Deck 14: Groups

Question 1

Research on diversity in groups indicates that, compared to more homogeneous groups, diverse groups tend to ____.

A)be less creative
B)cooperate more
C)have lower group morale
D)communicate more effectively

Answer 1

have lower group morale

Question 2

Research on diversity in groups indicates that, compared to more homogeneous groups, diverse groups tend to ____.

A)have the potential for better performance
B)be less creative
C)have higher group morale
D)be more cooperative

Answer 2

have the potential for better performance

Question 3

In a nutshell, the research on diversity in groups indicates that ____.

A)diversity is almost always a minus rather than a plus
B)diversity is almost always a plus rather than a minus
C)diversity presents numerous challenges, but can sometimes be a plus
D)diverse groups have more fun than homogeneous groups, but get less done

Answer 3

diversity presents numerous challenges, but can sometimes be a plus

Question 4

Groupthink is the tendency for groups to generate more alternatives than individuals when brainstorming.

Question 5

A high quality leader must excel at task orientation and may also benefit from relationship orientation.

Question 6

Groups tend to be especially ineffective when they use transactive memory.

Question 7

Research on diversity in groups indicates that, compared to more homogeneous groups, diverse groups tend to ____.

A)be more creative
B)be more cooperative
C)have higher group morale
D)communicate more effectively

Question 8

Research on diversity in groups indicates that ____.

A)diverse groups suffer from poor communication and are less creative and flexible than homogeneous groups
B)diverse groups are more creative and flexible than homogeneous groups, and tend to perform better than other groups
C)diverse groups are capable of being more creative and flexible than homogeneous groups, but tend to suffer from poor communication and perform worse than other groups
D)diverse groups are far more communicative with one another than homogeneous groups, but tend to be less creative and flexible

Question 9

Research suggests that, in the business world, being humble or modest is a trait that is found among the MOST successful chief executive officers (CEOs).

Question 10

Most economists are not surprised by the research finding that the phenomenon of altruistic punishment exists.

Question 11

The level of accountability is the single biggest factor in predicting aggression associated with deindividuation.

Question 12

Research on diversity in groups indicates that, compared to more homogenous groups, diverse groups generally perform better.

Question 13

Social loafing is also known as the free rider problem.

Question 14

Loss of accountability is behind much of deindividuation's negative effects in groups.

Question 15

In a culture, roles exist independently of individuals.

Question 16

Research has shown the binge eating is associated with popularity in one's sorority.

Question 17

According to the text's definition of a group, a dyad can never qualify as a group.

Question 18

The more objective power over others a person has, the more critical he or she tends to be of subordinates.

Question 19

As discussed in the text, it is quite possible that the deeply rooted human impulse to form social groups was partly stimulated by competition among different groups.

Question 20

People who have power are more likely to feel positive, pleasant emotions than are people who don't have power.

Question 21

Social psychologists have coined the term ____ to refer to the loss of self-awareness and of individual accountability in a group.

A)deindividuation
B)optimal distinctiveness
C)social facilitation
D)social loafing

Question 22

John is taking part in a student protest, marching across police lines into an important administrative building on campus. He is so wrapped up in the group mentality that he actually stops thinking about himself as an individual who is separate from the group, and fails to ask himself whether or not he is behaving responsibly. John is probably experiencing ____.

A)deindividuation
B)optimal distinctiveness
C)social facilitation
D)social loafing

Question 23

Which type of diversity seems to benefit groups the most?

A)sex
B)age
C)skills
D)race

Question 24

As discussed in the text, human groups are ____.

A)social but not cultural
B)cultural but not social
C)both social and cultural
D)neither social nor cultural

Question 25

Which statement about polygamy is most accurate?

A)Polygamy offers heterosexual women more choices.
B)Polygamy provides benefits to men, especially powerful men, but not women.
C)Polygamy is associated with social reforms that favor equality among men
D)Polygamy clearly favors the majority of men.

Question 26

Unlike groups that are merely social groups, cultural groups ____.

A)promote safety
B)find and share food
C)can complete tasks that individual group members cannot complete alone
D)preserve information

Question 27

Which of the following is the best example of deindividuation?

A)Since all of her friends drink alcohol and smoke cigarettes at parties, Jessica feels that she has an "excuse" to do the same-even though she would normally feel guilty about engaging in these behaviors.
B)Stanner is a teenager who puts on a "front" when hanging out with his friends. In these instances he does not act true to himself at all, and instead seems to be playing a role or acting a part.
C)Anna is a soldier who is so mentally wrapped up in the war that she actually stops thinking about herself as an individual who is separate from her unit, and fails to ask herself whether or not she is behaving responsibly.
D)Petra is a novelist who becomes so focused on her writing-she calls it "being in the zone"-that she actually loses track of the day and time, often forgetting to eat dinner.

Question 28

Group sexual activity involving more than two people ____.

A)has become much more common
B)is quite rare in practice
C)accounts for about 10% of sex acts
D)is inevitably associated with societal decline

Question 29

The text quotes Stanislaus Lezczynski, King of Poland, who stated that "no snowflake in an avalanche ever feels responsible," to capture the notion of ____.

A)deindividuation
B)optimal distinctiveness
C)social facilitation
D)social loafing

Question 30

Which of the following does NOT qualify as a group, according to the definition given in the text?

A)A married couple
B)One hundred people running a marathon together
C)English students at a local university
D)Three people who have never met before and have nothing in common

Question 31

Diversity within a group with respect to ____ is more likely to more readily result in misunderstandings, distrust, and other communicative problems.

A)knowledge
B)ethnicity
C)skills
D)education

Question 32

Suppose that you have just joined a local volleyball team. Which factor would be least likely to make you feel bonded, or unified, with your new team?

A)You learn that there is a rival team in a nearby neighborhood.
B)You and your team share an emotional experience when one team member is hurt while playing.
C)You learn that people on your team come from a wide range of backgrounds and lifestyles.
D)Your team selects a mascot and comes up with a team song.

Question 33

As discussed in the text, there are a number of items that make groups feel united. Which of the following is least likely to unite groups?

A)the presence of an outgroup
B)shared emotional experiences
C)a group name or uniform
D)diversity of opinions

Question 34

The term deindividuation is best defined as a loss of ____ that people sometimes feel in group situations.

A)self-awareness and individual accountability
B)self-esteem
C)morals and ethics
D)sense of time, place, and space

Question 35

As defined in the text, a group is a collection of at least two people who ____.

A)have a common goal
B)are being or doing something together
C)have a common identity
D)think, feel, or act similarly

Question 36

Which statement about marriage is most accurate?

A)All known societies have some form of marriage.
B)All known societies define marriage in a similar fashion.
C)All known societies use marriage to protect and provide for women.
D)All known societies rely on the idea of raising a family in defining marriage.

Question 37

As discussed in the text, when a group experiences a shared emotional experience (whether positive or negative), they tend to feel ____. When they are given a name or uniform that identifies them as a group, they tend to feel ____.

A)more united; more united as well
B)more united; neither more united nor less united
C)neither more united nor less united; more united
D)neither more united nor less united; neither more united nor less united.

Question 38

Why do corporations like teamwork?

A)Teams are typically less financially costly.
B)Teams typically produce outstanding ideas.
C)Teams typically make the best decisions.
D)Teams typically benefit employees psychologically.

Question 39

The text notes that the effect of role differentiation in cultural groups is the ____.

A)the preservation of information across generations
B)the efficient production of food
C)the enhancement of the benefits of deindividuation
D)the utilization of experts for job functions

Question 40

Compared to human groups, the social groups formed by animals are much less tolerant of ____.

A)within-group diversity
B)within-group hierarchy
C)within-group competition
D)between-group competition

Question 41

Similarity is important to membership in a human cultural group because it ____.

A)cements one's allegiance to the group
B)promotes physical well-being of group members
C)increases information sharing within the group
D)promotes diversity within the group

Question 42

Research on social facilitation would suggest that, in general, runners would ____ when running alongside others as opposed to running alone.

A)run faster
B)run slower
C)be more likely to fall
D)be more likely to injure themselves

Question 43

As described in the text, ____ was at the core of the fascist movements of the first half of the twentieth century.

A)deindividuation
B)social facilitation
C)optimal distinctiveness
D)social loafing

Question 44

According to social facilitation theory, for most people, task performance for tasks such as ____ should be enhanced by the presence of others, while task performance for tasks such as ____ should be hindered by the presence of others.

A)washing dishes; walking
B)solving a difficult math problem; walking
C)solving a difficult math problem; washing dishes
D)washing dishes; solving a difficult math problem

Question 45

Cockroaches completed simple mazes more quickly when they ran in the presence of other cockroaches (as opposed to alone), and completed complex mazes more quickly when they ran alone (as opposed to in a group). This finding illustrates that, even among cockroaches, ____.

A)social facilitation happens for dominant responses
B)both social facilitation and social inhibition can happen for dominant responses
C)social facilitation happens for non-dominant responses
D)both social facilitation and social inhibition can happen for non-dominant responses

Question 46

Based on early research by Norman Triplett with racing cyclists, we should expect that people who exercise for half an hour on rowing machines at a gym, among other people, would be more likely to ____ than people who exercise for half an hour on a rowing machine in the privacy of their home.

A)burn more calories
B)burn less calories
C)feel a sense of accomplishment
D)feel a sense of failure

Question 47

Social psychologists use the term ____ to refer to concern about how others are evaluating your performance.

A)self-monitoring
B)evaluation apprehension
C)social evaluation
D)self-referencing

Question 48

While many modern offices make use of open shared spaces (rather than cubicles or offices), this office style can hinder productivity. Indeed, this office style is likely to be particularly detrimental for employees who work on ____.

A)simple tasks that they have performed many times
B)simple but novel tasks
C)complex tasks that they have performed many times
D)complex, novel tasks

Question 49

After decades of research on the effect that others have on task performance, social psychologists have concluded that the presence of others ____.

A)almost always improves performance, because it stimulates competition
B)almost always hinders performance, because it elicits evaluation apprehension
C)has mixed effects, because it elicits evaluation apprehension
D)has mixed effects, because it elicits a person's dominant response

Question 50

Many modern offices have open, public shared spaces (rather than cubicles or offices). This office style works best if the employees are working on ____.

A)simple tasks that they have performed many times
B)simple but novel tasks
C)complex tasks that they have performed many times
D)complex and novel tasks

Question 51

Social facilitation theory suggests that tasks like walking, brushing one's teeth, or counting will be ____ by the presence of others. It also suggests that tasks like solving a difficult  maths  problem or crossword puzzle will be ____ by the presence of others.

A)unaffected; enhanced
B)enhanced; enhanced as well
C)enhanced; unaffected
D)enhanced; hindered

Question 52

Based on research on social facilitation, we should expect that-all else being equal-children who work on a set of easy puzzles alone will ____ than children who work on the same puzzles side by side in a big group of other children.

A)work more slowly
B)work more quickly
C)second-guess themselves less
D)second-guess themselves more

Question 53

According to social facilitation theory, task performance is sometimes enhanced by the presence of others and sometimes hurt by the presence of others. Generally speaking, this depends upon ____.

A)whether the task at hand is easy or hard.
B)whether or not the others who are present are engaged in the same task.
C)whether the person is an introvert or an extrovert.
D)whether or not the others who are present are members of a social ingroup.

Question 54

Which of the following is the most accurate summary of social facilitation theory?

A)The presence of others increases the dominant response tendency.
B)The presence of others elicits evaluation apprehension.
C)The presence of others improves task performance.
D)The presence of others leads to competition.

Question 55

In his early social psychological research regarding bicyclists and racing performance, Norman Triplett's initial interpretation of his finding was that the presence of others stimulated a ____.

A)competitive instinct
B)desire for social approval
C)willingness to sacrifice for the greater good
D)person's dominant response

Question 56

Rohit is a very good golfer when he is alone, and an excellent golfer when he is with others. In the language of social facilitation theory, playing golf well appears to be a(n)____ for Rohit.

A)central response
B)dominant response
C)default response
D)optimally distinctive response

Question 57

Belonging to a human cultural group has two competing demands. They are ____.

A)similarity and uniqueness
B)happiness and sadness
C)approach and avoidance
D)religion and secularism

Question 58

In the language of social facilitation theory, the so-called dominant response is ____.

A)the response that is most common for a given person in a given situation
B)the response that is most common among most people in most situations
C)the response that is most socially valued within a given situation
D)an aggressive response

Question 59

In one of the earliest social psychological experiments to be conducted, Norman Triplett examined the records of teams of cyclists. He found that cyclists who raced against each other ____ than those who raced alone (against the clock).

A)were more aggressive after the race
B)got into more accidents
C)cycled more quickly
D)enjoyed the race less

Question 60

Humans need to find uniqueness within the context of their group memberships. What structural elements of groups help humans do this?

A)roles
B)norms
C)communication patterns
D)membership applications

Question 61

Suppose that you own a rowboat and sometimes go rowing in the summer. In June, you are planning to go rowing with two of your friends (three people total in the boat), and in July, you are planning to go rowing with just one friend (two people total in the boat). Will you put in more effort (row harder)on the three-person trip or on the two-person trip?

A)You will put in more effort on the three-person trip.
B)You will put in more effort on the two-person trip.
C)You will put in the same amount of effort on both trips.
D)It is impossible to say-no research has examined this question.

Question 62

People tend to reduce effort when working in a group as opposed to when working alone. This phenomenon is known as ____.

A)social facilitation
B)evaluation apprehension
C)the bad apple effect
D)social loafing

Question 63

Of the following people, who will be most inspired to perform well simply because others are watching?

A)Jacob, who has low self-esteem
B)Antione, who has high self-esteem
C)Chris, who is a narcissist
D)Luke, who is high in self-efficacy

Question 64

Research on college sororities has found that ____.

A)binge eating leads to social exclusion
B)binge eating levels depend mostly on geographic region
C)binge eating patterns seem to be contagious
D)binge eating occurs among the most isolated sorority members

Question 65

Binge eating is defined by ____.

A)eating until you feel full
B)alternating periods of uncontrolled eating and severe restraint
C)restricting caloric intake to starvation levels
D)eating past when you feel full

Question 66

We should expect social loafing to be greatly reduced when ____.

A)people are not held accountable for their inputs
B)people are anonymous within the group
C)the task at hand is important to people
D)people think that others in the group are superior to them in terms of the task at hand

Question 67

Given Max Ringelmann's early research looking at group size and individual effort, should we expect Student X to put in a different amount of effort depending on whether she worked on a history project in a five-person group or a two-person group?

A)Yes, we should expect her to work harder in the five-person group.
B)Yes, we should expect her to work harder in the two-person group.
C)No, we should expect her to work equally hard in both groups.
D)This is impossible to determine; it appears that there are no predictable patterns regarding group size and individual effort.

Question 68

Early research in social psychology conducted by Max Ringelmann revealed that people ____ when they work as part of a group (e.g., pushing a car off of the road with two other people)compared to when they work alone at the same task.

A)do not work as hard
B)work harder
C)feel like they are doing more work
D)feel like they are doing less work

Question 69

Jane joined a sorority her freshman year of college and moved into the house her sophomore year. She had never engaged in binge eating before moving into the sorority. After the end of her sophomore year of living in the house, she is most likely to ____.

A)still refrain from binge eating
B)engage in extreme binge eating
C)engage in limited binge eating
D)engage in the level of binge eating that most of her sorority sisters do

Question 70

Suppose that you are working on a group project with several classmates, where you are required to put together a presentation on Islamic artists. You are most likely to engage in social loafing if ____.

A)the professor has indicated that just one grade will be given for the presentation (i.e., everyone in the group will receive the same final grade)
B)no one in your group knows anything about Islamic art
C)the professor has indicated that group members will all rate each other at the end of the semester
D)the presentation is a very large part of the course grade

Question 71

Jonah is really worried about playing the piano at his recital in front of his girlfriend, who has expressed a desire to be at the recital. Jonah keeps thinking about her instead of concentrating on playing his music. Which of the three processes that influences social facilitation does this scenario most emphasize?

A)evaluation apprehension
B)bodily arousal
C)social loafing

Question 72

We should expect social loafing to be greatly reduced when ____.

A)people are held accountable for their inputs
B)people are anonymous within the group
C)the task at hand is unimportant to people
D)people think that others in the group are superior to them in terms of the task at hand

Question 73

As defined in the text, narcissists are ____.

A)people who regard themselves as better than others and are constantly trying to win the admiration of others
B)people who have a total disregard for ethics and morality
C)essentially the same as people with healthy levels of self-esteem
D)people who overvalue superficial qualities (e.g., physical attractiveness)and undervalue deeper qualities (e.g., loyalty)

Question 74

What is NOT one of the three processes upon which social facilitation depends?

A)evaluation apprehension
B)distraction
C)bodily arousal
D)social loafing

Question 75

Social loafing is also known as the ____.

A)free rider problem
B)bad apple effect
C)bait and switch technique
D)narcissism effect

Question 76

Suppose that you are working on a group project with several classmates, wherein you are required to put together a presentation on Impressionist art. You are least likely to engage in social loafing if ____.

A)the professor has indicated that just one grade will be given for the presentation (i.e., everyone in the group will receive the same final grade)
B)there are a number of Art History majors in the group (and you're not one of them)
C)the professor has indicated that group members will all rate each other at the end of the semester
D)the presentation is a very small part of the course grade

Question 77

Suppose that Office Building X makes use of an open floor plan with many shared spaces (rather than cubicles or offices). This kind of floor plan is likely to increase productivity among some employees but decrease productivity among others. Of the people below, who is likely to suffer most ?

A)Tom, a copy machine operator
B)Suzanne, an analyst
C)Moe, a typist
D)Ursula, a janitor

Question 78

Patterns of binge eating were rarely noted prior to ____.

A)1960
B)1975
C)1980
D)1990

Question 79

The term "free rider problem" is sometimes used to refer to ____.

A)social facilitation
B)evaluation apprehension
C)the bad apple effect
D)social loafing

Question 80

Suppose that Office Building X makes use of an open floor plan with many shared spaces (rather than cubicles or offices). This kind of floor plan is likely to increase productivity among some employees but decrease productivity among others. Of the people below, who is likely to benefit most ?

A)Tom, a copy machine operator
B)Suzanne, an analyst
C)Mike, an attorney
D)Irene, a customer service specialist