Deck 13: The Origin and Dispersal of Modern Humans

Question 1

According to the Regional Continuity Model, ________ prevented local populations of premodern Homo sapiens from becoming separate species.

A)founder's effect
B)gene flow
C)displacement by African Homo sapiens
D)mitochondrial DNA
E)genetic drift

Answer 1

gene flow

Question 2

What is the theory proposed by Relethford called?

A)Mostly out of Africa
B)Complete replacement
C)Partial replacement
D)Regional
E)Complete

Answer 2

Mostly out of Africa

Question 3

Which of the following has NOT been proposed as a model to explain the origin of modern Homo sapiens ?

A)An origin in Africa followed by migration to other areas where indigenous premodern populations were replaced
B)An origin in Africa followed by migration to other areas where both interbreeding and replacement occurred
C)Several origins in different areas where modern forms evolved from local populations
D)Separate origins in Africa and Australia with migrations from both these areas to displace all other populations
E)Neandertals and Denisovans mix having given rise to H. sapiens

Answer 3

Separate origins in Africa and Australia with migrations from both these areas to displace all other populations

Question 4

The Regional Continuity Model of modern Homo sapiens origins proposes that

A)modern humans appeared solely in Africa.
B)premodern populations in Europe, Asia, and Africa all evolved into modern Homo sapiens .
C)there was no gene flow between premodern populations from different regions of the Old World.
D)gene mixing was low if there was any at all.
E)all H. sapiens came from Africa.

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT one of the seven anatomically modern human localities in China?

A)Upper Cave
B)Tianyuan Cave
C)Border Cave
D)Ordos Cave
E)None of these

Question 6

Although there is not complete agreement, current evidence indicates that the earliest anatomically modern Homo sapiens fossils are from

A)China.
B)India.
C)Germany.
D)France.
E)Africa.

Question 7

_______ is a site in France dated to 28,000 years ago.  Fossil material from this site became the archetype for Upper Paleolithic Europeans.

A)Skh l
B)La Chapelle-aux-Saints
C)Cro-Magnon
D)Qafzeh
E)Zhoukoudian

Question 8

Which is true about the Portuguese site Abrigo do Lagar Velho?

A)It had an 8-year-old child skeleton that is 70 percent complete.
B)It provides the best evidence of ostensible interbreeding with Neandertals.
C)It provides the best evidence of cannibalism.
D)It was discovered in 1868.
E)It contained the oldest sample of jewelry.

Question 9

The analysis of the Herto remains indicate they are

A)most similar to Australopithecus .
B)indistinguishable from modern Homo sapiens .
C)most similar to late Homo erectus from China.
D)Near-modern and titled Homo sapiens idaltu .
E)Hybrid Neandertal and Sapiens

Question 10

At some time, probably close to ______________, the first Homo sapiens evolved in Africa.

A)200,000 ya
B)1,500,000 ya
C)50,000 ya
D)500,000 ya
E)5,000,000 ya

Question 11

According to the Complete Replacement Model , anatomically modern Homo sapiens first appeared in Africa

A)and dispersed to Europe where they interbred with local premodern H. sapiens populations.
B)and migrated to other areas, completely displacing all premodern H. sapiens populations without interbreeding with them.
C)remained there while premodern populations elsewhere evolved more slowly.
D)around 500,000 years ago.
E)yet were completely replaced by Neandertals.

Question 12

African populations of _______________ are the most likely ancestors of the earliest modern Homo sapiens .

A)H. heidelbergensis
B)H. erectus
C)H. ergaster
D)H. habilis
E)H. neanderthalensis

Question 13

The earliest anatomically modern Homo sapiens fossils from Africa have been dated to about

A)100,000-70,000 ya.
B)200,000-150,000 ya.
C)195,000-80,000 ya.
D)35,000 ya.
E)65,000 ya.

Question 14

Early modern Homo sapiens remains have been found at _____ in Israel.

A)Kow Swamp
B)Herto
C)Qafzeh
D)Lake Mungo
E)Omo

Question 15

The Skh l site in Israel is dated to approximately ________ years ago.

A)150,000
B)75,000
C)200,000
D)115,000
E)40,000

Question 16

One of the earliest anatomically modern H. sapiens in Central Europe came from which site?

A)Cro-Magnon
B)Tabun
C)Katanda
D)Osa Cave
E)Lake Mungo

Question 17

The most significant H. sapiens fossil locality in China is

A)Border Cave.
B)Tianyuan Cave.
C)Cro-Magnon Cave.
D)Lake Mungo.
E)Qafzeh.

Question 18

Which of these are two important sites in Central Europe?

A)Mladec and Oase Cave
B)Tabun and Qafzeh
C)Qafzeh and Skh l
D)Border Cave and Vindija
E)Cro-Magnon and Aurignacian

Question 19

According to Partial Replacement Models , modern humans first appeared in Africa

A)and interbred with premodern populations of Eurasia, thus partially displacing them.
B)and remained there until modern humans from Asia displaced them.
C)about 500,000 years ago.
D)but were later displaced by European Neandertals.
E)gave rise to several subspecies in Africa, Europe, and Asia.

Question 20

The Herto remains are

A)from South Africa.
B)include the most complete adult cranium.
C)considered to be Neandertals.
D)considered to be Ardipithecus .
E)also called Cro-Magnon.

Question 21

The skeletal remains from _______ date to about 40,000 years ago.

A)Upper Cave
B)Zhoukoudian
C)Lake Mungo
D)Border Cave
E)Ordos

Question 22

The Upper Paleolithic culture period is divided into categories based on stone tool technologies.  These include all except

A)Solutrean.
B)Magdalenian.
C)Aurignacian.
D)Oldowan
E)Gravettian

Question 23

Upper Paleolithic peoples made symbolic depictions on all of these EXCEPT

A)cave walls.
B)rock faces (carved).
C)fired clay.
D)bone and antler.
E)their bodies in the form of tattoos.

Question 24

Technological changes typical of the Upper Paleolithic include

A)the use of sling shots and bolas.
B)the increased use of bone, ivory, and antler.
C)the use of metal.
D)smelting iron.
E)discovery of gun powder.

Question 25

The Upper Paleolithic

A)began at the onset of the Pleistocene.
B)is a cultural period attributed primarily to Neandertals.
C)is characterized by the invention of iron tools.
D)began about 150,000 years ago.
E)is the cultural period that began in Western Europe approx. 40,000 ya.

Question 26

Which is NOT true about the Kow Swamp remains?

A)They are more robust than the Lake Mungo remains.
B)They are less robust than the Lake Mungo remains.
C)They are from Australia.
D)They suggest that people lived there between 14,000 and 9,000 ya.
E)They display certain archaic cranial traits.

Question 27

During the Upper Paleolithic, humans in Eurasia relied heavily on

A)deep sea fishing.
B)hunting.
C)small-scale farming.
D)large-scale agriculture.
E)domesticated animals.

Question 28

The cave paintings in the Grotte Chauvet

A)are relatively crude and primitive.
B)mostly depict landscapes.
C)mostly depict female humans.
D)date to about 10,000 ya.
E)have many images, including dots, stenciled handprints, and hundreds of animal representations.

Question 29

Early rock art from Africa may be as old as ________ years.

A)12,000
B)58,000
C)100,000
D)28,000
E)40,000

Question 30

Which African site contained traces of compound adhesives made from red ocher and plant gum used to haft stone tools to handles?

A)Sibudu Caves
B)Blombos Cave
C)Katada Cave
D)Pinnacle Point
E)Lascaux

Question 31

Which is not true about Upper Paleolithic cave paintings?

A)They are found in France and Spain.
B)They may have served as "encoded information" passed from generation to generation.
C)They were painted mostly during the last glacial maximum.
D)They are the first samples of pornography.
E)They were done as early as 35,000 ya.

Question 32

Which of the following is NOT true about Blombos Cave?

A)It includes remarkable bone tools.
B)Fragments date to 72,000 ya.
C)It includes beads.
D)It includes several "Venus" figurines.
E)It includes decorated ocher fragments.

Question 33

Lake Mungo remains have been dated at approximately

A)30,000-25,000 ya.
B)200,000 ya.
C)5,000 ya.
D)500,000 ya.
E)70,000-50,000 ya.

Question 34

Types of Upper Paleolithic art include all EXCEPT

A)engravings.
B)cave paintings.
C)sculptured figurines.
D)complex clothes.
E)flutes made of bone.

Question 35

During the last glaciation in Eurasia

A)human habitation was impossible.
B)the entire area was permanently covered with ice-sheets.
C)a warming trend at about 30,000 ya partially melted the glacial ice.
D)hunting was impossible because there were no animals in the region.
E)none of these is correct

Question 36

If the early dates for bone tools found at Katanda are correct, then

A)this technology dates to about 1.5 million years ago.
B)African cultural innovations must have lagged behind those of Europe.
C)this technology dates to about 100,000 years ago.
D)Africa may rival many European Upper Paleolithic innovations, as early as 80,000 ya.
E)this shows European H. sapiens habitation of the site.

Question 37

Archaeological sites in Australia have been dated as early as __________ years ago.

A)85,000
B)30,000
C)75,000
D)55,000
E)95,000

Question 38

Lascaux and Altamira

A)are well known Neandertal sites.
B)are 20,000-year-old campsites.
C)contain evidence of butchered mammoths.
D)are famous for their numerous cave bear skulls.
E)are famous for their elaborate cave paintings.

Question 39

The atlatl is

A)a type of projectile point.
B)used for starting fires.
C)used to increase the distance of a spear throw.
D)a drill.
E)used for fishing.

Question 40

Fossils from _______ suggest that people lived there around 14,000 to 9,000 ya.

A)Lake Mungo
B)Border Cave
C)Ordos
D)Kow Cave
E)Khoukoudian

Question 41

The last stage of the Upper Paleolithic period is known as the Magdalenian.

Question 42

Discuss the earliest discoveries of modern humans in Africa. List and describe the specimens found there.

Question 43

The morphology of the child's skeleton from Abrigo do  Lagar Velho in Portugal has been cited as support for the Complete Replacement Model.

Question 44

Discuss the earliest discoveries of modern humans in the Near East. List and describe the specimens found there.

Question 45

By mapping the Neandertal nuclear genome, scientists discovered that some populations living today still retain some Neandertal genes.

Question 46

The earliest anatomically modern human specimen comes from Omo Kibish (Ethiopia)dating approximately 195,000 ya.

Question 47

There are five early anatomical modern human localities in China.

Question 48

Describe the main points of Partial Replacement Models.

Question 49

The Upper Paleolithic saw not much in the way of technological innovation.

Question 50

Describe the main points of the Regional Continuity Model.

Question 51

The transition between premodern and anatomically modern forms of humans may have occurred as early as 500,000 years ago in Africa.

Question 52

The multiregional continuity model suggests that local populations in Europe, Asia, and Africa continued their indigenous evolutionary development from premodern Middle Pleistocene forms to anatomically modern humans.

Question 53

The fossils from Mlade , in the Czech Republic, are dated to approximately 31,000 ya.

Question 54

The best-known sample and oldest individuals of H. sapiens in Western Europe were found at Cro-Magnon.

Question 55

Describe the main points of the Complete Replacement Model.

Question 56

Examples of what are thought to be the earliest musical instruments were found at Geissenklösterle Cave in Germany.

Question 57

The Herto fossils are placed in the subspecies Homo sapiens sapiens .

Question 58

The two replacement models are the partial Replacement and Regional Continuity models.

Question 59

A burin is an example of a type of atlatl or spear thrower.

Question 60

Recent genetic evidence indicates that all native Australians are descendants of a single migration about 50,000 ya.

Question 61

Review the evidence for the earliest appearance of modern human morphology throughout the Old World.

Question 62

Explain the importance of the discovery of the child's skeleton from the Abrigo do Lagar Velho relative to the debate on modern human origins.

Question 63

Describe the European technology and art in the Upper Paleolithic period and give examples.

Question 64

List the five different stone tool industries of the Upper Paleolithic period.

Question 65

Discuss the earliest discoveries of modern humans in Central Europe. List and describe the specimens found there.

Question 66

Define the term "portable art." When and where do we find it?

Question 67

Describe the major geographical areas and general dating of the key early fossil evidence of modern humans.

Question 68

Using your knowledge of the fossil record and the genetic evidence, which model of modern human origins is best supported by the current data?

Question 69

Discuss the cultural developments that characterize the Upper Paleolithic as well as contemporaneous cultures in other parts of the world (e.g., Africa)and contrast these with cultural/technological practices of earlier periods.

Question 70

What were the environmental and climatic conditions from 40,000 ya to 10,000 ya in Eurasia?  How did these factors influence the technological and cultural innovations of Upper Paleolithic humans?

Question 71

Discuss the earliest discoveries of modern humans in Australia. List and describe the specimens found there.

Question 72

Describe the African technology and art in the Upper Paleolithic period and give examples.

Question 73

Discuss the earliest discoveries of modern humans in Asia. List and describe the specimens found there.

Question 74

Which stage of the Upper Paleolithic saw the most advances in technology? Give examples of the technology.

Question 75

What are some of the conclusions that can be drawn from the Herto fossil findings?