Pre-conventional level
B)Conventional level
C)Post-conventional level
D)Super-conventional level

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Jonathan Haidt compares the relationship between emotions and rationality to:

A)an elephant and a rider.
B)a lion and a lion tamer.
C)thunder and lightning.
D)a kitten and a ball of yarn.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

What hormone is associated with aggression?

A)Oxytocin
B)Testosterone
C)Estrogen
D)Serotonin

Question 5

Which of the following statements about developmental theories is false?

A)Developmental theories propose that individuals mature physically, cognitively, and emotionally.
B)Developmental theories argue that individuals have normal growth phases in areas such as morality and emotional maturity.
C)Jean Piaget and Lawrence Kohlberg are well-known developmental theorists.
D)Developmental theories tend to focus on the individual, not her relationship to society.

Question 6

In order to facilitate modeling, identification, and persuasive authority, ethical leaders should:

A)continually provide in-service trainings.
B)foster personal relationships with their subordinates.
C)pursue an advanced degree as a way to exhibit expertise.
D)seek advice from other leaders in similar positions.

Question 7

Which of the following is a characteristic of System 1 decision making?

A)Rational
B)Deliberate
C)Measured
D)Immediate

Question 8

During Kohlberg's ____________ level, people perceive themselves as members of society, and living up to role responsibilities is paramount in believing oneself to be good.

A)pre-conventional
B)post-conventional
C)un-conventional
D)conventional

Question 9

What does Paul Zak call the "moral molecule?"

A)Oxytocin
B)Dopamine
C)Serotonin
D)Cortisol

Question 10

What part of the brain is associated with reason?

A)Frontal lobe
B)Medulla
C)Cerebral cortex
D)Amygdala

Question 11

During Kohlberg's _____________ level, a person moves beyond the norms and laws of a society to determine universal good, that is, what is good for all societies.

A)pre-conventional
B)post-conventional
C)super-conventional
D)conventional

Question 12

Which of the following statements about developmental theories is true?

A)Developmental theories propose that individuals mature physically, cognitively, and emotionally.
B)Developmental theorists believe that exceptionally bright individuals can skip stages.
C)Bentham is a well-known developmental theorist.
D)Developmental theories argue that individual have normal "moral imaginations."

Question 13

Calculated, logical thought is an example of:

A)System 1 decision making.
B)System 2 decision making.
C)System 3 decision making.
D)System 4 decision making.

Question 14

According to the text, injury to the frontal lobe of the brain can result in all of the following except:

A)memory loss.
B)decreased attention span.
C)a difficulty following directions.
D)tactless behavior.

Question 15

Learning theorists call an individual's feelings of competence in their own abilities:

A)Self-efficacy
B)Moral efficacy
C)Self-identity
D)Moral identity

Question 16

Self-efficacy is developed by:

A)earning praise from a supervisor.
B)comparing one's self to others.
C)participating in training.
D)participating in therapy.

Question 17

In which of Kohlberg's moral stages do individuals control their behavior so as to not hurt others' feelings or be thought of as bad?

A)Stage 1
B)Stage 2
C)Stage 3
D)Stage 4

Question 18

Modeling and reinforcement are both elements of:

A)learning theory.
B)Kohlberg's moral stages theory.
C)ethical fading.
D)moral disengagement theory.

Question 19

Which of the following individuals applied gender to Kohlberg's theory?

A)Jean Piaget
B)Albert Bandura
C)Carol Gilligan
D)Jackson Flanagan

Question 20

According to learning theorists:

A)behavior arises from moral beliefs.
B)moral behavior arises through reason.
C)moral beliefs arise from a habit of moral behavior that is the product of reinforcement.
D)negative reinforcement is the most effective way to teach moral belief.

Question 21

All of the following elements of Trautman's "corruption continuum" seem to be present in the description of the Penn State scandal found in the chapter, except:

A)ignoring obvious ethical problems.
B)administrative indifference toward integrity.
C)lack of a published Code of Ethics for the organization.
D)a survival-of-the-fittest approach by employees, who commit unethical acts to protect themselves.

Question 22

Joe is in charge of an FBI field office. His office has been monitoring an organized crime family in his jurisdiction. The criminals have been unusually active lately, and there has been much criticism in the media about the FBI's inability to shut them down. Joe approves the use of GPS trackers to gather intelligence, despite having been told in the past that doing so without a warrant was a violation of suspects' rights. Joe's decision to ignore his ethical reservations is a result of the pressure he feels to obtain results. Bazerman and Tenbrunsel would refer to Joe's decision as:

A)euphemistic labeling.
B)motivated blindness.
C)advantageous comparison.
D)failure of duty.

Question 23

Since Joe was, at one time, faithful to the rules regarding GPS trackers, but has dropped his opposition over time, he has demonstrated:

A)moral reconsideration.
B)a synthesizing mind.
C)ethical fading.
D)motivated blindness.

Question 24

Sanitizing language, such as "wasting" or "ending" instead of "killing" is an example of:

A)behavioral classification.
B)metaphorical cataloging.
C)cognitive adage.
D)euphemistic labeling.

Question 25

What police ethical training has shown to be effective in New Orleans?

A)EPIC
B)Traditional academy instruction
C)OCB
D)DIT

Question 26

The volunteers accept the instructions of their leader and intend to carry out the mission. They have no ethical reservations, as they have been trained to follow orders. Which method of cognitive restructuring are the volunteers employing?

A)Dehumanization
B)Cognitive dissonance
C)Advantageous comparison
D)Displacement of responsibility

Question 27

The idea that workers feel they are being treated fairly is known as:

A)organizational justice.
B)occupational fairness.
C)workgroup morality.
D)ethical climate.

Question 28

If an agent in Joe's office reports Joe's actions, that agent would be referred to as:

A)an inside reporter.
B)a whistleblower.
C)a "disciplined mind."
D)a euphemistic labeler.

Question 29

________________ are often put into place to guard against ethics problems but sometimes have the unintended effect of actually increasing unethical behavior.

A)Polygraph examinations
B)Compliance systems
C)Honor systems
D)Security cameras

Question 30

A terrorist leader has recruited new volunteers and is addressing them. He tells them that their mission will "eliminate" many people but that they would be serving a higher purpose. He explains that their group's struggle depends on martyrs such as themselves. He goes on to say that, their victims belong to a lesser class of people and refers to them with an insulting ethnic slur. He declares that they deserve to be eliminated. The new volunteers not only agree to take part in a suicide mission, they are happy to have been chosen. By telling the recruits that their victims are a lesser class of people and calling them an insulting name, the leader is using which method of cognitive restructuring?

A)Dehumanization
B)Cognitive dissonance
C)Advantageous comparison
D)Displacement of responsibility

Question 31

Wolfe and Piquero found that officers who perceived that organizational procedures were fair were less likely to:

A)resign prior to retirement.
B)call in sick.
C)file discrimination lawsuits.
D)engage in misconduct.

Question 32

According to the "corruption continuum," organizations can become corrupt through all of the following except:

A)administrative indifference toward integrity.
B)ignoring obvious ethical problems.
C)hypocrisy and fear-dominated culture.
D)charismatic leadership.

Question 33

According to the text, which of the following is not a factor affecting the ethical climate of an organization?

A)Leadership
B)State and local laws
C)Reward structure
D)Organizational messages

Question 34

According to Bandura, self-regulation can be "turned off," leading to inhumane acts, through cognitive restructuring via several different mechanisms. Which of the following is not one of these mechanisms?

A)Dehumanization
B)Displacement of responsibility
C)Advantageous labeling
D)Disregard of the consequences

Question 35

A terrorist leader has recruited new volunteers and is addressing them. He tells them that their mission will "eliminate" many people but that they would be serving a higher purpose. He explains that their group's struggle depends on martyrs such as themselves. He goes on to say that, their victims belong to a lesser class of people and refers to them with an insulting ethnic slur. He declares that they deserve to be eliminated. The new volunteers not only agree to take part in a suicide mission, they are happy to have been chosen. By referring to the recruits as "martyrs" and saying that their mission will serve a higher purpose, leader is using which method of cognitive restructuring?

A)Dehumanization
B)Moral justification
C)Advantageous comparison
D)Displacement of responsibility

Question 36

What brain processes might be influenced by stress and cause workers to act immorally?

A)Memory
B)Perception
C)Communication
D)Rationality

Question 37

A survey of police chiefs found that they recommend that ethics training should focus on ______________ rather than rules.

A)shared values and problem solving
B)legal requirements for each position
C)reviewing and updating the organization's Code of Ethics
D)defining basic terms for new recruits

Question 38

In the text, the author describes an experiment in which a group of children was told a hypothetical story in which an adult punished a neutral act, such as a child practicing a musical instrument. Afterward, the children classified the act of playing a musical instrument as bad behavior. This experiment lends credence to the power of:

A)cognitive dissonance.
B)modeling.
C)the "blank slate."
D)reinforcement.

Question 39

By telling the recruits that they will be "eliminating" victims (as opposed to "killing," "blowing up," "gunning down," etc.), the leader is using which method of cognitive restructuring?

A)Euphemistic labeling
B)Cognitive dissonance
C)Advantageous comparison
D)Displacement of responsibility

Question 40

Penn State football coach Jerry Sandusky, was convicted of more than 40 counts of child sexual assault. His crimes occurred over a span of more than 10 years. Although Penn State administrators knew of his behavior, they failed to act. At one point, another coach witnessed an assault, but only reported it to the head coach, who in turn only reported it to his superior. The other coaches who felt they had done their duty by passing the information up the chain demonstrates a

A)diffusion of responsibility.
B)euphemistic labeling.
C)dehumanization.
D)advantageous comparison.

Question 41

Victor and Cullen determined that there can be differences in ethical climates within an organization.

Question 42

The brain releases oxytocin in settings where there are feelings of anger or fear.

Question 43

Serotonin is the "moral molecule."

Question 44

The learning theory concept that people learn behaviors, values, and attitudes through relationships is ________.

Question 45

Sherman suggests that coercion is a key element in criminal justice, so the moral issues related to coercion should be studied.

Question 46

Kohlberg's initial work excluded females.

Question 47

_____________ are "paper¬and¬pencil" tests that measure an individual's ability to recognize and/or agree with moral terms.

Question 48

_____________ theories of behavior propose individuals have normal growth patterns in such areas as morality and emotional maturity.

Question 49

Kohlberg's research indicates that, while there are six stages of moral development, people pass through these stages in different orders, depending on their upbringing.

Question 50

According to learning theory, moral behavior is learned best through reinforcement and exposure to higher order reasoning.

Question 51

When companies evaluate decisions based only on economic factors rather than whether the action is moral, it is a form of ____________.

Question 52

Kohlberg's possible seventh stage of moral development centers on the concept of agape.

Question 53

According to the text, training classes in ethics have more influence over the behavior of employees than the behavior of administrators and supervisors.

Question 54

According to Kohlberg, all people progress through each stage of moral development until they reach the highest stage.

Question 55

According to Gilligan, most men analyze moral decisions with a rules or justice orientation.

Question 56

Attorney General Jeff Sessions has increased the supervisory role of the DOJ in order to address use-of-force policies of police departments throughout the country.

Question 57

The process of dehumanization involves a stripping away of sympathy.

Question 58

________ occurs when the ethical ramifications of the decision choices may be addressed initially, but, over time, becomes removed from the decision-making process.

Question 59

An employee who reveals unethical behavior in an organization is known as a whistleblower.

Question 60

The importance of Kohlberg's work is the link he makes between gender and moral development.

Question 61

Using words that downplay the seriousness of our actions is an example of _____________ labeling.

Question 62

_________ is a hormone associated with aggressive behavior and has been found to counteract the effect of oxytocin.

Question 63

List and discuss the necessary elements that Sherman identified for teaching ethics in criminal justice.

Question 64

Discuss the role of brain biology and brain chemistry in moral development.

Question 65

Describe and discuss modeling and reinforcement and how they are related to moral development.

Question 66

Gilligan suggests women tend to approach moral dilemmas with an orientation emphasizing relationships and needs; she refers to this as the _____________ .

Question 67

Summarize the advice that Souryal and Metz offer to those who desire to be good leaders. How can this advice be utilized by leaders in the criminal justice system?

Question 68

Discuss learning theories and how they account for the formation of value systems.

Question 69

Briefly explain how men and women differ in their moral development, according to the research presented in the text.

Question 70

One who justifies unethical behavior by claiming to only be following orders is using Bandura's _____________ method of cognitive restructuring.

Question 71

Discuss Bandura's explanations for unethical behavior.

Question 72

Research indicates that workers are more likely to make _____________ choices when they are busy and stressed.

Question 73

Describe the case involving Phineas Gage and discuss its implications for the study of criminal justice.

Question 74

Describe and discuss Kohlberg's moral stage theory. What problems do critics see with his theory?

Question 75

Describe how organizations can become corrupt, according to Trautman's "Corruption Continuum."

Question 76

According to learning theorists, the most effective way to change the ethics of a profession is to utilize _____________ to change behaviors.

Question 77

External influences on an organization are both objective and _____________ .

Question 78

The _______ includes questions regarding respondents' perceptions of how they (and other workers)behave and/or believe regarding a range of ethical behaviors.

Question 79

Sherman says that ethics courses relating to criminal justice should include understanding the morality of _____________ , since this concept is intrinsic to the criminal justice system.

Question 80

A person whose moral development has progressed to the point where he or she has moved beyond the norms of society to determine universal good is, according to Kohlberg, at the _____________ level.