Deck 6: Survey of the Living Primates

Question 1

Primate teeth

A)are generalized because primates are omnivorous.
B)are specialized for processing one type of food.
C)have premolars and molars are indistinguishable from those found in carnivores.
D)form is not correlated with their diet.
E)have the formula 3.2.3.1.

Answer 1

are generalized because primates are omnivorous.

Question 2

According to the visual predation hypothesis,

A)primate characteristics evolved as adaptive advantages in a purely terrestrial environment.
B)mammalian characteristics evolved as adaptive advantages in a purely arboreal environment.
C)primate characteristics evolved as adaptive advantages in the shrubby forest undergrowth.
D)primate characteristics evolved as primates adapted to the highest tiers in the forest canopy.
E)primate characteristics evolved as adaptive advantages in a purely aquatic environment.

Answer 2

primate characteristics evolved as adaptive advantages in the shrubby forest undergrowth.

Question 3

Traditionally, primate characteristics have been explained as the result of adaptation to ________ environments.

A)terrestrial
B)rocky
C)arboreal
D)desert
E)grassland

Answer 3

arboreal

Question 4

With just a few exceptions, nonhuman primates can be found in tropical or subtropical regions of the following areas EXCEPT

A)Australia.
B)Central America.
C)Africa.
D)Mexico.
E)India.

Question 5

The increased period of infant dependency typical of primates

A)requires less intense and efficient rearing of the offspring.
B)requires greater parental investment.
C)provides less opportunities for the offspring to learn social behaviors.
D)is not correlated with delayed maturation.
E)is a direct cause of tantrum syndrome.

Question 6

Which one of the traits listed below is NOT used to define the order Primates ?

A)A tendency towards erect posture
B)An inflexible, specialized limb structure
C)Hands and feet with a high degree of prehensility
D)Retention of five digits on the hands and feet
E)Generalized dentition

Question 7

The order Primates is divided into two suborders: _________and ___________.

A)Platyrrhine and Catarrhine
B)Strepsirrhini and Haplorhini
C)Pongidae and Hominidae
D)Cercopithecoidea and Hominoidea
E)Pongo and Homo

Question 8

The presence of five digits on hands and feet is

A)a primitive mammalian pattern retained to some degree in most primate species.
B)characteristic only of primates.
C)characteristic only of apes and humans.
D)the only truly distinctive primate trait.
E)the result of diurnal activity.

Question 9

Primates possess _______, whereas other mammals do not.

A)a neocortex
B)four different kinds of teeth
C)the presence of nails rather than claws on most or all digits
D)behavioral flexibility
E)sensory modalities

Question 10

The primate emphasis on the visual sense is NOT reflected in

A)the reduction in the size of structures related to the sense of smell.
B)the presence of color vision in most species.
C)a more forward facing position of the eyes relative to most other mammals.
D)fully developed olfactory perception
E)visual information from each eye being transmitted to visual centers in both hemispheres of the brain.

Question 11

The tarsier is

A)unquestionably related to lorises and lemurs.
B)more closely related to anthropoids than to lemurs and lorises.
C)a hominid.
D)a New World monkey.
E)unquestionably an anthropoid.

Question 12

A dental formula tells biologists the

A)number of teeth an animal possesses.
B)type of tooth predominant in a species.
C)type of food an animal eats by the types of teeth it has.
D)number of each type of tooth on the upper and lower jaws.
E)number of each type of tooth type in each quadrant of the mouth.

Question 13

Comparisons of 100 human and chimpanzee genes indicate that humans and chimpanzees are genetically about ______  different.

A)10-13 percent
B)60-63 percent
C)25-28 percent
D)18-21 percent
E)3-6 percent

Question 14

As an order, primates

A)have highly specialized traits.
B)can be easily defined by one or two traits.
C)lack traits that define the mammals.
D)have generalized traits.
E)have very narrow, or specialized, dietary preferences.

Question 15

Tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans are placed together in the suborder

A)Homo .
B)Lorisoidea.
C)Hominoidea .
D)Haplorhini .
E)Strepsirhini .

Question 16

_________ is seen in some New World Monkeys, but not in any Old World monkeys.

A)A grasping hand
B)Quadrupedalism
C)An arboreal lifestyle
D)Color vision
E)A prehensile tail

Question 17

Comparisons of 100 primate genes indicate that humans and chimpanzees last shared a common ancestor about ______ years ago.

A)6-7 million
B)50-60 million
C)4.6 billion
D)2-3 million
E)20-30 thousand

Question 18

Using all four limbs to support the body during locomotion is called

A)bipedalism.
B)quadrupedalism.
C)vertical clinging and leaping.
D)brachiation.
E)semibrachiation.

Question 19

Arms that are longer than the legs, and powerful shoulder muscles are traits associated with

A)brachiation.
B)vertical clinging and leaping.
C)arboreal quadrupedalism.
D)terrestrial quadrupedalism.
E)full-time bipedalism.

Question 20

Which of the following are NOT apes?

A)Gorillas
B)Orangutans
C)Bonobos
D)Chimpanzees
E)Lemurs

Question 21

Chimpanzees live in groups composed of

A)one adult male and several females and their young.
B)several adult males and females plus young of all ages.
C)one adult male plus one adult female and their young.
D)several adult females and one adult male and any dependent young.
E)individuals who are very solitary.

Question 22

________ have very large, highly sexually dimorphic body sizes, and live largely solitary lives.

A)Gorillas
B)Chimpanzees
C)Gibbons
D)Orangutans
E)Bonobos

Question 23

Which are the largest living primates?

A)Orangutans
B)Chimpanzees
C)Gibbons
D)Bonobos
E)Gorillas

Question 24

Bonobos are

A)the most thoroughly studied primate species.
B)in the same genus as the gorilla.
C)behaviorally indistinguishable from "common" chimpanzees.
D)in the same genus as the "common" chimpanzee.
E)almost exclusively arboreal.

Question 25

Chimpanzees are found

A)across forested equatorial Africa as far east as Lake Tanganyika.
B)in Africa and India.
C)only in open savanna areas of Kenya.
D)only in the mountainous areas of central Africa.
E)in Africa, India, and southeast Asia.

Question 26

Sexual dimorphism

A)refers to differences between adults and adolescents with regard to sexual behavior.
B)is particularly pronounced in all primate species.
C)refers to differences between the sexes with regard to features such as body size.
D)is more common in arboreal species.
E)has not been observed in any monkey.

Question 27

Colobines

A)are found only in Africa.
B)eat only fruit.
C)eat mostly insects.
D)are found only in Asia.
E)are found in Africa and parts of India and Asia.

Question 28

The smallest of the New World anthropoids are the

A)marmosets and tamarins.
B)howler monkeys and baboons.
C)spider monkeys and capuchin monkeys.
D)squirrel monkeys and bonobos.
E)macaques.

Question 29

In nonhuman primates, the hormonally initiated period of sexual receptivity is

A)called sexual dimorphism.
B)called sexual reciprocity.
C)typical of males.
D)called estrus.
E)called adaptive radiation.

Question 30

Old World monkeys are found in

A)Africa and northern Europe.
B)Mexico and South America.
C)Africa, southern Asia, and Japan.
D)India and southern Asia only.
E)North America and Mexico.

Question 31

Compared to monkeys, hominoids

A)generally have larger body sizes and lack a tail.
B)have a more elongated lower back.
C)have arms and legs of equal length.
D)exhibit less complex behavior.
E)have a shorter period of infant dependency.

Question 32

Mountain gorilla social groups are usually composed of

A)one adult male and one adult female, plus their immature offspring.
B)solitary individuals, except for females with dependent young.
C)one or two adult males, a few adult females and their immature offspring, plus one or two adult non-breeding, males.
D)several adults of both sexes and offspring of all ages.
E)several adult males and only one female and her offspring.

Question 33

The most primitive primates are the

A)Old World monkeys.
B)New World monkeys.
C)lemurs and lorises.
D)humans.
E)great apes.

Question 34

Among the apes, the ________ have the smallest average body sizes.

A)gibbons and siamangs
B)bonobos
C)chimpanzees
D)macaques
E)orangutans

Question 35

Which of the following is NOT true about Cercopithecines ?

A)They are one subfamily of Old World monkeys.
B)They are more generalized than colobines.
C)They include baboons, guenons, and macaques.
D)They are more omnivorous.
E)They are classified as hominoids.

Question 36

The genus and species designation for the "common" chimpanzee is

A)Pan paniscus .
B)Pan gorilla .
C)Pongo paniscus .
D)Pan troglodytes .
E)Pongo troglodytes .

Question 37

Compared to lemurs, lorises and tarsiers, anthropoids generally

A)have smaller body sizes.
B)have decreased infant maturation periods.
C)have smaller brains.
D)groom less often.
E)depend less on olfaction and more on vision.

Question 38

Which of the great apes is found only on the islands of Borneo and Sumatra?

A)Gibbons
B)Gorillas
C)Orangutans
D)Bonobos
E)Chimpanzees

Question 39

All Old World monkeys belong to the family

A)Ominidae.
B)Cercopithecidae.
C)Callitrichidae.
D)Pongidae.
E)Monkidae.

Question 40

Monkeys are divided into two major groups:

A)terrestrial and arboreal forms.
B)New and Old World species.
C)large and small-bodied species.
D)quadrupedal and bipedal.
E)omnivores and frugivores.

Question 41

The Society for Conservation Biology estimates that about 6,000kg (13,228 lbs.)of bushmeat is taken through just seven western cities every month.

Question 42

Approximately ______ percent of nonhuman primates are in jeopardy of going extinct.

A)25
B)50
C)85
D)70
E)30

Question 43

List six traits that distinguish lemurs, lorises, and tarsiers from the anthropoids.

Question 44

Primates are found ONLY in tropical and semitropical habitats of the Old World and North America.

Question 45

Bonobo communities, like those of chimpanzees, are centered around male-male bonds.

Question 46

Which primate traits are likely to be adaptations to arboreal lifestyles?

Question 47

The "dental comb" is a specialization found in most of the anthropoid species.

Question 48

In September 2000, scientists announced that a subspecies of red colobus, named Miss Waldron's Red Colobus, had officially been declared extinct.

Question 49

Name three of the evolutionary changes in the skull, eyes, and brain of the senses and the brain of primates, and describe the abilities they provide.

Question 50

Colobine monkeys specialize in eating mature leaves, and are referred to as "leaf-eating monkeys."

Question 51

Live capture and illegal trade in endangered primate species has been stopped in China and Southeast Asia.

Question 52

Orangutan adults have a very active locomotion pattern, and they frequently brachiate.

Question 53

In general, primates are omnivorous.

Question 54

Describe the  geographical distribution and habitats of nonhuman primates .

Question 55

In most areas, one of the greatest causes of declining numbers of nonhuman primates (along with hunting by humans)is

A)the warfare between human groups (civil war).
B)the trapping of live primates for the entertainment industry.
C)habitat destruction.
D)the trapping of live primates for the pet trade.
E)the overpopulation of nonhuman primate groups.

Question 56

Tarsiers live in a number of subtropical locations all over the globe.

Question 57

Lemurs and lorises are placed in the suborder Strepsirrhini .

Question 58

Discuss at least two of the maturation, learning, and behavior characteristics of primates.

Question 59

Some Old World monkeys spend much of the day on the ground, despite living in forest or woodland habitat areas.

Question 60

Humans and New World monkeys both have a 2.1.2.3 dental formula.

Question 61

Compare and contrast the social organization of orangutans, gorillas, and common chimpanzees.

Question 62

Name the two suborders of primates, and give an example of each one.

Question 63

Describe the main characteristics of the infraorder "lemuriforms" and give examples.

Question 64

Describe the main threats that nonhuman primates face today and the conservation groups working to protect them.

Question 65

Explain sexual dimorphism and three species that present this characteristic.

Question 66

Discuss the factors that contribute to the depletion of nonhuman primate populations. Which species are most threatened?

Question 67

Explain the different characteristics of diet and teeth among primates.

Question 68

What are the main tenets of the visual predation and arboreal theories of primate origins? Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of both.

Question 69

What traits distinguish lemurs and lorises from monkeys, apes, and humans?

Question 70

Define the main characteristics of hominoids, and provide examples.

Question 71

Compare chimpanzee and bonobo anatomy and social behavior.

Question 72

Gibbons are said to be adapted for brachiation. What anatomical features do gibbons possess that enable them to brachiate efficiently?

Question 73

Name five of the most highly endangered nonhuman primate species and the particular type of threats they face.